Environmental Problems and Health Risks

1. Environmental Problems and Health Risks Ashok Kumar School of Biotechnology Banaras Hindu University

2. Man and Environment: DEPENDENCE and INTERACTIONS Compounds Dependence Spill off Air Oxygen Wastes Water Energy Life Support Soil Raw materials Pollutants Minerals Soil, Water Habitat Light ? Energy ?

3. Environment in Action Environment in Action Environment in Action Environment in Action Environment Processes (Biotic and Abiotic) Transformation New Products (Good and Bad) Damage to Environment (By bad one) Repair (up to a limit) Regain the originality End point of Repair: The origin of Problems

12. Source of Energy

13. Solar radiation on the Earth’s surface

14. BAD GOOD

15. What Prevents Bad Effects of Solar Radiation

16. Layers of the Atmosphere “ Smog” Ozone Ozone Amount Altitude (Kilometers) “ Good Ozone” “ Bad Ozone”

18. OZONE LAYER

19. Is UV Radiation on Increase?

21. Supersonic Jet & CFC Release

22. Global Ozone Field Ozone Hole

28. Another View of Sun

35. Protection to UV-B Exposure

39. Indirect Effects Having Effects on Human survival (Agricultural Productivity)

40. N fertilizer factory in Rice-field (cyanobacteria) Rice-field Rice-field Anabaena Calothrix Scytonema N. commune

41. UV-B effects on Ultrastructure of Cell

42. UV-B effects and loss of photosynthetic pigments

43. Effects of UV-B on total protein profile

45. Scytonemin as a photoprotective compound

46. Water Blooms Concern for Human Health

47. 1- Lakshmikund 2- Durgakund 3- Kandawa pond 4- Laat Bhairov pond 5- Pishach Mochan Kund 1 2 3 4 5

48. Polluted Pond Air space

50. Colony Morphology

51. BIOASSAYS Survival (LD 50 ) Circulatory complications Liver morphology

52. Peripheral Blood Supply Peripheral Blood Supply IP 100 μl Cell free crude extract (1.5 mg mcyt) Loss of blood Supply Control Treated

53. Normal blood supply Control 100 μl Cell free crude extract (1.5 mg mcyt) IP 10.31% increase in %L/B ratio Blood pooling and leakage of blood capillaries

56. OCT CAM - Camphor OCT - Octane XYL - Xylene NAH - Naphthalene DEVELOPMENT OF BACTERIAL STRAIN FOR DEGRADATION OF VARIOUS ORGANIC POLLUTANTS Biotechnological Approach Biotechnological Tools CAM C + T XYL NAH

58. Commonly Used Genetically Engineered Microbes Name Altered Trait Genets Transferred Pseudomonas Altered pathway regula- Tol plasimid catabolic enzymes tion E. coli Metal removal from waste Metallothionein (human) water E. Coli Polychlorinated biphenyl Entire pathway ( Pseudomonas sp.) metabolism In-vivo Engineering of Bacteria for the Degradation of Xenobiotics and Toxic Wastes Bacterium Substrate Pseudomonas cepacia 2,4,5-trichlorophenylacetic acid P. Putida Chlorobenzenes Alcaligenes sp. Dechlorophenoxyacetic acid mixed chlorophenols