The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra working together to produce, store, and eliminate urine. When these organs are not functioning properly, illnesses and diseases can develop. Diagnostic procedures like excretory urography, urine tests, and hemodialysis are used to detect issues by examining the urinary tract and kidney function or cleaning the blood. Common urinary problems addressed are urinary tract infections, bladder neck obstruction, and kidney failure requiring hemodialysis. Clean catch urine specimens are also discussed as a standard urine test procedure.

1. THE URINARY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 9
Sierra Lewis

2. The urinary system
The urinary system or genitourinary system is
a combination of two kidneys, ureters, bladder,
urethra, and nephrons that work together to
produce, store, and eliminate urine.
Sometimes if one or more of the organs are
not working people can develop illnesses and
diseases.
To detect if someone has an illness there are
diagnostic procedures which can include
laboratory tests.

3. Excretory Urography(EU)
 Injection dye into the bloodstream and then taking an
x-ray to trace the action of the kidney as it excretes
the dye.”
The dye that is used for this test is called iodine-base
contrast.
This test evaluate the kidneys, urinary tract and
bladder. Medicine is given through IV.
This test detects tumors in the upper urinary tract,
bladder cancer, blood in the urine, and pain.
At the end of the exam patient has to urinate to
eliminate the dye and follow a diet with a lot of fluids.
As the dye is injected patient might feel a burning
sensation, headaches, nausea, and vomiting.
The dye might cause an allergic reaction to the
patient.

4. Bladder Neck Obstruction(BNO)
 Blockage of the bladder outlet. Often caused by
an enlarged prostate gland in males.”
Is a condition where the neck of the bladder does
not open completely during voiding.
BNO occurs mostly in 50 year old males
frequently after being diagnose with prostate or
had previous history of bladder stones.
Also, BNO occurs due to previous history of
bladder tumors, pelvic tumors, or urethral scar
tissue.
BNO symptoms in male are abdominal pain, slow
urine flow, frequency, urgency, incontinence, and
incomplete emptying when voiding.

5. Urinary Tract Infection(UTI)
 Infection, usually from bacteria, of any organ of
the urinary system. Most often begins with cystitis
and may ascend into the ureters and kidneys.
Most common in women because of their shorter
urethra.”
Escherichia coli is the most common agent for
infection.
Urine contains salts and waste products that kill
bacteria but once bacteria multiplies in the bladder
or kidney it might cause UTI.
Symptoms of UTI are; pain and burning when
urinate, feeling to urinate frequently and not a lot
of urine comes out, bloated stomach, urine has
bad odor, pain in one side under the ribs, fevers,
chills, nausea, and vomiting

6. Hemodialysis (HD)
blood is circulated through a machine, which contains a
dialyzer (also called an artificial kidney).the dialyzer has two
spaces separated by a thin membrane, blood passes on one
side of the membrane and dialysis fluid passes on the other,
the wastes and excess water pass from the blood through the
membrane into the dialysis fluid, which is then discarded ,the
cleaned blood is returned to your bloodstream. Occasionally
nausea, headaches muscle cramps or dizziness can occur
due to the fast removal of extra water from your body, which
may cause the blood pressure to drop. Treatment normally
takes 4 to 5 hours, and usually 3 treatments a week are
needed. Hemodialysis may be done in a hospital dialysis unit
or at home, for which special training is needed
Hemodialysis (HD)

7. Clean Catch Urine
Specimen(CC)
Is a urine sample obtained after cleaning off
the urinary opening and catching or collecting
a urine sample in midstream (halfway through
the urination process to minimize
contamination from the genitalia. it Is a typical
urine test where a nurse or physician gives the
patient a cup where patient has to put his or
her urine.
This Is called clean catch for the reason that
before patient can urinate in the cup there are
steps to follow.

8. Instructions for a Clean Catch
Urine Specimen Test
 First step for a patient prior to this test is to wash
or wipe genital area with a kit that the doctor might
give that would include cleansing solution and
sterile wipes.
Women should wash between vagina lips.
Patient should let genital area dry.
Patient should urinate a little in the toilet then
urinate in the cup or container.
All of this is to prevent bacteria into getting into
the urine test.
Results of this test can indicate excessive amount
of red blood cells, white blood cells, protein, and
kidney or bladder infection.