The document discusses the use of code talkers during World War I and World War II. It describes how the US military first used Choctaw language as a code during WWI which surprised German forces and helped troops withdraw successfully. It then explains how code talking continued to be important in WWII, though Hitler attempted to break codes by sending anthropologists to learn Native American languages. The US employed various tribes' languages as codes, including Meskwaki and Basque, which helped warn of attacks and maintain secrecy.

1. Writing Body Paragraphs from
your Outline

2. The use of code talkers dates back as early
as World War I. In World War I, England,
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France and the United States were fighting
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German aggression in Europe. To send
I. World War I messages of battle plans and troop
A. German code movements, the U.S. military used mobile
breakers
phone and radio contact. The Germans were
B. Colonel Bloor
discovers Choctaws extremely good at intercepting the messages
1. First Use of and breaking the codes that the U.S. was
Choctaws using. At this time, the US military thought
a. Successful they had broken every code in use. In 1928,
troop removal Colonel A.W. Bloor of the 142nd Infantry in
b. Bloor- France saw two of his men who were using
complete surprise the Choctaw language with each other and it
c. Germans dawned on him that it might be a great idea
baffled
for use as a code (Choctaw Code Talkers).
C. Cherokee
1. Battle of the
Somme-3oth Infantry

3. Moving The military agreed and nineteen
Choctaw from Oklahoma “pioneered
on… the use of Native American language as
1. First Use of military code” (Choctaw Code Talkers).
Choctaws The first chance for the code
a. Successful talkers to perform came on October 26,
troop removal 1918. Bloor ordered that two
b. Bloor- companies of the 2nd battalion in
complete surprise Chufilly, France needed to withdraw to
c. Germans Chardeny. It would be a difficult
baffled maneuver that would require secrecy.
C. Cherokee They decided to utilize the Choctaw
code to see if it would, indeed, baffle
1. Battle of
the Somme-3oth the German army. The
Infantry

4. • companies were moved with few
problems or casualties and the
experiment was called a success. After
the operation, Colonel Bloor stated, “
The enemy’s complete surprise is
evidence that (they) could not decipher
the messages” (Choctaw Code Talkers).
A German officer who was captured
during the operation confirmed that
they(the Germans) were completely
surprised by the Indian language and
gained no benefit whatsoever” from
tapping into the conversation (Choctaw
Code Talkers). As a result of this
success, Choctaw code talkers were
placed in each company in the battalion
to send and receive messages by
telephone Choctaw Code Talker).

5. Another group of Native
End of first part…
Americans, the Cherokee
1. First Use of were also used as coders in
Choctaws the 30th Infantry in France
a. Successful beginning with the 2nd Battle
troop removal
b. Bloor- of the Somme. Code talkers
complete surprise from Native American groups
c. Germans were able to make many
baffled
contributions to the victory in
C. Cherokee
1. Battle of World War I (Code Talker).
the Somme-3oth
Infantry

6. In the next Great War, World
War II, code and code talk
Outline Section II continued to play an important
II. Code continues to role in battle strategy. As Adolph
play an important role. Hitler, Chancellor of Germany,
A. WWII-Hitler began to make war plans, he
attempts code break remembered stories of the Native
American code talkers of World
B. 30
War I. He decided to try and foil
Anthropologists
the American attempts at an
C. Meskwaki unbreakable code by sending thirty
D. Basque anthropologists to the United
States to infiltrate Native American
tribes and learn their languages
(Code Talker).

7. Hitler’s anthropologists had very little luck in
learning the languages as most languages were very
difficult to learn the basics of, let alone master.
Hitler’s attempt at breaking the code proved to be
Outline Part II cont’d… fruitless (Code Talker).
Due to the fact that Hitler had tried to break the
II. Code continues to codes, and being unsure of his success, Americans
play an important role. did not use much Native American code in the
European Theatre. One attempt was the use of
A. WWII-Hitler Meskwaki language in the U.S. Army in Germany. In
1941, right after we entered the war, twenty-seven
attempts code break men of the Meskwaki tribe enlisted in the army; this
number constituted 16% of their total population in
B. 30 the United States. With a population of roughly 160
people, the Meskwaki had a language that was
Anthropologists known to a scarce number of people (Code Talker).
This made it ripe for the purposes of code talking,
C. Meskwaki and it was used successfully in the war against
Germany. Since the Allies were uncertain of the
D. Basque Germans’ knowledge of the native speakers’
languages, it was really the only example of Native
code talking in that part of the war (Code Talker).

8. Code talking was used with languages
other than Native American. There is a
little known language called Euskara which
Section II is spoken by people from the Basque
region of northern Spain and southwestern
II. Code continues France. This language is only spoken by
to play an about 25% of the people who inhabit that
region, less than 700,000 (Basque
important role. Language). With the language being
A. WWII-Hitler spoken by so few people, and even among
them there were 5 different dialects, it lent
attempts code itself well to code talk. In May of 1942,
break Captain Frank Carranza encountered 60
marines who were of Basque heritage, who
B. 30 were speaking fluently in Euskara.
Anthropologists Carranza got the idea to create a code
using the Basques’ language and it was
C. Meskwaki
D. Basque

9. • approved by the U.S. military for use in
Hawaii and Australia. The U.S. was reticent
to use it in China and the Philippines, since
those areas had been missions of the
Jesuits(an order of priests who were
originally of Basque extraction) and were
likely to have some knowledge of the
language already. The plan was put into
effect in August of 1942 near Australia in
the Solomon Islands. On the first of the
month, three Basque code talkers,
Lieutenants Aguirre, Bakaicoa and Juanna,
sent Euskara coded messages to warn
Admiral Nimitz of the upcoming Operation
Apple which was to remove the Japanese
from the Solomon Islands. The operation
was a success, due in part to the warning of
Admiral Nimitz and the element of secrecy
that the code afforded the soldiers (Code
Talkers).