El 20 de noviembre se celebró en EOI la jornada "Electrificación del transporte y red eléctrica / Electrification of mobility and the electrical network": Esta es la ponencia de uno de los reconocidos expertos europeos que analizaron en esta jornada el impacto de la electrificación del transporte en la red eléctrica, tanto en sistemas de distribución centralizada como en los emergentes sistemas distribuidos e inteligentes. www.eoi.es

1. R&D on materials and electrochemical storage
for the transportation sector
Electrification of mobility and the electrical network
EOI - Madrid
Jesus Palma
November 20th, 2009
1

2. The Electric Vehicle
Driving forces for the Electric Vehicle
Sustainability
Oil consumption
CO2 emissions
Pollution
Gas contaminants
Noise
Number
800 million vehicles in 2009
1500 million in 2030
3000 million in 2050
A. Ceña, J. Santamarta – Energías Renovables, feb. 2009 2

3. The Electric Vehicle
The big family of Electric Vehicles
Stop-start hybrids
Electric motor used to start IC engine
Light hybrids
Electric motor supplies additional power to IC engine
Pure hybrids
Control system selects combination of motor & engine
Plug-in hybrids with externally rechargeable battery
Pure electric
No IC engine
J. Santamarta – Energías Renovables, Oct. 2009, 82-87 3

4. The Electric Vehicle
Why such variety?
No appropriate energy storage technology
Current storage technologies meet some HEV requirements
No technology for EV requirements
1000
6 IC Engine
4
Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
100 h Fuel Cells EV goal
2
Li-ion
100
6
Ni-MH
4
Lead-acid
2 10 h HEV goal
10
6 Capacitors
Range
4
2 1h 0.1 h 36 s 3.6 s
1
0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10
Acceleration Specific Power (W/kg) 4

5. The Electric Vehicle
Drivers’ requirements: a pool
Quantitative
Range > 500 km
Power > 50 kW (big torque)
Lifetime > 10 years
Charging time < 10 minutes
Qualitative
Safety
Reliability
Comfort
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6. Energy Storage
Comparison
IC engine vehicle
Consumption 43.5 kWh/100 km 5 L/100 km
Diesel 12.7 kWh/kg 8.7 kWh/L
Range 1000 km for 50 L tank
Electric vehicle Spec. Energy Weight
Consumption avg. 20 kWh/100 km
Li-ion 160 Wh/kg 125 kg/100 km
Ni-Me hydride 90 Wh/kg 222 kg/100 km
Lead-acid 35 Wh/kg 570 kg/100 km
Supercapacitor 10 Wh/kg 2000 kg/100 km
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7. Energy Storage
Comparison
IC engine vehicle
Lifetime > 10 years
Refueling 5 min.
Electric vehicle Cycle life Recharging
Li-ion 2000 cycles min. - hours
Ni-Me hydride 1500 hours
Lead-acid 500 hours
Supercapacitor 500000 sec.
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8. Energy Storage
A depressing result
Energy stored in 34 kg of diesel is equivalent to
1250 kg Li-ion
2220 kg Ni-metal hydride
12337 kg Pb-acid
43180 kg SuperCaps
45000
40000
35000
30000
Weight (kg)
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Diesel Li-ion Ni-MeH Pb-acid SC
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9. Energy Storage
A possible solution…
Metal – air batteries
Zinc-air 1090 Wh/kg 360 Wh/kg 55 kg (100 km)
Aluminum-air 4500 Wh/kg 1500 Wh/kg 13 kg (100 km)
Lithium-air 5200 Wh/kg 1700 Wh/kg 12 kg (100 km)
Energy storage comparison
34 kg diesel ≡ 550 kg Zn-air ≡ 133 kg Al-air ≡ 118 kg Li-air
600
500
400
Weight (kg)
300
200
100
0
Diesel Li-air Al-air Zn-air
9

10. Energy Storage
… with drawbacks
Metal – air
Electrical rechargeability not demonstrated
Cycle life unknown
Low power density
Safety problems in contact with air & moisture (Li)
So
10

11. Materials R&D
Improvements through Materials Research
Li-ion Battery
Fast charging (<10 minutes)
Extend cycle life (>5000 cycles)
Increase energy density (>200 Wh/kg)
Supercapacitor
Improve energy density (>50 Wh/kg)
Metal-air batteries
Make electrical rechargeability feasible (reversibility)
Improve power density (>0.5 kWh/kg)
Fast charging
Extend cycle life
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12. Li-ion battery
Li-ion battery
Increasing Energy Density
> 200 Wh/kg
Fast recharging
< 10 min
Extendinf cycle life
> 5000 cycles
Improving safety
Risk of explosion in short circuit / overvoltage
J. Tollefson. Nature 456 (2008) 436-440
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13. Li-ion battery
Fast recharging
LiFePO4 nanoparticles
MIT tests charge / discharge in seconds
A123 commercial electrodes charged in < 15 min.
B. Kang & G. Ceder. Nature 458 (2009) 190-193
http://www.a123systems.com/a123/technology/power
14

14. Li-ion battery
Li-ion battery
Extending cycle life
Nanosized materials → lower dimensional stress → better cycling
P. Poizot et al. Nature 407 (2000) 496-499
Improving safety
Barrier materials that form protective film at T>130 ºC
STOBA by ITRI, Taiwan
Boron fluorides as electron drains for overvoltage cycles (> 500)
K. Amine and Z. Chen, ANL, ref. NYT August 24, 2009
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15. Electrochemical capacitors
Electrochemical capacitors
Increasing energy density
Controlled Pore size distribution: Carbide-Derived Carbons
J. Chmiola et al. Science 313 (2006) 1760-1763 / Skeleton Technologies (Estonia)
Hybrid concepts: EDL / Pseudocapacitance
ESMA (Russia) / JCR Micro / HESCAP Project
Improving safety
Aqueous electrolytes (hybrids)
HESCAP Project (CEIT, IMDEA Energy…)
16

16. Metal-air batteries
Metal-air batteries
Electrical recharge
Electrolyte stable in highly reducing conditions
Air electrode stable in highly oxidant environment
Develop catalysts for the oxygen reaction
Power density
Introduce helpers to air electrode discharge
Avoid oxygen and water migration to metal electrode
Develop catalysts for the oxygen reaction
Avoid passivation of metal electrode
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17. Conclusions
The long and winding road… (The Beatles)
Big challenges
Remarkable improvement of battery performance
maintaining high safety standards
and controlled costs
But great opportunities
Environmental benefits
Huge market
High social demand
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18. Thank you
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