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1. ANALYZING LITERATURE

2. What is
Literature?
 Literature is a body of written works. The name has
traditionally been applied to those imaginative works
of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of
their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of
their execution.
 Literature may be classified according to a variety of
systems, including language, national origin, historical
period, genre, and subject matter.
 Literature gives us an insight as to how people coexist
and have shared values to other generation. We all
have different experiences; through literature we can
share our cultures and traditions to others.

3. What is
Heritage?
 Heritage is a person’s unique, inherited sense of family
identity: the values, traditions, culture, and artifacts
handed down by previous generations. We absorb a
sense of our heritage throughout our lives as we
observe and experience the things that make our
family unique.
 An example of heritage is money left to a child in his
parent's will. Another is inheritance property that may
be inherited. It is also a tradition something that can
be passed down from preceding generations.

4. Types of
Heritage
 1. Tangible Cultural Heritage, refers to physical
artifacts produced, maintained and transmitted
intergenerational in a society. It includes artistic
creations, built heritage such as buildings and
monuments, and other physical or tangible products of
human creativity that are invested with cultural
significance in a society.
 Another example of tangible cultural heritage include
traditional clothing, tools, buildings, artwork,
monuments, and modes of transportation.

5. Types of
Heritage
2. Intangible Cultural Heritage, indicates ‘the practices,
representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well
as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces
associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in
some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural
heritage.
Another example of Intangible cultural heritage include
song, music, dance, drama, skills, cuisine, crafts and
festivals. They are forms of culture that can be recorded
but cannot be touched or stored in physical form, like in a
museum, but only experienced through a vehicle giving
expression to it.

6. PANIMA
(AngPamahiin
NiMarie)

8. Elementsofa
shortstory
The following are some thoughts to keep in mind when
you analyze literary texts:
1. Plot – It is the sequence of events in a story or play.
The plot is a planned, logical series of events having a
beginning, middle and end. The short story usually
has one plot, and it could be read in one sitting. There
are five essential parts of a plot:

9. Elementsofa
shortstory
a. Exposition/Introduction - In the introduction, the
setting and the characters are revealed.
b. b. Rising Action - This is where the events in the story
become complicated and the conflict in the story is
revealed. This is where events between introduction
and climax takes place.
c. Climax - It is the turning point of the story and the
highest point of interest. It is where the reader asks
what will happen next. Will the conflict be resolved or
not?
d. Falling Action - The problems and complications begin
to be resolved.
e. Resolution - This is the final outcome or untangling of
events in the story.

10. Elementsofa
shortstory
The above structure is called a Freytag’s Pyramid and is
used as a basis for analyzing plot. Each of the above
levels must be examined in relation to the story being
read. Remember that both the events in the rising action
(each event is called a complication) and the climax can
be physical, mental, or emotional.

11. Conflict
In addition to the terms on the “Pyramid,” a few others must
be taken into consideration.
Conflict - It is the opposition of forces which ties one incident
to another and makes the plot move. Knowing the conflict
allows the reader to pinpoint the climax.
There are two types of conflict:
a. External refers to outside forces that may cause conflict,
like another human being, circumstances, environment,
etc.
b. Internal refers a struggle within oneself. The character
maybe debating inside himself about what to do.
Time -- Part of plot is how the author chooses to structure
time. Many times, an author opts to tell a story out of
chronological sequence, perhaps with flashbacks. In
addition, many authors employ foreshadowing to offer hints
to future events.

12. Types of
Conflict
What are the 6 Types of Literary Conflicts?
It refers to the problem that the main characters have to
face. The conflict of the story has four major types:
Character vs. Self,
Character vs. Character,
Character vs. Nature,
Character vs. Society,
Character vs. Technology and
Man vs. Supernatural.

13. CHARACTER
VS. SELF
This is an internal conflict, meaning that the opposition
the character faces is coming within. This may entail a
struggle to discern what the moral or “right” choice is,
or it may also encompass mental health struggles. All
other types of conflict are external – meaning that a
character comes up against an outside force that
creates
a conflict.

14. CHARACTER
VS. SELF
EXAMPLE
A CHARACTER FACING THEIR
GUILT
A CHARACTER DEBATING
WHETHER THEY SHOULD TELL
THE TRUTH OR TRY TO HIDE IT
A CHARACTER FACING THEIR
FEARS

15. CHARACTER
VS.
CHARACTER
This is a common type of conflict in
which one character’s needs or
wants are at odds with another’s. A
character conflict can be depicted
as a straight-forward fist fight, or
as intricate and nuanced as the
ongoing struggle for power in the
HBO series of Game of Thrones.

16. CHARACTER
VS.
CHARACTER
EXAMPLES
A CHILD ARGUING WITH
ANOTHER CHILD
A HERO AND A VILLAIN
AN EPIC BATTLE BETWEEN
CHARACTER

17. CHARACTER
VS. NATURE
In a nature conflict, a character is
set in opposition to nature. This
can mean the weather, the
wilderness, or a natural disaster.

18. CHARACTER
VS. NATURE
EXAMPLE
 If your characters are facing natural disasters, there
are plenty to choose from. Tornadoes, hurricanes,
floods, tsunamis, blizzards, avalanches, volcanic
eruptions, dust storms, and wildfires can be excellent
catalysts for your characters to do something.
 Droughts and famines, whether as natural disasters or
effects of a natural or man-made disaster, are also
great story fodder.
 The effects of mankind trying to control nature is
another conflict that comes up in real life and in
stories—overfarming, deforestation, draining of
resources, and pollution can provide ample story ideas

19. CHARACTERVS.
SUPERNATURAL
It is a conflict that happens when
the protagonist faces a struggle
against a god, gods, and
supernatural forces.

20. CHARACTERVS.
SUPERNATURAL
EXAMPLE
A CHARACTER DEALING WITH
ANGELIC CREATURES
A CHARACTER FIGHTING
LITERAL DEMONS
A VAMPIRE SLAYER, A
WEREWOLF HUNTER, GHOST-
BUSTER, ETC.

21. CHARACTERVS.
TECHNOLOGY
In this case, a character is in conflict
with some kind of technology. It is
the hallmark
of science fiction, which explores the
problems that arise when
technology grows beyond its
intended use.

22. CHARACTERVS.
TECHNOLOGY
EXAMPLE
literary technique where the
protagonist has a problem with a
man-made invention, such as
robots or machine

23. CHARACTERVS.
SOCIETY
It is a conflict that occurs when the
character has a conflict with the
government, cultural, or societal
tradition.

24. CHARACTERVS.
SOCIETY
EXAMPLE
 CHARACTER REVOLT AGAINST
UNFAIR RULES OR GOVERNMENT
 CHARACTER STANDS UP FOR
WHAT THEY BELIEVE IN, EVEN IF
IT MEANS THEY STAND ALONE.
 CHARACTER HAVE A DIFFERENT
VIEWS OF THE WORLD OR
CERTAIN TOPICS

25. PLOT
2. Character – There are two meanings for the word
character: One is the person in a work of fiction and the
other one is the characteristic of a person. He may be the
protagonist, the good-natured character, or the
antagonist, the opponent of the main character. The
author may reveal a character in several ways: his
physical appearance, what he/she says, thinks feels and
dreams; what he/she does or does not do; and what others
say about him/her.

26. PLOT
3. Setting - In simple terms, setting is the time, place,
and social reality within which a story takes place. We
have to understand where we are, in which period of
time, in which society and at which level in that society if
we are to interpret correctly the other elements in the
story.
4. Point of View - Point of view is the perspective from
which the reader will view the events in a story. Each
potential point of view has significant advantages and
corresponding limitations. An outside point of view
provides greater flexibility and suggests a greater sense
of objectivity. An inside point of view provides more
intimate, often more involving, narration. Below are the
main points of view used by writers:

27. Point of
View
Third-person omniscient lets the reader know all that is
being said, done, thought, and felt by all characters. This
gives a full over-view, yet prevents the reader from
“identifying with” any particular character.
Third-person limited lets the reader know all that is
being said, done, thought, and felt by only one character.
This encourages emotional involvement between the
reader and character.

28. Point of
View
Objective limits the reader exclusively to exterior reality
(what can be seen or heard). The thoughts, fears, loves,
feelings of no characters are available, and there is no
interpretation or comment.
First-person – When a character within the plot is telling
the story. This point of view can allow readers to see
either a very clear picture of what is going on... or to see
a misleading one. How reliable is the narrator? Does
he/she mean to tell the truth? Does he/she have
emotional biases that make for unreliability? Does he/she
have the maturity and experience to know what is truly
going on?

29. Theme
5. Theme
Theme is the central idea of the story. Theme is what the
author is trying to convey in the story.
Theme should be stated in one sentence.
The theme should be stated as a generalization about
life, not as reference to a specific character or action in a
story (for example, if a story includes a major action of
robbery and the results of that action, the theme might
be that negative behavior of that sort doesn’t pay
off in the long run).

30. Theme
Theme(s) is/are the central and unifying concept(s) of
the work.
Statement of theme should not be cliché.
The statement of theme could be applied to many other
situations and pieces of art – both imagined and
experienced.

31. Here are the
steps in
analyzing a
literary work:
Step 1. Identifying Characters and Plot Elements
 Make a list of the main characters.
 Identify one important characteristic for each
character you listed (with evidence from the story).
 Use the plot diagram to graph the plot of the story.
Step 2. Analyzing the Effect of Character on the Plot
 Does the characterization of any one of them have an
important impact on the plot?
 What is the evidence?

32. Here are the
steps in
analyzing a
literary work:
Step 3. Identifying Setting and Analyzing Its Role in the
Story
 Write down the setting of the story.
 Identify whether the setting also plays an important
role in the development of the plot
Step 4. Identifying the Theme of the Story
 Remember that a theme is always a general statement,
one that could be used for more than one story.

33. Here are the
steps in
analyzing a
literary work:
Step 5. Deciding on the Thesis Statement
 If you were about to write an analysis of this story, you
would first decide on your thesis statement, the
observation you want to make about the story. In this
case, use the sentence you have just composed for
theme as your thesis statement.
 This means that everything you would write in an
analysis would be focused on this statement, and all
your evidence would support this statement.