Voyager - Jupiter Mission

VOYAGER: JUPITER Mission
1977 - Present
Anshul Kumar Sahoo
The world’s greatest space mission

CONTENT
1. Mission Overview
2. Journey & Discoveries
3. Gallery
4. Reference

MISSION OVERVIEW
• The Voyager program, consisting of the twin spacecraft Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, was conceived
and launched with specific objectives in mind.
• These twin spacecraft were designed for the primary mission of exploring the outer planets in our
solar system, but they've since ventured into interstellar space, far beyond their original objectives.
• Voyager 2 was launched first, on August 20, 1977, followed by Voyager 1 on September 5, 1977.
• Despite being launched later, Voyager 1's trajectory was a faster path, allowing it to arrive at and
depart Jupiter before Voyager 2.
• Their primary mission was to explore the outer planets Jupiter and Saturn, their magnetospheres,
and their major moons.

MISSION OVERVIEW
Voyager 1 Mission
Jupiter:
 Study the atmosphere, magnetosphere, and overall characteristics of the gas giant.
 Study the major moons of Jupiter, especially Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The active volcanoes on Io were
one of the most spectacular discoveries.
Saturn:
 Detailed investigation of Saturn, its rings, and its magnetosphere.
 Special attention to the largest moon of Saturn, Titan, because of its dense atmosphere.
Voyager 2 Mission
Uranus:
 Study the atmosphere, magnetosphere, and ring system of Uranus.
 Examine Uranus's moons.
Neptune:
 Investigate the atmosphere, magnetosphere, and rings of Neptune.
 Study Neptune's moons, especially Triton.

MISSION OVERVIEW
Into the Interstellar Medium:
• Voyager 1 entered interstellar space in 2012,
becoming the first human-made object to do so.
It's currently traveling through a region termed
the "heliosheath" where the solar wind slows
down and merges with the interstellar medium.
• Voyager 2 followed suit in 2018, giving scientists
the second direct measure of the environment in
interstellar space.
A poster of the planets and moons visited during the
Voyager program.

MISSION OVERVIEW
Interactive 3D Image of Voyager

JOURNEY AND DISCOVERIES
• Jupiter's Atmosphere: The Voyagers captured detailed images of Jupiter's cloud bands, storms, and
atmospheric dynamics. The Great Red Spot, a massive storm larger than Earth, was observed in
detail.
• Moons:
• Io: The spacecraft discovered active volcanoes on Io, marking the first time volcanic activity was
observed outside of Earth.
• Europa: Images hinted at a smooth icy surface, which later led to speculations about a
subsurface ocean.
• Ganymede & Callisto: Both moons were observed in detail, with Ganymede revealed as the
largest moon in the solar system and having its own magnetic field.
• Magnetosphere: The Voyagers studied Jupiter's vast and powerful magnetosphere, discovering a
unique interaction with its moon Io, which produces a torus of ionized sulfur and oxygen around the
planet.
• Ring System: Voyager 1 confirmed the existence of a faint ring system around Jupiter.

JOURNEY AND DISCOVERIES
Photography of Jupiter began in January 1979, when images of the brightly banded planet already
exceeded the best taken from Earth. Voyager 1 completed its Jupiter encounter in early April, after
taking almost 19,000 pictures and many other scientific measurements. Voyager 2 picked up the baton
in late April and its encounter continued into August. They took more than 33,000 pictures of Jupiter
and its five major satellites.

GALLERY
In December 1972, the science steering group for a
mission then-known as Mariner Jupiter Saturn 1977 --
later renamed Voyager -- met for the first time at
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
They are gathered on the steps in front of the
administration building (180).

GALLERY
This archival photo shows the encapsulation of the Voyager
Development Test Model at NASA's Kennedy Space Center's Eastern Test
Range. The picture was taken on October 8, 1976.
This image shows one of the Voyagers in the 25-foot space simulator
chamber at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. The
photo is dated April 27, 1977.

GALLERY
This archival photo shows the Voyager proof test model, which did not fly in
space, in the 25-foot space simulator chamber at NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, Pasadena, California, on December 3, 1976.
his archival photo shows the Voyager Proof Test Model undergoing a
mechanical preparation and weight center of gravity test at NASA's Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, on January 12, 1977.

GALLERY
The Voyager 2 spacecraft, encapsulated within its payload fairing, is seen in
August 1977, as it was being hoisted upward for attachment to its launch
vehicle at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
Voyager weight and the centre of gravity in Hanger AO at Cape
Canavarel Air Force Station

GALLERY
As NASA's two Voyager spacecraft travel out into deep space, they carry
a small American flag and a Golden Record packed with pictures and
sounds -- mementos of our home planet.
The Voyager 2 spacecraft, which was the first of the two Voyagers to launch, is
seen at the Spacecraft Assembly and Encapsulation Facility-1 at NASA's Kennedy
Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

GALLERY
NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft, encapsulated within its payload fairing, is seen
on August 5, 1977. It launched atop the Titan/Centaur-7 launch vehicle from
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on August 20, 1977, at 10:29 a.m.
local time.
The Titan/Centaur-6 launch vehicle was moved to Launch Complex 41 at
Kennedy Space Center in Florida to complete checkout procedures in
preparation for launch. The photo is dated January 1977. This launch vehicle
carried Voyager 1 into space on September 5, 1977

GALLERY
NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft launched atop its Titan/Centaur-7 launch
vehicle from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on August 20,
1977, at 10:29 a.m. local time.
NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft launched atop its Titan/Centaur-6 launch
vehicle from the Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex in Florida on
September 5, 1977, at 8:56 a.m. local time.

GALLERY
This sequence of images was taken on Jan. 8, 2007, with
the New Horizons Long Range Reconnaissance Imager
(LORRI), while the spacecraft was about 81 million
kilometers (about 50 million miles) from Jupiter. Jupiter's
volcanic moon Io is to the right; the planet's Great Red
Spot is also visible. The image was one of 11 taken
during the Jan. 8 approach sequence, which signaled the
opening of the New Horizons Jupiter encounter.

GALLERY
Jupiter Full Disk with Great Red Spot
This recent photo of Jupiter taken by the television cameras aboard
NASA's Voyager 1 is dominated by the Great Red Spot. Although the
spacecraft is still 34 million miles (54 million kilometers) from a March
5 closest approach, Voyager's cameras already reveal details within
the spot that aren't visible from Earth. An atmospheric system larger
than Earth and more than 300 years old, the Great Red Spot remains
a mystery and a challenge to Voyager's instruments. Swirling, storm-
like features possibly associated with wind shear can be seen both to
the left and above the Red Spot. Analysis of motions of the features
will lead to a better understanding of weather in Jupiter's
atmosphere. This photo was taken Jan. 9, 1979 and reassembled at
Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Image Processing Laboratory.

GALLERY
Jupiter White Oval
This image shows one of the long-lived white oval clouds which have
resided in the Jovian southern hemisphere for nearly 40 years. This
cloud that is at a longitude west of the Great Red Spot. All of the
clouds show very similar internal structures. To the east of each of
them, recirculating currents are clearly seen. This photo was taken on
July 5 by Voyager 2 from a distance of 3.4 million kilometers.

GALLERY
Jupiter - Southeast of Great Red Spot
This photo of Jupiter was taken by Voyager 1 on March 1, 1979,
from a distance of 2.7 million miles (4.3 million kilometers). The
region shown is just to the southeast of the Great Red Spot. A
small section of the spot can be seen at upper left. One of the 40-
year-old white ovals in Jupiter's atmosphere can also be seen at
middle left, as well as a wealth of other atmospheric features,
including the flow lines in and around the ovals. The smallest
details that can be seen in this photo are about 45 miles (80
kilometers) across.

GALLERY
Jupiter's Great Red Spot and White
Ovals
This photo of Jupiter was taken by Voyager 1 on
the evening of March 1, 1979, from a distance of
2.7 million miles (4.3 million kilometers). The photo
shows Jupiter's Great Red Spot (top) and one of
the white ovals than can be seen in Jupiter's
atmosphere from Earth. The white ovals were seen
to form in 1939, and 1940, and have remained
more or less constant ever since. None of the
structure and detail evident in these features have
ever been seen from Earth. The Great Red Spot is
three times as large as Earth. Also evident in the
picture is a great deal of atmospheric detail that
will require further study for interpretation. The
smallest details that can be seen in this picture are
about 45 miles (80 kilometers~ across.

GALLERY
High Winds in the Jovian Mid-latitudes
A high resolution image of the Jovian mid-latitudes taken by Voyager
1 on March 2, 1979, shows distinctly differing characteristics of the
planet's meteorology. The well defined pale orange line running from
southwest to northeast (North is at the top) marks the high speed
north temperate current with wind speeds of about 120 meters per
second. These high winds produce a cleaner flow pattern in the
surrounding clouds. Toward the top of the picture, a weaker jet of
approximately 30 meters per second is characterized by wave
patterns and cloud features which have been observed to rotate in a
clockwise manner at these latitudes of about 35 North. These clouds
have been observed to have lifetimes of about one to two years. The
picture was taken from a distance of 4 million kilometers (2.5 million
miles).

GALLERY
Jupiter’s Great Red Spot and White Ovals
This photo of Jupiter was taken by Voyager 1 on March
1, 1979. The spacecraft was 3 million miles (5 million
kilometers) from Jupiter at the time. The photo shows
Jupiter's Great Red Spot (upper right) and the turbulent
region immediately to the west. At the middle right of
the frame is one of several white ovals seen on Jupiter
from Earth. The structure in every feature here is far
better than has ever been seen from any telescopic
observations. The Red Spot and the white oval both
reveal intricate and involved structure. The smallest
details that can be seen in this photo are about 55 miles
(95 kilometers) across.

GALLERY
Jupiter’s Violent Storms
This Voyager 2 image shows the region of Jupiter extending from the
equator to the southern polar latitudes in the neighborhood of the
Great Red Spot. A white oval, different from the one observed in a
similar position at the time of the Voyager 1 encounter, is situated
south of the Great Red Spot. The region of white clouds now extends
from east of the red spot and around its northern boundary,
preventing small cloud vortices from circling the feature. The
disturbed region west of the red spot has also changed since the
equivalent Voyager 1 image. It shows more small scale structure and
cloud vortices being formed out of the wave structures. The picture
was taken on July 3 from 6 million kilometers (3.72 million miles).

GALLERY
Io 2x2 Mosaic
Perhaps the most spectacular of all the Voyager photos of Io is this
mosaic obtained by Voyager 1 on March 5 at a range of 400,000
kilometers. A great variety of color and albedo is seen on the surface,
now thought to be the result of surface deposits of various forms of
sulfur and sulfur dioxide. The two great volcanoes Pele and Loki
(upper left) are prominent.

GALLERY
Ganymede Full Disk
This picture was taken on March 4, 1979 at 2:30 A.M. PST by Voyager
1 from a distance of 2.6 million kilometers (1.6 million miles).
Ganymede is Jupiter's largest satellite with a radius of about 2600
kilometers, about 1.5 times that of our Moon. Ganymede has a bulk
density of only approximately 2.0 g/cc almost half that of the Moon.
Therefore, Ganymede is probably composed of a mixture of rock and
ice. The features here, the large dark regions, in the northeast
quadrant, and the white spots, resemble features found on the Moon,
mare and impact craters respectively. The long white filaments
resemble rays associated with impacts on the lunar surface. The
various colors of different regions probably represent differing surface
materials. There are several dots on the picture of single color (blue,
green, and orange) which are the result of markings on the camera
used for pointing determinations and are not physical markings.

GALLERY
Ganymede
This Voyager 2 color photo of Ganymede, the largest Galilean
satellite, was taken on July 7, 1979, from a range of 1.2 million
kilometers. Most of this portion of Ganymede will be imaged at high
resolution during closest approach with the satellite on the evening of
July 8, 1979. The photo shows a large dark circular feature about 3200
kilometers in diameter with narrow closely-spaced light bands
traversing its surface. The bright spots dotting the surface are
relatively recent impact craters, while lighter circular areas may be
older impact areas. The light branching bands are ridged and
grooved terrain first seen on Voyager 1 and are younger than the
more heavily cratered dark regions. The nature of the brightish region
covering the northern part of the dark circular feature is uncertain,
but it may be some type of condensate. Most of the features seen on
the surface of Ganymede are probably both internal and external
responses of the very thick icy layer which comprises the crust of this
satellite.

GALLERY
Voyager 1 Red Spot Movie
This movie shows the portion of Jupiter around the
Great Red Spot as it swirls through more than 60
Jupiter days. Notice the difference in speed and
direction of the various zones of the atmosphere. The
interaction of the atmospheric clouds and storm
shows how dynamic the Jovian atmosphere is.
As Voyager 1 approached Jupiter in 1979, it took
images of the planet at regular intervals. This
sequence is made from 66 images taken once every
Jupiter rotation period (about 10 hours). This time-
lapse movie uses images taken every time Jupiter
longitude 68°W passed under the spacecraft. These
images were acquired in the Blue filter from Jan. 6 to
Feb. 3 1979. The spacecraft flew from 58 million
kilometers to 31 million kilometers from Jupiter
during that time.
This time-lapse movie was produced at JPL by the
Image Processing Laboratory in 1979.

GALLERY
Voyager 1 Jupiter Southern Hemisphere
Movie
This movie shows a portion of Jupiter in the southern
hemisphere over 17Jupiter days. Above the white belt,
notice the series of atmospheric vortices headed
west. Even these early approach frames show wild
dynamics in the roiling environment south of the
white belt. Notice the small tumbling white cloud
near the center.
As Voyager 1 approached Jupiter in 1979, it took
images of the planet at regular intervals. This
sequence is made from 17 images taken once every
Jupiter rotation period (about 10 hours). These
images were acquired in the Blue filter around Feb. 1,
1979. The spacecraft was about 37 million kilometers
from Jupiter at that time.
This time-lapse movie was produced at JPL by the
Image Processing Laboratory in 1979.

GALLERY
On Approach: Jupiter and Io

GALLERY
Voyager 1 “Blue Movie”
This is the original Voyager "Blue Movie" (so named because it was built from
Blue filter images). It records the approach of Voyager 1 during a period of over
60 Jupiter days. Notice the difference in speed and direction of the various
zones of the atmosphere. The interaction of the atmospheric clouds and storms
shows how dynamic the Jovian atmosphere is.
As Voyager 1 approached Jupiter in 1979, it took images of the planet at
regular intervals. This sequence is made from 66 images taken once every
Jupiter rotation period (about 10 hours). This time-lapse movie uses images
taken every time Jupiter longitude 68°W passed under the spacecraft. These
images were acquired in the Blue filter from Jan. 6 to Feb. 3 1979. The
spacecraft flew from 58 million kilometers to 31 million kilometers from Jupiter
during that time.
This time-lapse movie was produced at JPL by the Image Processing Laboratory
in 1979.

GALLERY
Jupiter-shine’ on Io
Voyager 2 observed Io on the far side of Jupiter in this set of images. This
sequence of nine images was collected using the Green filter from about 1.2
million kilometers. A 2.5 hour period is covered during which Io rotates 7
degrees.
Also, during this time, Io moves more directly between the Sun and Jupiter. To
an observer on the dark portion of Io, the night would be dominated by the
huge bulk of Jupiter in the sky. In this image sequence, as the crescent of Io
gets thinner, the appearance of Jupiter from Io becomes more "full" and, thus,
brighter. This large bright object in the Io night sky causes the dark "Io-scape"
to be significantly illuminated by "Jupiter-shine."

GALLERY
Original Photo Taken by Voyager Original Photo Taken by Voyager

GALLERY
Original Photo Taken by Voyager Refurbished color photo

REFERENCE
• https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/
• https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/
• https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/galleries/images-voyager-took/
• https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/iss/raw_images.html

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