Preventing cancer step 5

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Preventing Cancer: Step 5 – Testing


Various Tests for Cancer Detection
and Prevention

Cancer prevention goes a long way from simply
taking measures to avoid getting cancer. Getting
tested for cancer is also an important factor in
cancer prevention. It is an early cancer diagnosis
that treatment of cancer can become
successful. There are numerous cancer prevention
tests that can be used to detect cancer. West.net
gives us a low down of some of these cancer tests:


Tests for Bladder Cancer
Over the past few years, cancer news has revealed a number
of new tests, which can be performed on urine samples, to aid
bladder cancer diagnosis.

• BTA® test – designed to detect proteins that are released
by reproduction of bladder cancer tumor cells and its
interpretation does not require a technician or specialist. The
BTA® test significantly identifies superficial (surface) bladder
cancer tumors by changing color. The top of the BTA® test
strip turns yellow when positive for bladder cancer and it
turns green when negative. The BTA stat test is an
immunologic assay that can be used to identify recurrent
bladder cancer.


• The FDP® test detects the breakdown
products of blood-clotting proteins (fibrin,
fibrinogen), which are increased in the urine
in the presence of bladder cancer.

• The NMP22™ assay measures specific
proteins from the cell center. It can detect
transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) with a
sensitivity of roughly 67%, meaning that 67%
of existing TCCs are detected. The NMP22™
assay is also more importantly able to predict
the recurrence of bladder cancer.


Tests for Breast Cancer
• Acueity ductoscopy is a patented optical system and
ductoscope, about the size of a pencil tip, which enables
physicians to look through the nipple directly into the
milk ducts where 85% of breast cancer develops. Their
system of microendoscopes, coupled with patented
OptiCue™ optical technology results in large, clear and
sharp video images of the mammary duct system, with
unprecedented depth of field perception and detects
lesions as small as 0.2mm in diameter (50 times more
sensitive than a standard mammogram.)


• Amas test – this can be the first test choice to check for breast
cancer. The AMAS test detects the malignant growth only and is
more sensitive than mammograms. Further tests are warranted
however if the AMAS is positive for cancer as it does not indicate
where the cancer is located, only that there is cancer within the body.
AMAS test can also be used to follow breast cancer patients who are
in remission, since the AMAS returns to normal within 3 months after
breast cancer tumor (and metastases, if present) are removed or
eradicated.

• Ductal lavage is a new test developed by Dr. Susan Love. It is a
simple blood test and an infrared imaging system that samples the
lining of ducts of the breast to see what the cells are doing and to
detect precancerous abnormalities or cancer cells. It has been
dubbed ―pap smear for the breast‖ because, like the test for cervical
cancer, it is a non-surgical approach to identifying abnormal
cells, potentially making it possible to find them when they are just
thinking about becoming cancer.


• Mammography/Thermography – the latest cancer
information involves two new forms of mammography are
making news on detecting breast cancers: Computed
Tomography Laser Mammography (CTLM) and Full Field
Digital Mammography.

The CTLM system uses state-of-the-art laser technology, a
special array of detectors and proprietary computed
algorithms. The CTLM® system does not expose the patient to
ionizing radiation or require breast compression.
Digital mammography still uses low energy x-rays that pass
through the breast exactly like conventional mammograms
but are recorded by means of an electronic digital detector
instead of the film. This electronic image can be displayed on
a video monitor like a TV or printed onto film. The radiologist
can manipulate the digital mammogram electronically to
magnify an area, change contrast, or alter the brightness.


• Another test being developed is a blood test to
detect a protein marker for breast cancer. The test
apparently can pick up cancerous tumors and pre-
cancerous conditions.

• Thermography can determine precancerous changes
at an earlier, and theoretically more treatable, stage—
months or even years before those changes would be
felt as a lump or be visible on a mammogram, and all
without radiation. Thermography uses thermal imaging
which detects new blood vessels and chemical changes
associated with a tumor’s genesis and growth.


• Other Imaging Methods for Breast Cancer Detection:
There also a number of other imaging methods available
for detecting breast cancer. At present, they are used
mainly in cancer research studies, and sometimes to get
more information about a tumor found by another
method. Each of these new methods generates a
computerized image that the doctor can analyze for the
presence of an abnormal breast lump. These include:

Scintigraphy [sin-TOG-ra-fee]
Also called scintimammography, this test uses a special
camera to show where a tracer (a radioactive chemical)
has adhered to a cancer tumor. A scanner is then used
to see if the breast lump has picked up more of the
radioactive material than the rest of the breast tissue.


• PET scan

Cancer cells grow fast – especially breast cancer
cells – faster than other cells, so they use up
energy faster, too. To measure how fast glucose
(the body’s fuel) is being used, a tracer
(radioactive glucose) is injected into the body and
scanned with a positron emission tomography
(PET) machine. The PET machine detects how fast
the glucose is being used. If it is being used up
faster in certain places, it may indicate the
presence of a cancerous tumor.


Tests for Colon/Colorectal Cancer
• Hemmoccult Test for colon/colorectal cancer tests for blood in
the stool. A positive finding warrants having further tests, like a
colonscopy or sigmoidoscopy to detect polyps and colon cancer
tumors. This test can be performed by almost any doctor’s office.

• PreGen-26 – is a new DNA test for colon/colorectal cancer. It is a
test to detect the presence of actual disease in people with
hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). In active
colon/colorectal cancer, DNA from cancer tumors is shed into the
colon and carried out of the body in stool.

• Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) – is a cancer marker to screen
for colon/colorectal cancer – it is associated with digestive tract
cancers. It is recommended for those with frequent
constipation, diarrhea or bleeding piles for an initial diagnostic tool.


Tests for Lung Cancer
• Sputum cytology – the microscopic examination of cells
obtained from a deep-cough sample of mucus in the lungs
can help determine if tests for lung cancer may be required.
Ask your doctor about the Lung Cancer Alert test.

• PET Scans can also be done for detecting lung cancer. This
test may be able to replace the need for a biopsy. PET scans
appear to use less radiation than many CT scans and may
provide a more complete cancer diagnosis.


Tests for Prostate Cancer
• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) – the DRE checks the prostate gland for any
bumps or abnormalities. Since this only checks the back of the prostate,
it must be used with other tests for prostate cancer detection.

• Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) – Prostate Specific Antigen may help
detect prostate cancer early. PSA is a substance made only by the
prostate. An elevated level may indicate cancer before the tumor is large
enough to raise a bump that a doctor can feel during check up.

• Beckman Coulter’s Hybritech free PSA test – this test is able to more
accurately distinguish prostate cancer from benign prostatic conditions.
Free PSA can tell patients and physicians how aggressive the cancer is
and advise the latter for the best treatment for cancer. This is
measurable through a simple blood test.

Preventing cancer step 5

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Preventing cancer step 5