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Muslim Civilization

The Spread of Islam
Preview
•

Main Idea / Reading Focus

•

Islam after Muhammad’s Death

•

Map: Spread of Islam

•

The Umayyad Dynasty

•

The Abbasid Dynasty

•

The End of Unity

•

Quick Facts: The End of Unity

Section 2
Muslim Civilization

Section 2

The Spread of Islam
Main Idea
1. After Muhammad’s death, Islam spread beyond the Arabian
Peninsula, shaping a major empire within 100 years. While the empire
eventually broke into smaller parts, Islam continued to spread.

Reading Focus
• How did Islam evolve after Muhammad’s death?
• What were key events of the Umayyad dynasty?
• What changes occurred under the Abbasid dynasty?
• What led to the end of the caliphate’s unity?
Section 2

Muslim Civilization

Islam after Muhammad’s Death
The death of Muhammad in 632 presented a challenge for the Muslim
community. Who would lead the group and keep it unified? The
answer affected the faith’s spread and its future.
Muhammad’s
Successors
• Muhammad had not
named successor
• No clear candidate
• Abu Bakr, close
companion, early
convert, chosen
leader, called caliph,
“successor”

Priorities

Expansion of
Territory

• Abu Bakr focused on
bringing back bedouin
tribes

• Abu Bakr, successor
Umar, expanded
Muslim rule rapidly

• Built strong Arab
fighting forces to keep
tribes under control

• 637 early victory
against Persian
forces in Iraq

• Reunified Arabia, led
forces north

• 642 victory over
Persian Empire
complete
Section 2

Muslim Civilization

More Expansion
More Expansion
• After Iraq, Persia, Arab army faced wealthy Byzantine Empire to west
• Byantines first lost Damascus, Syria, Jerusalem
• 639, Byzantine province of Egypt fell; 642, rest of Nile Valley under Arab rule

Empire
• Only 10 years after Muhammad’s death, followers had created empire
• Conquests continued under later caliphs
• 661, caliphate stretched from northern Africa in west to Persia in East

Internal Conflict and Division
• Deep conflict within Muslim leadership, began with choice of Abu Bakr, caliph
• Some had supported Muhammad’s cousin, Ali
• 644, Ali lost again, to Uthman, supported by powerful Mecca clan Umayyad
Section 2

Muslim Civilization

Civil War
Ali’s Troubles
• Umayyads had been
Muhammad’s enemies,
converted reluctantly, were
unpopular

Sunnis and Shias
• Most Muslims accepted
Umayyad caliph, Mu’awiya
• Called Sunnis, “followers of the
Sunna,” or “way of the Prophet”

• Uthman killed by rebels
• Ali became caliph, but troubles
had just begun
• Civil war broke out between
Ali’s forces, Umayyad; Ali killed,
Umayyad retook control

• Ali’s supporters refused to go
along with Umayyads.
• Became known as the Shia,
“party of Ali”
Muslim Civilization

Section 2

The Shia and Imams
Shia believed God had specially blessed Ali’s
descendants
• Ali’s descendants, Muhammad’s true heirs
• Shia called each of Ali’s successors imam
–

Imam means “leader”

–

For the shia, only imams can interpret the Qur’an.
Muslim Civilization

Section 2

Conflict
• Conflict deepened between Sunni, Shia after deaths of Mu’awiya, Ali
• Many thought Yazid, Mu’awiya’s son, successor, not a good Muslim
• Muhammad’s grandson, Husayn, led rebellion against Yazid
• Husayn, forces defeated in battle at Karbala, Iraq

Further Division
• Husayn killed while holding infant son, battle became known as the
martyrdom of Husayn; split between Sunni, Shia has remained bitter
• Third group developed within Islam—the Sufis
• Sufis seek mystical, personal connection with God, using range of
practices including breath control and meditation in rituals
Muslim Civilization

Section 2
Muslim Civilization

Section 2

Find the Main Idea
What was the result of the succession
conflict?
Answer(s): Two different Muslim groups emerged
—the Sunni and the Shia
Section 2

Muslim Civilization

The Umayyad Dynasty
2. Under the Umayyad caliphs, Muslim rule spread. Internal problems
weakened the Umayyads, though, and led to their fall.

Continued Expansion
• Umayyads strengthened rule
after death of Husayn
• Achievements:
– Established Arabic as official
language
– Made coinage uniform
throughout empire
– Began first great work of
Islamic architecture, Dome of
the Rock in Jerusalem

Military Conquests
• Armies conquered territory to
borders of China, Indus River
Valley, to east
• Took northern Africa, most of
Spain, to west
• Conquests spread Muslim
faith, while allowing religious
freedom for People of the
Book; some restrictions, taxes
for Non-Muslims however
Section 2

Muslim Civilization

Ruling the Empire
• Umayyads strengthened central government as caliphate grew in size
• Arab Muslims became ruling class, with power, privilege unavailable to those
they conquered
• Creation of privileged class conflicted with strong Muslim ideal of equality
• Wars over succession also upsetting to many faithful, unhappy with emphasis
on political ambition

End of the Umayyads
• Displeasure with Umayyads
widespread
• Shia continued opposition
• Also unrest among conquered
people, some Arab tribes
• Umayyads weakened by
discontent, time ripe for rebellion

Rebellion
• Abbasids, led by descendant of
Muhammad’s uncle, united many
Umayyad opponents by appearing
to support their causes
• Abbasids wiped out Umayyads in
series of battles, late 740s
• Caliphate entered Abbasid dynasty
Section 2

Muslim Civilization

Sequence
What events brought about the end of the
Umayyad dynasty?
Answer(s): A family called the Abbasids took
advantage of discontent with the Umayyads and
established a new caliphate.
Section 2

Muslim Civilization

The Abbasid Dynasty
Baghdad

Persian Influence

• Abbasids relocated capital of
caliphate; rulers lived in
splendor

• Move to Baghdad beginning of
end of Arab domination of
Muslim world

• Chose Baghdad, on Tigris
River, in present-day Iraq

• Abbasids adopted Persian style
of government

Government

Change in Islam

• Rulers cut off from people

• Nature of Islam changed

• Caliph hidden behind screen in
throne room, could not be seen

• Abbasids invited all to join in,
turned Islam into universal
religion, attracted people of
many cultures

• Used Persian officials; vizier,
deputy, oversaw affairs of state
Section 2

Muslim Civilization

A Changing Culture
Importance of Trade
• Islam spread through trade
• Muslim traders journeyed from
end to end of caliphate,
exchanging goods and
information
• Exchange brought Islam to
West Africa, Southeast Asia

Funding for Change
• Trade helped fund cultural
achievement
• Most prominent Abbasid caliph,
Harun al-Rashid, helped bring
culture to great heights, 786 to
809
• Support of scholarship helped
produce lasting achievements
of Islamic arts, sciences
Section 2

Muslim Civilization

Contrast
How did the Abbasids differ from the
Umayyads?
Answer(s): The Abbasids focused more on
prosperity and cultural advancement than on
empire expansion.
Section 2

Muslim Civilization

The End of Unity
3. As early as the 800s, Abbasid political power weakened. By the
900s, a number of small, independent states broke away from the
caliphate.

Challenges from Europe

Problems from Egypt

• European Christians
weakened Muslim rule

• 969, serious threat, Fatimid
dynasty established in Egypt

• Christian armies began to drive
Muslims out of Spain, 1000s

• Claimed descent from
Muhammad’s daughter
Fatimah

• European Christians began
Crusades
– Wanted to make Holy Land
Christian, won at first
– Muslims eventually retook
Jerusalem

• From Egypt, controlled
Mediterranean, Red Sea
• Disrupted Abbasid trade
• Fatamids soon richer, more
powerful than Abbasids
Muslim Civilization

Section 2

Seljuk Turks and Others
Seljuk Turks
• Many non-Arabs among peoples of caliphate, including Turks
• 1055, Turkish Seljuks rose to power, took control of Baghdad
• Seljuks were Sunni Muslims, supported Abbasid caliph

War Against Byzantine Empire
• Seljuks defended Abbasids against Fatimids, went to war against Byzantine
Empire, defeated Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert
• Seljuks would go on to create own empire

Mamluks and Mongols
• 1200s, Mamluks took power in Egypt, Syria
• 1258, Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid caliph; caliphate finished
• Islam still a vital force, spread to India, Central and Southeast Asia
Muslim Civilization

Section 2
Section 2

Muslim Civilization

Summarize
What forces ended the unity of the
caliphate?
Answer(s): Abbasids lost political power when
small independent states broke away.

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World History Ch. 9 Section 2 Notes

  • 1. Muslim Civilization The Spread of Islam Preview • Main Idea / Reading Focus • Islam after Muhammad’s Death • Map: Spread of Islam • The Umayyad Dynasty • The Abbasid Dynasty • The End of Unity • Quick Facts: The End of Unity Section 2
  • 2. Muslim Civilization Section 2 The Spread of Islam Main Idea 1. After Muhammad’s death, Islam spread beyond the Arabian Peninsula, shaping a major empire within 100 years. While the empire eventually broke into smaller parts, Islam continued to spread. Reading Focus • How did Islam evolve after Muhammad’s death? • What were key events of the Umayyad dynasty? • What changes occurred under the Abbasid dynasty? • What led to the end of the caliphate’s unity?
  • 3. Section 2 Muslim Civilization Islam after Muhammad’s Death The death of Muhammad in 632 presented a challenge for the Muslim community. Who would lead the group and keep it unified? The answer affected the faith’s spread and its future. Muhammad’s Successors • Muhammad had not named successor • No clear candidate • Abu Bakr, close companion, early convert, chosen leader, called caliph, “successor” Priorities Expansion of Territory • Abu Bakr focused on bringing back bedouin tribes • Abu Bakr, successor Umar, expanded Muslim rule rapidly • Built strong Arab fighting forces to keep tribes under control • 637 early victory against Persian forces in Iraq • Reunified Arabia, led forces north • 642 victory over Persian Empire complete
  • 4. Section 2 Muslim Civilization More Expansion More Expansion • After Iraq, Persia, Arab army faced wealthy Byzantine Empire to west • Byantines first lost Damascus, Syria, Jerusalem • 639, Byzantine province of Egypt fell; 642, rest of Nile Valley under Arab rule Empire • Only 10 years after Muhammad’s death, followers had created empire • Conquests continued under later caliphs • 661, caliphate stretched from northern Africa in west to Persia in East Internal Conflict and Division • Deep conflict within Muslim leadership, began with choice of Abu Bakr, caliph • Some had supported Muhammad’s cousin, Ali • 644, Ali lost again, to Uthman, supported by powerful Mecca clan Umayyad
  • 5. Section 2 Muslim Civilization Civil War Ali’s Troubles • Umayyads had been Muhammad’s enemies, converted reluctantly, were unpopular Sunnis and Shias • Most Muslims accepted Umayyad caliph, Mu’awiya • Called Sunnis, “followers of the Sunna,” or “way of the Prophet” • Uthman killed by rebels • Ali became caliph, but troubles had just begun • Civil war broke out between Ali’s forces, Umayyad; Ali killed, Umayyad retook control • Ali’s supporters refused to go along with Umayyads. • Became known as the Shia, “party of Ali”
  • 6. Muslim Civilization Section 2 The Shia and Imams Shia believed God had specially blessed Ali’s descendants • Ali’s descendants, Muhammad’s true heirs • Shia called each of Ali’s successors imam – Imam means “leader” – For the shia, only imams can interpret the Qur’an.
  • 7. Muslim Civilization Section 2 Conflict • Conflict deepened between Sunni, Shia after deaths of Mu’awiya, Ali • Many thought Yazid, Mu’awiya’s son, successor, not a good Muslim • Muhammad’s grandson, Husayn, led rebellion against Yazid • Husayn, forces defeated in battle at Karbala, Iraq Further Division • Husayn killed while holding infant son, battle became known as the martyrdom of Husayn; split between Sunni, Shia has remained bitter • Third group developed within Islam—the Sufis • Sufis seek mystical, personal connection with God, using range of practices including breath control and meditation in rituals
  • 9. Muslim Civilization Section 2 Find the Main Idea What was the result of the succession conflict? Answer(s): Two different Muslim groups emerged —the Sunni and the Shia
  • 10. Section 2 Muslim Civilization The Umayyad Dynasty 2. Under the Umayyad caliphs, Muslim rule spread. Internal problems weakened the Umayyads, though, and led to their fall. Continued Expansion • Umayyads strengthened rule after death of Husayn • Achievements: – Established Arabic as official language – Made coinage uniform throughout empire – Began first great work of Islamic architecture, Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem Military Conquests • Armies conquered territory to borders of China, Indus River Valley, to east • Took northern Africa, most of Spain, to west • Conquests spread Muslim faith, while allowing religious freedom for People of the Book; some restrictions, taxes for Non-Muslims however
  • 11. Section 2 Muslim Civilization Ruling the Empire • Umayyads strengthened central government as caliphate grew in size • Arab Muslims became ruling class, with power, privilege unavailable to those they conquered • Creation of privileged class conflicted with strong Muslim ideal of equality • Wars over succession also upsetting to many faithful, unhappy with emphasis on political ambition End of the Umayyads • Displeasure with Umayyads widespread • Shia continued opposition • Also unrest among conquered people, some Arab tribes • Umayyads weakened by discontent, time ripe for rebellion Rebellion • Abbasids, led by descendant of Muhammad’s uncle, united many Umayyad opponents by appearing to support their causes • Abbasids wiped out Umayyads in series of battles, late 740s • Caliphate entered Abbasid dynasty
  • 12. Section 2 Muslim Civilization Sequence What events brought about the end of the Umayyad dynasty? Answer(s): A family called the Abbasids took advantage of discontent with the Umayyads and established a new caliphate.
  • 13. Section 2 Muslim Civilization The Abbasid Dynasty Baghdad Persian Influence • Abbasids relocated capital of caliphate; rulers lived in splendor • Move to Baghdad beginning of end of Arab domination of Muslim world • Chose Baghdad, on Tigris River, in present-day Iraq • Abbasids adopted Persian style of government Government Change in Islam • Rulers cut off from people • Nature of Islam changed • Caliph hidden behind screen in throne room, could not be seen • Abbasids invited all to join in, turned Islam into universal religion, attracted people of many cultures • Used Persian officials; vizier, deputy, oversaw affairs of state
  • 14. Section 2 Muslim Civilization A Changing Culture Importance of Trade • Islam spread through trade • Muslim traders journeyed from end to end of caliphate, exchanging goods and information • Exchange brought Islam to West Africa, Southeast Asia Funding for Change • Trade helped fund cultural achievement • Most prominent Abbasid caliph, Harun al-Rashid, helped bring culture to great heights, 786 to 809 • Support of scholarship helped produce lasting achievements of Islamic arts, sciences
  • 15. Section 2 Muslim Civilization Contrast How did the Abbasids differ from the Umayyads? Answer(s): The Abbasids focused more on prosperity and cultural advancement than on empire expansion.
  • 16. Section 2 Muslim Civilization The End of Unity 3. As early as the 800s, Abbasid political power weakened. By the 900s, a number of small, independent states broke away from the caliphate. Challenges from Europe Problems from Egypt • European Christians weakened Muslim rule • 969, serious threat, Fatimid dynasty established in Egypt • Christian armies began to drive Muslims out of Spain, 1000s • Claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatimah • European Christians began Crusades – Wanted to make Holy Land Christian, won at first – Muslims eventually retook Jerusalem • From Egypt, controlled Mediterranean, Red Sea • Disrupted Abbasid trade • Fatamids soon richer, more powerful than Abbasids
  • 17. Muslim Civilization Section 2 Seljuk Turks and Others Seljuk Turks • Many non-Arabs among peoples of caliphate, including Turks • 1055, Turkish Seljuks rose to power, took control of Baghdad • Seljuks were Sunni Muslims, supported Abbasid caliph War Against Byzantine Empire • Seljuks defended Abbasids against Fatimids, went to war against Byzantine Empire, defeated Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert • Seljuks would go on to create own empire Mamluks and Mongols • 1200s, Mamluks took power in Egypt, Syria • 1258, Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid caliph; caliphate finished • Islam still a vital force, spread to India, Central and Southeast Asia
  • 19. Section 2 Muslim Civilization Summarize What forces ended the unity of the caliphate? Answer(s): Abbasids lost political power when small independent states broke away.