This presentation is helpful for understanding coherence.

1. Directed Writing
English 1123

2.  To demonstrate awareness of how cohesion
contributes to coherence in text
 To use cohesive devices meaningfully and
successfully to achieve coherence

3.  W2 organise and structure ideas and opinions
for deliberate effect
 W5 make accurate use of spelling,
punctuation and grammar.

4.  WAGOLL
(What a good one looks like?)

5.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ne7uJy
_CAY

7. To achieve cohesion, the link of one sentence to the next,
consider the following techniques:
 Repetition of key words. In sentence B (the second of any
two sentences), repeat a word from sentence A.
 Synonymy. If direct repetition is too obvious, use a
synonym of the word you wish to repeat. This strategy is
call 'elegant variation.'
 Antonymy. Using the 'opposite' word, an antonym, can
also create sentence cohesion, since in language antonyms
actually share more elements of meaning than you might
imagine.
 Pro-forms. Use a pronoun, or another pro-form to make
explicit reference back to a form mentioned earlier.
 Collocation. Use a commonly paired or expected or highly
probable word to connect one sentence to another.

8.  Jane and Tom went for a walk. Jane was hot,
but Tom felt cold.(repetition)
 Jane and Tom went for a walk. Jane was hot, but
Tom felt cold. (antonyms)
 Jane and Tom went for a walk. It was a
pleasant stroll. (synonyms)
 Jane and Tom went for a walk along the muddy
bank of the river which had overflowed during
the recent floods. (collocation)
 Spot is a dalmatian which is a breed of
dogs (class/subclass) that has black and white
markings. (animal/attributes). On the walk,
the dog's paws got very sore. (part/whole)

9.  Enumeration. Use overt markers of sequence to
highlight the connection between ideas. This
system has many advantages: (a) it can link ideas
that are otherwise completely unconnected, (b) it
looks formal and distinctive, and (c) it promotes
a second method of sentence cohesion.
 Parallelism. Repeat a sentence structure. This
technique is the oldest, most overlooked, but
probably the most elegant method of creating
cohesion.
 Transitions. Use a conjunction or conjunctive
adverb to link sentences with particular logical
relationships.

10. Enumeration:
 first(ly) secondly etc. finally · in the (first)
place · last · to (begin) with · more
important · on top of (that) · next · then.
Parallelism:
 The man aims to find a job and to buy a
house.
 The secretary tried her best to solve the
problem and to give a solution

14.  ADDITION - moreover | furthermore | and | also | too | as well | equally
 ANTHISESIS - however | nevertheless | on the other hand | but | whereas
 COMPARISON - compared with | in comparison with | similarly | in the
same way
 REASON / CAUSE - as | since | because | due to | owing to | because of |
out of
 RESULT / SUMMARY - as a result | consequently | so | therefore | then |
in conclusion | in all | in brief | in short | in summary
 PURPOSE - so that | in order that | in order to | to | for | for the sake of
 EXAMPLE - for example | for instance | namely | that is to say | what I
mean is
 ORDER OF EVENTS - first(ly) | second(ly) | finally | first | next | then |
after that | lastly
TIME SEQUENCE - at first | after a while | in the end | finally
 RE-EXPRESSION - in other words | that is to say | alternatively | rather
 DEDUCTION - this means that | in that case it follows that | then |
otherwise
 SIDETRACKING - incidentally | by the way | to turn to | come to mention

15.  The methods of reading usually differ in
accordance with the contents of books,
____________ all books should be read with equal
seriousness. Amusement is not the main
objective of reading _____________ a good book,
____________ it is a novel or a biography or a
drama, always deals with some aspect of
knowledge _____________ helps us to know life
better. It is ____________said _____________books
are the best teachers.

16.  Each of the U.S. manned space exploration project
has specific major goals. (1)___________, the Mercury
project was designed to test whether or not human
beings could survive and function in outer space.
 (2) _____________, the Mercury project tested rockets
with the new Mercury space capsule, which could
hold one person. (3) _____________, the Gemini
project was carried out to find out whether two
people could work in the weightless environment of
space. (4)____________, Gemini astronauts were sent
out to take “spacewalks.” (5)_____________, they
floated outside their spacecraft in a spacesuit,
connected by a tether.

17.  But
 Because
 Whether
 And
 Therefore
 that

18.  First of all/ To begin with
 Moreover/ In addition/ Also
 After that
 Therefore
 In other words/ In fact