1. Makers, design and exaptation
Pierpaolo Andriani
Kedge Business School
Marseille, France

2. What is a horse?

3. What is a chair?

4. Biology
Technology
machinery
Data
(genome)
machinery
Unfolding
history
Organism
Information
(file)
Unfolding
history
Product/service

5. The evolution of form
Form
(bits)
Form as
Form
information
embedded in (atoms)
atoms
Atom/form becomes the instantiation of the bit/form
Like in biology, the evolution of form proceeds on two levels
We can separate the design of a product from its manufacture for the
first time in history, because all the information necessary to print
that object is built into the design
Bass: The past present and future of 3-D printing
http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-innovations/the-past-present-and-future-of-3-d printing/2011/08/21/gIQAg4fJZJ_story.html

6. From bits to atoms: 3D printers
Brook Drumm
Form 1
ORDbot
Pwdr 3D Printer
Solidoodle
Reprap
Reprap –
Rostock Design
Makerbot – Replicator 2X
Tinkerine Ditto

7. From atoms to bits: 3D scanners
http://www.soyacincau.com/2011/01/08/trimensionalturn-your-iphone-4-into-a-3d-scanner/
Go!SCAN 3D
http://www.bitrebels.com/technology/lego-3d-scannerbringing-real-objects-into-a-3d-world/
SCENECT: scanning with Kinect
Viuscan Laser
Scanner
Zcorp
Photosimile 5000
Makerbot scanner

8. The Maker Design Cycle (MDC)
3D
design
3D
scanning
Form
(bits)
Form
(atoms)
3D
printing

9. What does it mean for design?

10. but … can we have a proliferation of forms without limits?
What drives forms?
3D
design
3D
scanning
Form
(bits)
Form
(atoms)
3D
printing
Function

11. The synthesis of artificial form
Design is
‘the process of inventing physical things
which display new physical order,
form, in response to function’
(Alexander, 1964, page 1)

12. But then what drives function?
3D
design
3D
scanning
Form
(bits)
Form
(atoms)
3D
printing
Function

13. Well …
it turns out that form controls function
Through the process of
Exaptation!

14. The “invention” of the microwave oven
From a radar system
To the microwave industry
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=4h1ESUz2H3E&feature=player_det
ailpage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Mr._Goodbar

15. Solar bottles

17. The very first synthetic drug was a dye used in the textile
industry

18. The first antidepressant
If we open Life Magazine at
page 20 …

19. Life Magazine, page 20

20. Life Magazine, page 21

21. Gould’s tyre to
sandal principle

22. Lift Marseille

23. Production and design under (literally) the same roof (or garage)?
3D
design
Form
(bits)
3D
scanning
Users
3D
printing
Form
(atoms)

24. Canalising attention toward integrated experience?
Traditional
3D
design
scanning
3D
scanning
bits
Atoms
Bits
Designer
Producer
User
3D
printing
3D
printing
Exaptive
design
atoms
Function

25. Adaptive design, production and exaptive design
Traditional
design
3D
design
3D
design
3D
3D
scanning
scanning
FormForm
(bits)(bits)
Function
Form
Form
(atoms)
(atoms)
3D
3D
printing
printing
Production
Exaptive
design

26. • ...thank you for your attention…
Courtesy: Giuseppe Carignani
2001 a space odyssey: this is not a bone…
Toward the experience economy?

27. The space of potential applications of
product/service is not pre-statable