The document discusses the spread of Islam after Muhammad's death. It summarizes that Islam expanded rapidly under early caliphs, creating a large empire within 100 years. However, internal conflicts emerged, such as between the Sunnis and Shias. Over time, the caliphate lost power as smaller states broke away, ending the unified rule of the caliphate.
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World History Ch. 9 Section 2 Notes
1. Muslim Civilization
The Spread of Islam
Preview
•
Main Idea / Reading Focus
•
Islam after Muhammad’s Death
•
Map: Spread of Islam
•
The Umayyad Dynasty
•
The Abbasid Dynasty
•
The End of Unity
•
Quick Facts: The End of Unity
Section 2
2. Muslim Civilization
Section 2
The Spread of Islam
Main Idea
1. After Muhammad’s death, Islam spread beyond the Arabian
Peninsula, shaping a major empire within 100 years. While the empire
eventually broke into smaller parts, Islam continued to spread.
Reading Focus
• How did Islam evolve after Muhammad’s death?
• What were key events of the Umayyad dynasty?
• What changes occurred under the Abbasid dynasty?
• What led to the end of the caliphate’s unity?
3. Section 2
Muslim Civilization
Islam after Muhammad’s Death
The death of Muhammad in 632 presented a challenge for the Muslim
community. Who would lead the group and keep it unified? The
answer affected the faith’s spread and its future.
Muhammad’s
Successors
• Muhammad had not
named successor
• No clear candidate
• Abu Bakr, close
companion, early
convert, chosen
leader, called caliph,
“successor”
Priorities
Expansion of
Territory
• Abu Bakr focused on
bringing back bedouin
tribes
• Abu Bakr, successor
Umar, expanded
Muslim rule rapidly
• Built strong Arab
fighting forces to keep
tribes under control
• 637 early victory
against Persian
forces in Iraq
• Reunified Arabia, led
forces north
• 642 victory over
Persian Empire
complete
4. Section 2
Muslim Civilization
More Expansion
More Expansion
• After Iraq, Persia, Arab army faced wealthy Byzantine Empire to west
• Byantines first lost Damascus, Syria, Jerusalem
• 639, Byzantine province of Egypt fell; 642, rest of Nile Valley under Arab rule
Empire
• Only 10 years after Muhammad’s death, followers had created empire
• Conquests continued under later caliphs
• 661, caliphate stretched from northern Africa in west to Persia in East
Internal Conflict and Division
• Deep conflict within Muslim leadership, began with choice of Abu Bakr, caliph
• Some had supported Muhammad’s cousin, Ali
• 644, Ali lost again, to Uthman, supported by powerful Mecca clan Umayyad
5. Section 2
Muslim Civilization
Civil War
Ali’s Troubles
• Umayyads had been
Muhammad’s enemies,
converted reluctantly, were
unpopular
Sunnis and Shias
• Most Muslims accepted
Umayyad caliph, Mu’awiya
• Called Sunnis, “followers of the
Sunna,” or “way of the Prophet”
• Uthman killed by rebels
• Ali became caliph, but troubles
had just begun
• Civil war broke out between
Ali’s forces, Umayyad; Ali killed,
Umayyad retook control
• Ali’s supporters refused to go
along with Umayyads.
• Became known as the Shia,
“party of Ali”
6. Muslim Civilization
Section 2
The Shia and Imams
Shia believed God had specially blessed Ali’s
descendants
• Ali’s descendants, Muhammad’s true heirs
• Shia called each of Ali’s successors imam
–
Imam means “leader”
–
For the shia, only imams can interpret the Qur’an.
7. Muslim Civilization
Section 2
Conflict
• Conflict deepened between Sunni, Shia after deaths of Mu’awiya, Ali
• Many thought Yazid, Mu’awiya’s son, successor, not a good Muslim
• Muhammad’s grandson, Husayn, led rebellion against Yazid
• Husayn, forces defeated in battle at Karbala, Iraq
Further Division
• Husayn killed while holding infant son, battle became known as the
martyrdom of Husayn; split between Sunni, Shia has remained bitter
• Third group developed within Islam—the Sufis
• Sufis seek mystical, personal connection with God, using range of
practices including breath control and meditation in rituals
9. Muslim Civilization
Section 2
Find the Main Idea
What was the result of the succession
conflict?
Answer(s): Two different Muslim groups emerged
—the Sunni and the Shia
10. Section 2
Muslim Civilization
The Umayyad Dynasty
2. Under the Umayyad caliphs, Muslim rule spread. Internal problems
weakened the Umayyads, though, and led to their fall.
Continued Expansion
• Umayyads strengthened rule
after death of Husayn
• Achievements:
– Established Arabic as official
language
– Made coinage uniform
throughout empire
– Began first great work of
Islamic architecture, Dome of
the Rock in Jerusalem
Military Conquests
• Armies conquered territory to
borders of China, Indus River
Valley, to east
• Took northern Africa, most of
Spain, to west
• Conquests spread Muslim
faith, while allowing religious
freedom for People of the
Book; some restrictions, taxes
for Non-Muslims however
11. Section 2
Muslim Civilization
Ruling the Empire
• Umayyads strengthened central government as caliphate grew in size
• Arab Muslims became ruling class, with power, privilege unavailable to those
they conquered
• Creation of privileged class conflicted with strong Muslim ideal of equality
• Wars over succession also upsetting to many faithful, unhappy with emphasis
on political ambition
End of the Umayyads
• Displeasure with Umayyads
widespread
• Shia continued opposition
• Also unrest among conquered
people, some Arab tribes
• Umayyads weakened by
discontent, time ripe for rebellion
Rebellion
• Abbasids, led by descendant of
Muhammad’s uncle, united many
Umayyad opponents by appearing
to support their causes
• Abbasids wiped out Umayyads in
series of battles, late 740s
• Caliphate entered Abbasid dynasty
12. Section 2
Muslim Civilization
Sequence
What events brought about the end of the
Umayyad dynasty?
Answer(s): A family called the Abbasids took
advantage of discontent with the Umayyads and
established a new caliphate.
13. Section 2
Muslim Civilization
The Abbasid Dynasty
Baghdad
Persian Influence
• Abbasids relocated capital of
caliphate; rulers lived in
splendor
• Move to Baghdad beginning of
end of Arab domination of
Muslim world
• Chose Baghdad, on Tigris
River, in present-day Iraq
• Abbasids adopted Persian style
of government
Government
Change in Islam
• Rulers cut off from people
• Nature of Islam changed
• Caliph hidden behind screen in
throne room, could not be seen
• Abbasids invited all to join in,
turned Islam into universal
religion, attracted people of
many cultures
• Used Persian officials; vizier,
deputy, oversaw affairs of state
14. Section 2
Muslim Civilization
A Changing Culture
Importance of Trade
• Islam spread through trade
• Muslim traders journeyed from
end to end of caliphate,
exchanging goods and
information
• Exchange brought Islam to
West Africa, Southeast Asia
Funding for Change
• Trade helped fund cultural
achievement
• Most prominent Abbasid caliph,
Harun al-Rashid, helped bring
culture to great heights, 786 to
809
• Support of scholarship helped
produce lasting achievements
of Islamic arts, sciences
15. Section 2
Muslim Civilization
Contrast
How did the Abbasids differ from the
Umayyads?
Answer(s): The Abbasids focused more on
prosperity and cultural advancement than on
empire expansion.
16. Section 2
Muslim Civilization
The End of Unity
3. As early as the 800s, Abbasid political power weakened. By the
900s, a number of small, independent states broke away from the
caliphate.
Challenges from Europe
Problems from Egypt
• European Christians
weakened Muslim rule
• 969, serious threat, Fatimid
dynasty established in Egypt
• Christian armies began to drive
Muslims out of Spain, 1000s
• Claimed descent from
Muhammad’s daughter
Fatimah
• European Christians began
Crusades
– Wanted to make Holy Land
Christian, won at first
– Muslims eventually retook
Jerusalem
• From Egypt, controlled
Mediterranean, Red Sea
• Disrupted Abbasid trade
• Fatamids soon richer, more
powerful than Abbasids
17. Muslim Civilization
Section 2
Seljuk Turks and Others
Seljuk Turks
• Many non-Arabs among peoples of caliphate, including Turks
• 1055, Turkish Seljuks rose to power, took control of Baghdad
• Seljuks were Sunni Muslims, supported Abbasid caliph
War Against Byzantine Empire
• Seljuks defended Abbasids against Fatimids, went to war against Byzantine
Empire, defeated Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert
• Seljuks would go on to create own empire
Mamluks and Mongols
• 1200s, Mamluks took power in Egypt, Syria
• 1258, Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid caliph; caliphate finished
• Islam still a vital force, spread to India, Central and Southeast Asia