BIODIVERSITY AND PLANT LIFE in evolution.pptx

BIODIVERSITY AND PLANT
LIFE
GRADE 10—COURSE OF BIOLOGY

BIOLOGY—study of life
Some new disciplines—biophysics, biochemistry,
biomathematics, biogeography, biotechnology, etc…
Beginning—descriptive study: zoology, botany, anthropology
All had special branches– anatomy, physiology, paleonotology;
With the invention of microscope—microbiology, virology,
cytology, histology, molecular biology, genetics;
Complex study—ecology, ethology,
Applied fields—medical sciences, horticulture, gene technology,

LEVELS OF STRUCTURING IN LIVING SYSTEMS:
Under the cell & above the cell
UC
ATOMS
MOLECULES
CELL ORGANELLES
CELL (basic unit of structure & function)
AC
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM

Organism—LEVEL OF INDIVIDUAL
Levels above the individual:
P O P U L A T I O N
C O M M U N I T Y
B I O M E
B I O S P H E R E

LIVING THINGS SHOW AN ENORMOUS DIVERSITY.
THERE ARE AT LEAST 5 MILLION SPECIES OF ORGANISMS ON EARTH.
(Yet, only about 2 million species have been named and described.)
New species are discovered almost daily and about 140 species disappear each day.
T A X O N O M Y:
- is concerned with the classification and naming of living organisms.
- ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION:
- based on easily observable characteristics;
- ARISTOTLE (Greek philosopher, 384—322 B.C.) classified living beings (500 species) into 2 – animals

CELL TYPES:
PROKARYOTES—EUKARYOTES

THE EVOLUTIONARY TREE OF THE 5 KINGDOMS

V I R U S E S
- nm sized (nanometres) – visible only with electron microscopes;
- no cellular structure, no life functions;
- need host organism to multiply itself;
- can be crystalized and stored in this state for several years, yet they still
infect living cells when contact them.
- cannot be destroyed by drugs since have no metabolism;
- They re-program the host’s genetic information, destroying them and
multiplying themselves.
- Since outside the host they are unable to reproduce themselves they are
OBLIGATE PARASITES.
- They could not exist before the appearance of the first cellular beings.
- Probably they originated from some genes breaking off from the genetic
matter of the host.

V I R U S STRUCTURES/FORMS
ROD SHAPED
CYLINDER
SHAPED
POLYHEDRAL
SHAPED SPHERICAL
SHAPED
BACTERIOPHAGE
S
b) causes wide range
of illnesses, from mild
respiratory infections
in young children
(known as
the common cold) to
life-threatening multi-
organ disease in
people with
a weakened immune
system.
c) Influenza,
commonly known as
the flu, is an infectious
disease caused by an
influenza virus.
Symptoms can be mild
to severe.
d) A bacteriophage is a
type of virus that
infects bacteria. In fact,
the word
"bacteriophage"

1. ATTACHMENT
2.INJECTION—
ENTRY
3. REPLICATION
4.ASSEMBLY
5. LYSIS &
RELEASE

KINGDOM of M O N E R A
Individuals are single-celled, may or may not move, have a cell wall, have no
chloroplasts or other organelles, and have no nucleus.
Monera are usually very tiny, although one type, namely the blue-green
bacteria, look like algae. They are filamentous and quite long, green, but have
no visible structure inside the cells.
No visible feeding mechanism. They absorb nutrients through the cell wall &
membrane or produce their own by photosynthesis.

CYANOBACTERIA
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta.
'Bloom' is the term used to describe an accumulation of algal
cells to a point where they discolor the water, affect fish
populations and reduce the water quality.
Species of blue-green algae may dominate and increase
excessively in water when: water is still and turbulence is low
(lack of mixing) weather patterns are stable for a week or so
weather is warm. Blue-green algal blooms often persist for
several weeks, sometimes months, depending mainly on the
weather or flow conditions.
Cyanobacteria, also known as
Cyanophyta, are a phylum of
bacteria and plastids that obtain
their energy through
photosynthesis. They are the only
photosynthetic prokaryotes able to
produce oxygen. The name
cyanobacteria comes from the color
of the bacteria.

S I M P L E EUKARYOTES
- Appearance of these cells was about 1,5 billion years ago.
- Eukaryotes are about 10 times bigger then the prokaryotic ones.
- Complex structure with inner membranes – nuclear envelope as well.
- They evolved from prokaryotic cells during the evolution by ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY.

KINGDOM of PROTISTS
- Mainly unicellulars and all are EUKARYOTES
- 3 major groups:
a) ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS or PROTOZOA (all unicellulars and heterotrophic living beings)- consumers or
decomposers;
b) PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS (uni- or multucellulars and autotrophs); producers in the aquatic phytoplankton
with cellulose cell wall , with pigments for photosynthesis (chlorophyll and some others making sugars
and stored in starch).
c) MIXOTROPHIC PROTIST – have a great phylogenetic importance.
d) FUNGI-LIKE PROTISTS – have motion ability and heterotrophic but they need cell wall like the plants.
PHYLUM OF FLAGELLATES
- Aquatic Protists that have traits of both plants and animals and in their ancient forms in one cell there is
a mixotrophic feature.

PHYLUM of CYTOMORPHS – animal like Protists
They may have more than 1 nuclei but if they have 2 or more they are alike
performing the same function as well.
- The freshwater species have contractile vacuole to eliminate waste matter and H2O that flows into the cell by
osmosis – the water concentration is greater outside than inside the cell.
- CLASS of RHIZOPODES
- Species: LARGE AMOEBA

PHYLUM of C I L I O P H O R A
CILIATES
- THEY HAVE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEI;
- Macro and micronuclei.
Species of Paramecium range in size from 50 to 330 micrometers in length. Cells are typically ovoid,
elongate, cigar-shaped. The body of the cell is enclosed by an elastic membrane (pellicle), uniformly covered with
simple cilia, hair like organelles which act like tiny oars to move the organism in one direction. NUTRITION: food
vacuoles—digestive vacuoles—contractile vacuoles.
Only reproduction

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS
PHYLUM of G R E E N ALGAE
- Direct ancestors to simple plants;
- They have the same pigment matters as the plants have (chlorophyll a/b, xanthophyll,
carotene);
- They have cellulose cell wall;
- They store food in form of starch;
- We can follow the evolution from simple to more complex;
CHLAMYDOMONAS (körtemoszat) - unicellular

SCENEDESMUS species (harmónikamoszat)/VOLVOX species—cell association
- More cells are loosely connected in a group;

THALLUS STRUCTURE
- Cells do not specialze to form tissues but are tightly connected by their cellulose cell walls.
- They do not move actively, mainly sessile.
- Multiplication in single direction only - forming threads – SPIROGYRA (békanyál moszat)

FLATTENED THALLUS BODY FORM
- If the cells of an alga divide in 2 directions and remain attached,
a leaf-like flattened thallus (lemezes telep) is formed. ULVA species

THE MOST ADVANCED STRUCTURE of THALLUS:
THALLOID BODY (telep-test)
It is formed by cell divisions in all 3 dimensions – they look like real plants BUT no tissues.
CHARA (csillárkamoszat) species

PHYLUM of R E D A L G A E
- Unicellulars or multicellular thalloid body formed algae;
- They live in warmer seas attached to the bottom; (tropics, subtropics) – 200 meters deep
- Less light source can be utilize due to its photosynthetic pigment matters: chlorophyll, phycobilin+phycocyanin
(blue) and phycoeritrin (red).
- IRISH MOSS species
Agar is used for culture medium
PHYLUM of B R O W N A L G A E
- Largest bodied living beings ROOTED IN ONLY 25 METERS
DEPTH IN COLDER NORDIC SEAS.
- Fucoxanthin pigment matter
- Airbladders
- 60-100 meters long and their wight is about 3-4 tons

REPRODUCTION OF ALGAE
- Asexual reproduction by asexual spores by 1 parental body;
- Sexual reproduction with 2 gametes (male+female)
- During the fertilization a fusion takes place and a zygote is formed
- IN ALGAE the sexual and asexual reproductions alternate during their life cycle.
- GAMETES are HAPLOID (n) and after fusion a zygote is DIPLOID (2n)
- SPOROPHYTA AND GAMETOPHYATA GENERATIONS are alternating each other.

F U N G I
- Uni- or multicellular living beings;
- Heterotrophs;
- Cell walls are made up of CHITIN;
- Threadlike parts—hypha—hyphae (pl) MORE HYPHAE FOFRM MYCELIUM;
- Saprophytes IF THEY OBTAIN FOOD FROM DEAD BODIES;
- Parasites IF THEY LIVE ON OR IN ANOTHER LIVING BEING;
- MYCORRHIZAE—are symbiotic relationships between fungi and plants;
-
- Phylum of ASCOMYCOTA – sac fungi – spores are in ascus—asci , they are beneficial to humans –yeasts for
bakers or vintners (bread, wine);

- Phylum of BASIDIOMYCOTA—spores are on basidium. Edible mushrooms and TOADSTOOLS (in-edible ones);
- UMBRELLA LIKE CAP, STALK—sometimes a ring on the stalk;
- DEATH CAP (Amanita phalloides) sp. Is poisonous;
- CHAMPIGNON (Agaricus campestris) is an edible one;
- VALUES: antibiotics (A.Fleming), vitamins, alcohols, wide diversity of chemicals, etc….;
- During fermentation they can take part in the production of alcohol, vinegar, cheese.

Phylum of MOSSES
- Body parts: leaf-like formation, stem-like parts, rhizoids-absorbing water and minerals.
- Non-vascular plants (no transporting tissue);
- They depend on the surrounding moisture.
- Non-flowering plants – they reproduce themselves with spores.
- Helpful in preventing soil erosion;
- Important pioneer plants for the soil formation;

Phylum of FERNS
- spore-bearing leaves;
- Horizontal underground stems – called rhizomes;
- THEY ARE THE FIRST VASCULAR PLANTS
- They do not have flowers/seeds but have real tissues
and real organs (stem, root, leaves);
- They need water for reproduction;

PHYLUM of GYMNOSPERMS
- Woody plants;
- Mainly evergreens;
- Male pollen cones & female seed cones lack sepals and petals;
- Seed cones have NO OVARIES (ovary sing.)—unprotected buds;
- Widespread root system extracts nutrients with the help of fungi;
- Long thin leaves—needles;
- They do not have fruit;
- Wind-pollinated flowers—they are not bright coloured ones—no scent either;
- Their winged seeds are also carried by the wind;
- CYCADS, GNETOPHYTES, CONIFERS,
- Fairly soft wood—good for making furniture;
- SCOTCH FIR (Pinus silvestris—ERDEI FENYŐ)
- NORWAY SPRUCE (Picea abies—LUCFENYŐ)
- EUROPEAN LARCH (Larix deciduas)—VÖRÖSFENYŐ)
- Native Hungarian conifers above (3)

VASCULAR and FLOWERING PLANTS
- multicellular, eukaryotes;
- terrestrial, stationary;
- Autotrophic beings;
- Parasitic, semi-parasites, symbiosis,
- Diphasic ontogeny—alternation of generations.
- BODY STRUCTURE:
Plant cell

PHYLUM of ANGIOSPERMS
- Mainly soft stemmed plants;
- They have flowers (complete or
incomplete) and different seed types;
- They can be annuals, biennials,
Perennials—depending on their life cycle;
- Leaves are different in shape & size;
- Seeds develop in the ovary;
- Mainly insect-pollinated—coloured
flowers with powerful scent; (nectar)
- Green sepals protect the developing bud.
- Petals are colorful.
- Stamen + pistil = sex organs
- After pollination fruit is formed;
- Fruit contains and protects seeds;
- Inside the seeds there are leaves
called cotyledons;
- DYCOTS—Dicotyledons (dycots)—2
cotyledons;
- MONOCOTS-monocotyledons—1
cotyledon;

SEED PARTS
1)EMBRYO
2)ENDOSPERM
3)SEED COAT
EMBRYO=
Epycotyl+Hypocotyl+
Radicle
SEED COAT= protective
layer
ENDOSPERM= Stored
food in seed leaf
(cotyledon)

CLASS of DICOTYLEDONS & CLASS OF MONOCOTYLEDONS:
Soft stems
Soft or woody
stems
Main root system
Branched veins
Incomplete flowers mainly
Grasses,
orchids,
palms
Trees, shrubs,
herbaceous
plants

Plant tissues:
- MERISTEMS
- PERMANENT TISSUES

The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. It can be divided
into three types based on the nature of the cell walls.
Parenchyma is made up of cells having very thin cell wall that is uniformly thickened. Parenchyma forms
the "filler" tissue in the soft parts of plants
Collenchyma is made up of unevenly thickened cell wall with more thickenings at the corners and
composed of pectin and other substances. Collenchyma provides extra mechanical and structural support,
particularly in regions of new growth.
Sclerenchyma is made up of a thick and rigid cell wall composed of lignin and other substances.
Sclerenchyma provides the main structural support to a plant.[

TRANSPORT PROCESS IN PLANTS
- ABSORPTION OF WATER AND MINERALS at the ZONE ABSORPTION (felszívási
zóna) where root hairs are found in the form of soil solution; WATER UPTKE is a
PASSIVE PROCESS (by osmosis the form of diffusion—concentration
equalization);
- The SOIL WATER passes from the epidermis further across the PARENCHYMA
cells until it reaches the XYLEM.
- As deeper cells have less water in xylem the solution goes up thanked to the
concentration gradients.
- If there are some dead cells in the pathway the solution flows through the
intercellular spaces.
- Mineral ions reach the root hair and pass along with ACTIVE
TRANSPORTATION—energy is needed (ONLY SOME minerals – found in large
amount in soil) enter and move passively.

99% of the up
taken water
content is
evaporated
entirely.
Transpiration stream=
Növényi Párologtatás=
vacuum pump—pulling
water upward.
SUCTION FORCE OF
TRANSPIRATION
PUSHING FORCE—
ROOT PRESSURE
of root cells—
active process
GUTTATION—when the air is
humid and no evaporation, root
pressure forces water out from
xylem at leaf edges in form of
some water drops.
CAPILLARITY helps the motion of H2O
upward. Adhesion (attraction force between
water molecules and the wall of xylem
element) and Cohesion (attraction between
water molecules) help the water column rise
in the narrow xylem—passively.

TRANSPORTATION OF ORGANIC MATTERS
- T R A N S L O C A T I O N
- IT TAKES PLACE IN PHLOEM.
- SYNTHESIZED MATTERS FROM LEAVES ARE
CARRIED AWAY TO THE NEED OF SUPPLY.
- S I N K—is the name of any part of the
plant that stores or uses the production
of photosynthesis.
- The organic matters travel in the
SIEVE TUBES of PHLOEM—which are in the
lower part of the leaf veins. This is why the
APHIDES (levéltetvek) are arranged around
this underside part of the leaf mainly.
- TRANSLOCATION is an active procedure.
- Energy is needed.
- COMPANION CELLS CONNECTED to the
SIEVE TUBES in the PHLOEM may provide
the energy required and control to load
and unload organic nutrients.

NUTRITION IN PLANTS
- inorganic matters: carbon-dioxide, water, mineral salts
- MINIMUM PRINCIPLE of LIEBIG

EXPERIMENTS TESTING
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

STARCH GRANULES—polysaccharides (monomers of glucoses)—
stored food
Not disturbing the osmotic balance of the cell (as starch is insoluble in water);
STARCH—is broken down to SUCROSE (sweet soluble sugar transported by phloem)
SUCROSE (in buds, fruits, roots, storage organs, etc…) is converted into GLUCOSE;
GLUCOSE:
- It is burnt to provide energy for life functions,
- Excess sugar will be converted into STARCH and stored in plants;
- Simple sugars, like FRUCTOSE is stored in sweet fruits;
- Other indispensable matters are also synthesized from sugars in plants such as:
- Cellulose (cell wall),
- Lipids (fats) for membranes,
- Proteins and oils (for the cytoplasm),
- Pigment matters (for flower petals and photosynthesis).

Respiratory quotient:
(légzési hányados)
- D i v i s i o n:
RQ= CO2 produced/O2 used up
Normally it equals 1 in the
cases of carbohydrates BUT
of LIPIDS it is less than 1
(because lipids contain less
oxygen).

In case of the dry seeds, there is no change in the thermometer reading
because they are not undergoing through the process of respiration.
But distinct rise in temperature in case of germinating seeds is obviously due to
the liberation of heat energy by the respiratory substrate, i.e., germinating
seeds.
Lime water turns milky due to the carbon dioxide evolved during the
process of germination of seeds. When water is poured by opening the
stopcock of water reservoir, it drives out the air through the bent tube, and
as the air passes through the lime water, the latter turns milky due to the
fact that the air contains carbon dioxide.
lime

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS
- PRIMARY GROWTH in root and shoot
- Cell division of meristems;
- Cell elongation;
- Cell differentiation;
- The outermost elongated cell is differentiated into epidermis, the underlying one into ground tissue and primary
vascular tissues.
- In the shoot tips—primordials are developing (buds, leaves, branches and flowers. In grasses and other
monocots, meristems are found at the base of the leaves (blades).
- SECONDARY GROWTH
- In woody dicots only; THICKENING by
lateral cambium; It divides itself continually
in the growing season and adds secondary
xylem to the inside and secondary phloem
to the outside.
- Cork cambium is formed from the
second year and produces cork
replacing the epidermis.
The tissues outside constitute the bark.

ONTOGENY OF PLANTS
- Life cycles—diphasic ontogeny—alternation of
generations
- In mosses the GAMETOPHYTA generation dominates;
- Later (ferns, in flowering plants) this phase is
shortened;
- In flowering plants the SPOROPHYTE generation
is the longest;
- GAMETOPHYTE generation starts with the appearance
of gametes. (pollination occurs);
- DIPLOID & HAPLOID generations alter each other;

ONTOGENY OF SEEDY PLANTS
- Annual plants germinate, grow and produce seeds in the same year and then they die.
- Biennial plants—grow only vegetative parts in the first year, they have a resting period in winter, flowers and
seeds develop only in the second year and then they die.
- Perennial plants (deciduos and evergreen plants)—do not die after producing their flowers and seed, instead
they bloom and develop fruits, seeds each year for several decades.
- STAGES in the LIFE of SEEDY PLANTS
- Embryo & seed formation, seed dormancy, germination, formation of vegetative parts, formation of
generative parts—death at the end.
- S E E D STAGE
- Diploid embryo (from the fertilized egg) + triploid (3n) endosperm (from the fertilized central 2n nucleus);
This embryo is completed with 1 or 2 cotyledons—protected by the seed coat (from the covering of the
ovule);
- Seed maturation—embryo completes it development and decreases its water content;
- Seed dormancy—decreased metabolism that allows to survive drought or cold.
- G E R M I N A T I O N
- External factor triggering the germination are WATER, OXYGEN, TEMPERETURE and rarely light.
- Internal factors: plant hormones.
- DICOTS usually germinate above the ground—EPIGEAL GERMINATION
- Most of the MONOCOTS germinate under the ground—HYPOGEAL GERMINATION

V E G E T A T I V E STAGE
- When the first leaves emerge and do photosynthesis,
- In dicots: shrunken cotyledons fall off or change to canopy leaves,
- In dicots: primary root growing from the radicle gives rise to many lateral branches—taproot system
- In monocots: primary root disappears and many adventitious roots develop—fibrous root system,
- External factors of vegetative stage: water, CO2,temperature, light, minerals in soil,
- Internal factor: auxin hormone—responsible for growth,
R E P R O D U C T I V E STAGE
- Temperature+moisture—DAY LENGTH connected to season changes—PHOTOPERIODISM
- Short-day plants (strawberries, corn, rice, beans, cotton) bloom when they are illuminated for less than
12 hours (8—12 hours/day—early spring & autumn), they need 16 hours uninterrupted long darkness,
- Long-day plants (wheat, peas, spinach, potatoes)—12-16 hours of daylight needed,
- Day-neutral plants (tomatoes, roses)—are not affected in flowering.

P H Y T O H O R M O N E S—HORMONAL REGULATION
IN PLANTS
- INTERNAL FACTORS, causing them to grow taller, to change color in autumn, to make their fruit
ripen,
- ORGANIC SUBSTANCES,
- Produced in different plant parts and transported to target tissues,
- A U X I N S
- Indole-acetic acid—the tip of the shoot synthesizes it,
- GROWTH hormone, by cell elongation
- Highest concentration in the shoot tips then it decreases then it increases again toward the
root tip,
- Controls tropism—growth toward or away from external stimuli,
- Positive phototropism (Árpád Paál)—auxin moves to the shaded side of the stem—elongation
of the dark side—the plant bends toward the light source,

- Geotropism of auxins—plant response to gravity,
- High concentration of auxin promotes fruit development, inhibiting the dropping of fruits,
- In autumn: ripened fruit fall and dropping the leaves of trees,
- Above certain concentration of auxin slows down growth—therefore it can be used as an herbicide,
- G I B B E R E L I N S
- Also a growth hormone (cell division + cell elongation) helps budding, fruiting as well,
- C Y T O K I N I N S
- Found in dividing tissues—stimulating cell division
- A B S C I S S I C ACID
- Inhibitor hormone—inhibits growth (opposed to auxins, gibberelins & cytokinins)—promotes aging-
separation of leaves and fruits from the trees in autumn, It maintains dormancy period in winter time,
- E T H Y L E N E
- Growth inhibitor hormone—gas state,
- Promoting the ripening of fruits,

P l a n t s’ m o t i o n s
- They are sensitive to stimuli;
- Inner motions: transportation;
- Outer movements: no locomotion, BUT position change with different body parts;
- CHEMOTAXIS (active motion elicited and determined by a stimulus) swimming of mosses’ sperms
- TROPISMS (determined by the direction of stimuli) such as:
- A) phototropism
- B) geotropism
- C) hydrotropism
- D) Thigmotropism (tactile)
- E) Chemotropism
- NASTIC MOTIONS (independent from the direction of stimuli & based on the turgidity – water
content changes)
- A) tigmonastic (water flows out from cells by diffusion—cell shrinks rapidly)
- B) photonastic (opening/closing of flowers due to light effects)
- C) thermonastic (tulip flowers open and close themselves depending on the temperature
conditions—changes)

R E V I S I O N
 Plants’ nutrition
 Experimental work
 Plants’ ontogenetic development
 Phytohormones
 Plants’ movements

The ANIMAL KINGDOM
Characteristics of animals
- multicellular eukaryotic and tissued living beings;
- Nearly all are motile, some sessile living beings;
- Heterotrophs (living on autotrophs)PARASITES (ecto-endo), CONSUMERS
(herbivores, carnivores, scavangers);
- Sexual reproduction is dominant over the rare asexual one—appears among
simpler animals.

THE A N I M A L KINGDOM
- Cell structure
- Tissue types
Epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue
- ORGANS
Respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion, hormonal system, neural system, reproduction

ORGAN SYSTEMS:
- Respiratory system;
- Digestive system;
- Circulatory system;
- Excretory system;
- Immune system;
- Hormonal system;
- Nervous system;
- Locomotor system;
BODY PLANS:
- Asymmetrical (Sponges);
- Radially symmetrical plan (Cnidarians—jelly fish);
- Bilaterally symmetrical plan (highly developed animals)– they have 2 similar halves
(left & right), anterior and posterior body sections or tail part, ventral and dorsal
body parts;

REPRODUCTION AND BODY DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS
Fertilization
- 2 gamets (egg+sperm)—zygote (totipoty-cell);
- Separate sexes (váltivarú)—sexual dimorphism—OR—hermaphroditic (hímnős);
- ONTOGENY—PHYLOGENY

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
PROTOSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES

Classification of ANIMALS
Invertebrates—95%
Vertebrates (backbone)
I) Animals with pseudotissues—SPONGES
II) Animals with true tissues
- Animals with no body cavity—CNIDARIANS
- Animals with body cavities:
a) PROTOSTOMES
- Flatworms,
- Roundworms
- Ringworms
- Molluscs
- Arthropods
b) DEUTEROSTOMES
- Echinoderms
- Prochordata
- Cephalochordata
- Vertebrata

The phylum of SPONGES
- They live in oceans and seas – shallow waters – sessile –
- filter feeding throughout spores;
- Cleaning waters by their filtartion;
- Asymmetrical body – different colours;
- Ball—shaped, tube—shaped, flattened, branched, etc…
- Mainly solitary (living alone) but some colonial ones;
- They appeared cca. 600 million years ago—did not change too much—dead end of evolution;
- NO TISSUES—pseudotissues only—specializied cells only for a special function;
- They show the gastrula stage with 2 germ layers only;
- Spicules (hard support)
- Pores and osculum (2 types of openings in&out); feeding + respiration take place here;
- Choanocytes (collar flagellated cells—endoderm);
- Amoebocytes (vagrant cells);
- Asexual reproduction by budding;
- Sexual reproduction—hermaphroditic living beings with extarnal fertilization or self-fertilization;
- Freshwater sponge, Venus basket, Bath sponge;

The phylum of CNIDARIA
(ANIMALS WITHOUT A BODY CAVITY BUT WITH TISSUES)
- 9000 known species;
- Free-swimming—sessile /reef-builder coral parts/--(jelly fish—polyp);
- RADIAL SYMMETRY;
- ECTO AND ENDODERM LAYER WITH MESOGLEA (gel—with neural cells—scattered—
no centre);
- 2 basic body forms POLYP—tube shaped with mouth and tentacles around that;
- MEDUSA—umbrella shaped with tentacles hanging down.—stinging cells
CNIDOCYTES-nematocysts;
- RESPIRATION/NUTRITION—similar to SPONGES;
- Diffused nervous system;
- Epithelial muscle cells;
- Regeneration is similar to SPONGES;
- ASEXUAL/SEXUAL reproductions alter eac other—alternation of generations

- One cell thick epithelium; covered by cuticle layer;
- Free-living TURBELLARIA örvényférgek); e.g.
- PLANARIA sp.;
- Foregut + Richly ramified midgut;
- No hind-gut;
- Eversible muscular pharynx for food collection;
- Protonephridium (elővesécske) with
- Flame cells (lángzósejtek)
- GANGLIONIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (dúcideg)
- EYESPOT + 2 nerve cords (idegköteg);
- ASEXUAL reproduction—body fission in the middle;
- REGENERATION is well developed;
- Some of them are hermaphroditic;
- Mostly parasites: like flukes—suckers fixed on host;

PHYLUM of RINGWORMS
Reproduction:
laying eggs—
incomplete
metamorphosis.
- segmented;
- Bristles on
each segment;
- Moist skin;
- Muscle & skin
stuck together;
- Circular
muscle;
- Humus is their
food;

PHYLUM of MOLLUSCS
- SOFT BODIED ANIMALS MOST OF THEM WITH HARD SHELLS.
- Under their shells there is a MANTLE (köpeny) which covers the inner organs.
- They are mainly marine, some are fresh water ones but few live on land.
- CLASS of SNAILS—Gastropods
- CLASS of BIVALVES
- Oysters—two hard shells with muscular hinge.
- Gills trap plankton and cilia sweep the food toward the mouth.
- They lay eggs.
- Sp: Freshwater shell (tavikagyló-Anodonta cygnaea)
- Pearl oyster (Gyöngykagyló—Pinctada radiata)
- Large muscular foot;
- Mouth part with
radula;
- Mainly they eat plants;
- Laying tiny eggs.
- Sp: Edible snail; (Éti
csiga-Helix pomatia)

CLASS of CEPHALOPODA
- Octopuses
- Squids
- Nautiluses
CARNIVORES;
LONG ARMS
GROWING FROM
THE ARMS;
DARK FLUID
RELEASED FROM
THE INK GLAND
THEY LAY EGGS.
Common octopus (Közönséges polip—Octupus
vulgaris)
European squid (Közönséges kalmár—Loligo
vulgaris)

ARTHROPODS—Phylum of ARTHROPODA—ÍZELTLÁBÚAK TÖRZSE
- Greatest diversity with 4 classes
- More than 80% of all animals belong
to this phylum (more than a million species);
- Protostomes, bilateral symmetry and coelom;
- JOINTED APPENDAGES—wide variety of motions;
- Appendages: antenna, legs, (wings)
- EXOSKELETON—cuticle made of protein+chitin—
supporting the body with muscles attached to its
inner surface + protection of the inner organs
(completed in terrestrial species with waxy layer);

EXOSKELETON
- Enabled ancient arthropods to conquer new life habitats such as air;
- BUT some disadvanteges: heavy, in dead form it does not grow with the
body size;
- MUST BE SHED (sheding—moulting—”vedlés”) controlled by hormones;
- They moult 4-7 times during their life spam;
- During moulting (until the new exoskeleton hardens) they are vulnerable to predators;
SEGMENTED BODY—inherited from WORMS
- They have fewer segments than rignworms (usually 21 only);
- These segments are fused and specialized into 3, sometimes only 2 well-distinguished body
parts:
HEAD
THORAX („TOR”)
ABDOMEN („POTROH”)
If they have only 2 body sections, they’re called:
CEPHALOTORAX („FEJTOR”)—head and thorax fused together;
ABDOMEN

ARTHROPODS’ NERVOUS SYSTEM:
- GANGLIONIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- BRAIN – processes the stimuli from the developed sense organs from the region of their head;
- Double ventral nerve cord („hasi idegrost köteg”);
-

- PAIR OF GANGLIA in each segment—mainly coordinating motion;
(similar to that of ringworms);
- Reduced segments’ number reached greater complexity of them mainly on their head
part with a variety of SENSE ORGANS;
- ANTENNAE (feelers), stalklike jointed structures detecting movement, sounds, chemicals;
- These antennae sometimes are used for communication as well; (sensing pheromones);
- COMPUND EYES, or SIMPLE EYES

PHYLUM of ARTHROPODS
- RESPIRATORY ORGANS: TRACHEAL TUBES, GILLS, BOOK-LUNGS („lemezes tüdő);
- OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: OPEN-CIRCULATION NO BLOOD

DIGESTION OF ARTHROPODS
- Digestive tract with enzyme producing GLANDS;
- Different mouthparts with a variety of jaws called MANDIBLES (állkapcsok)—adapted for feeding methods;

PHYLUM OF ECHINODERMS (tüskésbőrűek törzse)
- Spiny—skinned animals
- the first deuterostomes in which the oral openingdoesn’t develop from the primitive oral opening of the
embryo in the gastrula stage, but it appears soemwhere else
- Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, sea lilies;
- They have:
- Calcareous spines,
- Internal skeleton—formed in the mesoderm;
- No brain or head either;
- Central disk + 5 or more long arms—called rays;
- Water vascular system (motion, excretion, capturing food)—tube foot;
- Some of them: predators (starfish), herbivores (sea urchin), detritus-eaters (törmelék-evők) sea lilies;

RELATIVES of the PHYLUM OF CHORDATA (Vertebrates)
- Notochord (gerinchúr) appeared—firm structure;
- Tubular nervous system—with dorsal nerve cord;
- PHYLUM of PROCHORDATES e.g. Tunicates
- PHYLUM of CEPHALOCHORDATES e.g. Lancelets

PHYLUM of CHORDATES (gerincesek törzse)
COMMON FEATURES:
- ENDOSKELETON WITH SKELETAL MUSCLES,
- VERTEBRAL COLOUMN;
- LIMBS FOR LOCOMOTION;
- SKIN;
- DIGESTIVE SYSTEM well developed deuterostomatas;
- RESPIRATION—gills, lungs, skin respiration;
- CLOSED CIRCULATION;
- ADAPTATION WITH BODY HEAT;
- KIDNEYS;
- SEPARATE SEXES;
- WELL DEVELOPED NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM;
- TUBULAR NERVOUS SYSTEM;
- BILATERAL SYMMETRY;
- 5 MAIN CLASSES: FISH, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, MAMMALS

VERTEBRATES—ANIMALS with BACKBONES
Common features:
- ENDOSKELETON (cartilaginous and/or bony) to which powerful skeletal muscles attach;
- Their skeleton has an AXIS formed by the skull and the backbone to which limbs connect;
- The backbone is known as VERTEBRAL COLUMN;
- LIMBS: fins, legs, wings;
- If they have legs—they are pentadactyl (5 digits on each leg);
- Their skin is adapted to the living conditions;
- DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: fore- mid and hind guts) with glands—digestive enzymes;
- Stomach, liver, pancreas join to the tract;
- RESPIRATION: gills, lungs, skin—in lung respiration nostrils appeared;
- CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: blood with cellular components+plasma;
- Circulation is adapted to the body heat;
- EXCRETION: kidneys—filtering metabolic waste from the blood;
- Dimorphism—separate sexes;
- NEURO-ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- TUBULAR NERVE SYSTEM—brain, pinal cord, well developed sensing organs;
- BILATERAL SYMMETRY
- SEGMENTATION (spinal cord—vertebral column);
- Three body cavity system—around the heart, lungs and in the abdomen.

Spawning (ikrázás)—external
fertilization;
There are some internal
fertilization as well.

A) FIND the shortest DEFINITION possible of the following terms:
1) Scales
2) Gill slits in cartilaginous fish
3) Swim-bladder
4) Spawning
B) COLLECT 2 species names of jawless fish.
C) COLLECT 2 species names of cartilaginous fish.
D) COLLECT 10 species names of the bony fish.
INDIVIDUAL WORK (within 10 minutes)

AMPHIBIANS—Transition to land
- They developed about 350 million years ago from lobe-finned fishes;
- Species of frogs, toods (varangyok), newts (gőték), salamanders—LIVE DOUBLE LIFE;
- Newly born larva develops in water;
- Semi-terrestrial adults;
- Their role: insect control of wetlands;
- Their paired fins developed to pendadactyl limbs;
- they have thin, smooth and mois skin without scales;
- Their skin contains pigment cells and lots of glands;
- Skin-breathing is completed with primitive lungs (small, simple alveoli, small surface – no chest
cavity);
- Double circulation appeared with the three-chambered heart;
- Rootless teeth they have – salivary glands in their mouth;
- Adults are predators;
- Poikilothermic living beings (cold-blooded) – not controlling their body heat;
- They can hibernate themselves if the environmental temperature is cold;
- They need water for reproduction;
- Their fertilization is external – lots of eggs are laid;
- They undergo metamorphosis—tadpole larva stage (ebihal)—semi-terrestrial adult stage;

REPTILES—individual work
Explain the following related terms:
1) Ancient reptiles—stem reptiles;
2) Dinosaurs;
3) Phylogeny of reptiles;
4) Impermeable dry skin;
5) Quadruped;
6) Reptiles’ respiration;
7) Reptiles’ circulation;
8) Reptiles’ excretion;
9) Reptiles’ digestion;
10)Reptiles’ reproduction;
11)Features of the groups of Reptiles: SNAKES & LIZARDS—TURTLES--CROCODILIANS

B I R D S (Class of AVES)
- 9000 DIFFERENT SPECIES;
- Reptilian relationship is indicated by:
- The existence of claws on toes,
- Scales on feet,
- Internal fertilization,
- Amniotic eggs,
- The earliest known fossil– ARCHAEOPTERYX (gyíkmadár)
- BIRDS SKELETON

Crinkly
(redős)
Tuberous
(gumós)

Lungs and Heart of Mammals
Keeping the rate of metabolism high takes a constant and
plentiful supply of oxygen. That’s because cellular
respiration, which produces energy, requires oxygen. The
lungs and heart of mammals are adapted to meet their
oxygen needs.

Summary
•Mammals may be herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores.
They have four types of teeth, so they can eat a wide range
of foods.
•Traits of the heart and lungs keep the cells of mammals well
supplied with oxygen and nutrients.
•Mammals have a relatively large brain and a high level of
intelligence.

THE BEHAVIOUR OF ANIMALS—E T H O L O G Y
- Ethology—all the behavior of an animal is the ETHOGRAM.
- 2 types: INNATE/inborn—inherited and LEARNED/acquired behavior patterns;
- INNATE BEHAVIOUR 3 KNOWN TYPES: 1)Unconditioned reflex, 2)Taxis 3)Fixed action patterns;
- 1)Unconditioned reflex
- 2)Taxis

A certain behavior takes place if both required factors, the
MOTIVATION and the KEY STIMULUS are present.
- MOTIVATION—(is the factor of the internal environment) triggered by the sexual desire,
fright, curiosity, hunger, thirst, etc…
- KEY STIMULUS—is the factor of the external environment. /LORENZ + TINBERGEN
Ex: MALE STICKLEBACK FISH – red belly of males

SUPERNORMAL STIMULUS
E.g.: OYSTERCATCHER

LEARNED BEHAVIOUR
1) IMPRINTING

HABITUATION
- Ignoring the indifferent stimulus—protecting the sensation;

CONDITIONED REFLEX
Associative learning (Pavlov’s dogs)

OPERANT CONDITIONING
- learning by trial
- The animal must be motivated – has to be hungry to seek the reward by performing
the activity;

INSIGHT
- The most complex behavior – an animal solves a problem without trial and errors.

COMBINATION OF INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOURS—I N S T I N C T
- Species performed by all members of the species in the same way, with
the same regularity;

CYCLES OF BEHAVIOUR
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM—behaviour that occurs at a daily basis—e.g. sleeping at night and
Active during the day OR NUCTURNAL animals are active at night only.
CIRCANNUAL RHYTHM—annualy repeated behaviour—
birds migrate south in autumn and return springtime.
Biological clock—internal biological process that runs on its
own: e.g. fiddler crabs are dark in colour during the day and light
at night or the menstrual cycle.

BEHAVIOUR OF SUSTENANCE
- ORIENTATION & NAVIGATION
Taxis (PASSIVE WAY)—sensing of the environmental stimuli by the animal. Aerotaxis, Phototaxis, etc…
Memory (PASSIVE as well)– mental map helps orientation—bee killer wasp finding its nest.
Echolocation (ACTIVE WAY)—e.g.Bats, Dolphins emit ultrasounds and listen their return.
Migration (ACTIVE WAY)—ants, birds, etc… compounded behaviour.
COMFORT ACTIVITIES—bathing, sand-bathing, scratching, preening (tollázkodás), grooming (kurkászás),
sleeping.
FEEDING BEHAVIOUR—searching for food, hunting (predators)—behaviour of preys.
DEFENCE BEHAVIOUR—camouflage—mimicrywarning coloration, etc…
- REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
Monogamy—Polygamy
Mate selection
Courtship & sexual play
Mating
Parental care

BIODIVERSITY AND PLANT LIFE in evolution.pptx

BIODIVERSITY AND PLANT LIFE in evolution.pptx

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