III Congreso "Las Mejores Prácticas SIBRT en America Latina" - Belo Horizonte - 2013 DOWNLOAD THE PRESENTATION: www.congresosibrt.org

1. 1
1

2. MegaCidades e a Mudança Climática

3. C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group

4. A Rede de Cidades C40
Addis Ababa
Amsterdam
Athens
Austin
Bangkok
Barcelona
Basel
Beijing
Berlin
Bogota
Buenos Aires
Cairo
Caracas
Changwon
Chicago
Copenhagen
Curitiba
Delhi
Dhaka
Hanoi
Heidelberg
Ho Chi Minh City
Hong Kong
Houston
Istanbul
Jakarta
Johannesburg
Karachi
Lagos
Lima
London
Los Angeles
Madrid

5. A importância da C40
8%
of all humans
21%
of global GDP $$$$$
5%
of global GHG
emissions
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e

6. A importância da C40
8%
da população
21%
do PIB global $$$$$
5%
da emissão
global GEE
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e

7. A importância da C40
1 BILHÃO DE TONS DE REDUÇÃO POTENCIAL

8. A importância da C40
1 BILHÃO DE TONS DE REDUÇÃO POTENCIAL

9. A importância da C40

10. A importância da C40

11. As cidades controlam e decidem
63%
66%
60%
57%
60%
Transit
Residential
waste
Landfills
Building
regulation
Water supply
City planning 50%
80%
87%
Outdoor lighting
City streets &
parking

12. As cidades lideram as ações
4734
climate
actions
Transit
Residential
waste
Landfills
Building
regulation
Water supply
City planning
Outdoor lighting
City streets &
parking
417
156
32
1343
192
388
121
194

13. O que a C40 realmente faz?

14. C40 cria REDES TEMÁTICAS
INTERCÂMBIOS
TÉCNICOS
APOIO
À PROJETOS
PESQUISA &
CONHECIMENTO

15. C40 promove APOIO DIRETO
INTERCÂMBIOS
TÉCNICOS
APOIO
À PROJETOS
PESQUISA &
CONHECIMENTO

16. C40 compartilha CONHECIMENTO
PESQUISA &
CONHECIMENTO
INTERCÂMBIOS
TÉCNICOS
APOIO
À PROJETOS

17. C40 está IMPACTANDO

18. A blog about energy
and the
environment.
Go to Blog »
World Bank to Help Cities Control Climate Change
By ALEXEI BARRIONUEVO
Published: June 1, 2011
SÃO PAULO, Brazil — The World Bank signed an agreement on
Wednesday with mayors from 40 of the world’s biggest cities to work
on technical and financial assistance for projects to minimize the
effects of climate change.
The deal, announced at the C40 large
cities climate meeting here, will ease
access to financing for climate-change-
reduction projects. It was hailed by
many of the mayors, including Michael
R. Bloomberg of New York City, and
by former President Bill Clinton, who
attended the event as part of a new partnership with Mr. Bloomberg.
“The World Bank announcement is terrifically important,” Mr. Clinton said. “It will give
credibility to these projects to get private capital.”
The agreement will make it easier for investors who have been hesitant to finance projects
to assess city action plans by providing a standard approach, said Robert B. Zoellick, the
World Bank’s president.
It will also provide a common way to measure and report on the greenhouse gas emissions
of cities, easing access to carbon financing, he said. No single standard exists for reporting
citywide carbon emissions.
Mayors said they were eager to gain access to the World Bank’s climate investment funds,
which totaled $6.4 billion last year. Mr. Zoellick said the bank hoped to use that money to
attract as much as $50 billion in private capital.
“What is holding back the sustainable clean technology revolution for a lot of mayors and
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World Bank to Help Cities Control Climate C
By ALEXEI BARRIONUEVO
Published: June 1, 2011
SÃO PAULO, Brazil — The World Bank signed an agreement on
Wednesday with mayors from 40 of the world’s biggest cities to work
on technical and financial assistance for projects to minimize the
effects of climate change.
The deal, announced at the C40 large
cities climate meeting here, will ease
access to financing for climate-change-
reduction projects. It was hailed by
many of the mayors, including Michael
HOME PAGE TODAY'S PAPER VIDEO MOST POPULAR TIMES TOPICS
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An Unlikely Power Duo Emerges in the Global Fight
Against Climate Change
Todd Heisler/The New York Times
Bill Clinton and Michael R. Bloomberg announced a merger of initiatives in New York last month.
By JOHN M. BRODER
Published: May 28, 2011
WASHINGTON — Bill Clinton and Michael R. Bloomberg have
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Tackling Climate Change: New Reports Underscore Role Of
LocalLeaders
FirstPosted:5/31/1109:02PMETUpdated:7/31/1106:12AMET
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WASHINGTON -- More than 40 of the world's largest cities have reported their greenhouse gas emissions along with a
comprehensiveanalysisofanyclimatechange-relatedreformsinstudiesreleasedTuesdaynight.
Gathered from areas representing 300 million people and ten percent of global CO2 emissions, the reports show the impact
participating cities have on climate change and outline the role local leaders could play in reducing their citiesʼ carbon
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ckling Climate Change: New Reports Underscore Role Of
ocal Leaders
Posted: 5/31/11 09:02 PM ET Updated: 7/31/11 06:12 AM ET
ct
SHINGTON -- More than 40 of the world's largest cities have reported their greenhouse gas emissions along with a
prehensive analysis of any climate change-related reforms in studies released Tuesday night.
hered from areas representing 300 million people and ten percent of global CO2 emissions, the reports show the impact
cipating cities have on climate change and outline the role local leaders could play in reducing their citiesʼ carbon
ssions.
mly believe that if you canʼt measure it, you canʼt manage it,” said New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg in a statement
uesday. “That is true in business and it is true in government. Only by regularly and rigorously measuring and analysing
efforts can we learn what works, what doesnʼt and why, and take effective action."
trated by partisan bickering and stalemate in Congress, local leaders at the fourth biennial Conference of Mayors, a
ate Change: New Reports Underscore Role Of Lo... http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/31/local-leaders-fightin...
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Cities From London to Portland Slash
Emissions as UN Climate Envoys Bicker
Q
By Alex Morales - May 31, 2011 8:31 AM ET
Cities from Johannesburg to Los Angeles are changing street lights,
insulating buildings and promoting bicycling to slash carbon
emissions as envoys at United Nations talks bicker about binding
greenhouse-gas goals.
“While national governments continue their excruciatingly frustrating
dialog on climate change, we in the cities are acting,” Portland,
Oregon Mayor Sam Adams said in an interview. “It’s sheer common Advertisement
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Mayors reach climate deal with World Bank
(AFP) – Jun 1, 2011
SAO PAULO — Leaders of the C40 Mayors Summit on climate change said Wednesday the
group had reached a financing agreement with the World Bank to help the world's major cities
better adapt to climate change
"The partnership with the World Bank creates opportunities for financial support," said New York
city Mayor Michael Bloomberg.
"If we don't stop polluting our world right now, and continuing to spill greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere, the consequences may be very well irreversible," Bloomberg said.
The 40 major cities whose mayors are attending the Sao Paulo conference -- including New
York, Jakarta, Mexico City, Berlin, Barcelona, Rio de Janeiro and Paris -- are responsible for 12
percent of global greenhouse emissions.
"Cities are also paying big price of climate change," said World Bank president Robert Zoellick.
New Y
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Cidades estão liderando AGENDA

19. PROGRAMA DE TESTES COM ONIBUS
ELÉTRICOS E HIBRÍDOS NA AMÉRICA LATINA
Bogotá, Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Santiago e São Paulo

20. • Emissão de poluentes locais (HC, CO, NOx, PM);
• Teste piloto com diesel de cana.
• Eficiência Energética das diferentes tecnologias
(motores combustão e elétricos – bateria e trólebus).
• Medição de ruídos e poluição interna ônibus.
• Viabilidade econômica das tecnologias e ciclo de vida
total em cada cidade.
PROGRAMA DE TESTES:

21. Tecnologias testadas? Total de 16 ônibus
(diesel, híbridos, trólebus e elétrico a bateria).

22. C40-CCI HEBTP: São Paulo (Fase 1)

23. Como são feitos os testes?
Exemplo de medição das emissões segundo a segundo em ônibus
rodando por linha comercial com carga máxima.
23

24. C40-CCI HEBTP: São Paulo
• Quando?
–Agosto-Setembro, 2011
–Agosto, 2012
• Quantos ônibus?
–Dois ônibus híbrido, 12m (Volvo e Eletra)
(tecnologia em paralelo e outro em série)
–Dois sombra diesel 12m & outro 18m
–Trolebus (Eletra)

25. Ônibus testados

26. Três trechos principais da rota.

27. 27
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
HB1 DB1 DB2 HB1-sc
AverageFE[km/lt]
Eficiência energética em São Paulo
1° Campanha com híbrido paralelo (testes com diesel cana).
2,81
1,57
1,37
2,6
8
HB1-sc : 100% DIESEL CANADiesel Padron (DB1) Diesel 18m (DB2) Hibrido Paralelo 12m (HB1)

28. 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
DB1 DB2 HB1 HB2 TB1-1 TB1-2
AverageFE[km/lt]
Diesel (DB1 e DB2) Hibrido Paralelo (HB1) e Hibrido serie (HB2)
Trólebus (TB1-1-Energia; TB2-Custos),
2,81
1,57
1,37
3,47
2,3
51,98
Eficiência energética em São Paulo
2° Campanha com híbrido serie e trólebus.

29. DB1 DB2 HB1 HB2 TB1-1 TB1-2
FE [km/L] 1.57 1.37 2.81 1.98 3.47 2.35
FE*pax 1.165 1.445 2.215 1.352 2.794 1.893
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
NormalizedFE*pax
MeasuredFE[km/L]
Diesel 13,2m: 76 passageiros - Diesel 18m: 109 passageiros
Hibrido1: 84 passageiros - Hibrido2:69 passageiros - Trolebus: 81 passageiros
São Paulo: Eficiência energética padronizada
pela capacidade de passageiros máxima.
2215
1165
1445
2794
1,893
1352
Articulado

30. 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.12
0.55
0.86
0.69
0.21
0.53
0.20
0.88
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
CO NOx NO2 CO2
NormalizedEmissions
DB1 HB1 HB2
Sao Paulo com emissões padronizadas.
Comparação Híbridos x Diesel

31. SP: PM1.5
HB1 HB1 SC DB1 DB2
PM1.5 Dek [g/km] 0.10 0.008 0.32 0.18
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
PM1.5[g/km]
Articulado/ Padron- 50%
-68%
-97%

32. SP: óxido de nitrogênio
HB1 HB1 SC DB1 DB2
NOx [g/km] 7.38 13.31 13.52 13.76
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
NOx[g/km]
- 45%

33. Teste piloto com 100% diesel cana
33
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.64
1.80
0.88
0.08
5.21
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
CO NOx CO2 PM1.5 NO2
NormalizedEmissions
HB1-diesel HB1-sc diesel

34. Diesel em subidas e descidas
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
THC*10
CO
NOx/2
CO2/100
PM
1.5*10
Emissions[g/km]
Slope upward 1
Slope downward 1
Slope upward 2
Slope downward 2

35. Hibridos em subidas e descidas
Ampla vantagem dos híbridos (e elétricos) nas descidas
0
5
10
15
20
25
THC*10
CO
NOx/2
CO2/100
PM
1.5*10
Emissions[g/km]
Slope upward 1
Slope downward 1
Slope upward 2
Slope downward 2

36. Hibridos em subidas e descidas
Comparison of emissions up- and downhill between DB1 and HB1 (DB1 upward used as reference)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
THC*10 CO NOx/2 CO2/100 PM1.5*10
Emissions[g/km]
DB1 upward
DB1 downward
HB1 upward
HB1 downward

37. Consumo de combustível padronizado dos Híbridos e
Trólebus em relação ao ônibus diesel base
-70%
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
HB1 HB2 TB1-1 TB1-2
FuelConsumpon
ReferenceDB1=0%
FC FC/pax Energia
Custo

38. Eficiência do Ônibus Hibrido e Trólebus
Medida km/litro ou kwh
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
HB1 HB2 TB1-1 TB1-2
FuelEfficiency
ReferenceDB1=0%
FE FE*pax
Energia
Custo:

39. 39
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
BIN 9 BIN 10 BIN 11 BIN 12 BIN 13 BIN 14
CO2[g/s]
HB1
HB2
DB1
DB2
Demanda Energética (Bin)
Vehycle Specific Power

40. 40
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
BIN 9 BIN 10 BIN 11 BIN 12 BIN 13 BIN 14
NOx[g/s]
HB1
HB2
DB1
DB2SCR
Demanda Energética (Bin)
Vehycle Specific Power

41. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
BIN 9 BIN 10 BIN 11 BIN 12 BIN 13 BIN 14
CO2[g/s]
HB1
HB1 SC
DB1
DB2
Demanda Energética (Bin)
Vehycle Specific Power
BIN 11 – Inicio da aceleração
Diesel
Cana

42. C40-CCI HEBTP: Bogota
• Quando?
–Maio- Junho- Julho 2012: duas campanhas.
• Quantos?
–Dois ônibus híbridos paralelos, 12m
(Volvo e YoungMan)
–Sombra ônibus diesel, 12m, Euro II.
–Ônibus elétrico à baterias de fosfato
ferro.(BYD)

43. Tecnologias testadas?

44. Bogotá: emissões (g/km)
Bus THC CO NOx CO2 PM2.5
Diesel 0,51 6,1 11,4 936 0,06
Híbrido 0,04 2,9 1,8 835 0,02
% reducao -92% -53% -84% -11% -62%
Ônibus elétrico: sem emissões de poluentes

45. 001 001 001 001 001
000
001
001
001
000
000
000
000
001
000
000
000
000
001
001
001
001
THC CO NOx CO2 PM2.5
NormalizedEmissions
DB1 HB2 HB1
Bogotá: emissões normalizadas

46. Bogotá:
ruídos de cabine em rota(dB)
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
1 11 21 31 41 51 61
Noise[dB]
Time[sec]
DB1
EB1
HB1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
DB1 EB1 HB1
CabinPM[mg/m3]
Aerosol em cabine PM1.5

47. Bogotá: Consumo
-34%
-72%
-81%
-31%
-57%
-71%
-90%
-80%
-70%
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
HB1 EB1-1 EB1-2
FuelConsumpon
ReferenceDB1=0%
FC FC/pax
Custo Energia

48. Bogotá: Eficiência
49%
254%
435%
44%
131%
249%
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
350%
400%
450%
500%
HB1 EB1-1 EB1-2
FuelEfficiency
ReferenceDB1=0%
FE FE*pax
Custo
Energia

49. Bogotá: Eficiência & Consumo
Ônibus
Eficiência
(km/gl)
Eficiência %
Consumo.
(gl/ 100km)
Consumo. %
Diesel 7,80 0% 13,3 0%
Híbrido 11,58 49% /die. 8,9 -34% vs eléc.
Elétrico 27,63
254% / die.
3,8
-72% vs Diesel
139% / hb 1
- 57% vs hb 1

50. Bogotá: Economizado
Gallon: $8000
Ônibus
US$ pax
/ 100 km
US$ consum.
/ 100 km
Economizado em
100 km, %
Diesel $ 0,8 59 0
Híbrido 1
$ 0,5
39 -34%
Elétrico $ 0,3 17
-72% / Die.
-57% / hb.1

51. Conclusão geral sobre consumo energético
Elétrico
Bateria Ferro
Redução de 81%
Elétrico
Bateria Lítio
Redução 73%
Trólebus
Redução
de 56%
Híbridos: Redução média de 31%.

52. -34%
-72%
-81%
-31%
-57%
-71%
-90%
-80%
-70%
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
HB1 EB1-1 EB1-2
FuelConsumpon
ReferenceDB1=0%
FC FC/pax
Valor Financeiro Valor EnergéticoHíbrido
Elétrico
Maior eficiência nos Ônibus Hibridos e Elétricos
Litro ou kilowatts/ kilometro

53. • Desafio de treinamentos dos motoristas
(variação de consumo em 10% diferentes motoristas)
• Significativa redução na emissões de poluentes locais
nos híbridos (e gases efeito estufa – GEE).
• Zero emissões de poluentes locais nos ônibus
elétricos (muito baixa emissão de GEE).
• Custo de operação e manutenção afetam ciclos
econômicos mais que custos de capital.
Conclusões iniciais

54. • Aumento de velocidade gera redução significativa no
consumo e nas emissões (IMPORTANCIA BRT).
• Grande economia de energia com eletricidade.
– Híbridos entre 31% a 39% em planície.
– Trólebus geram redução de 56% no consumo.
– Ônibus elétricos teve redução média de 77%.
Ônibus elétricos com baterias de fosfato de ferro
foram a tecnologia com melhor desempenho de
todas (81% redução consumo).
– Alguns tipos de elétricos não precisam de subsidios
Conclusões iniciais

55. • Cidade do México;
• Gotemburgo;
• Estocolmo;
• Londres
• Xangai;
• Shenzhen,
• Changsa;
• Hong Kong
Nov/Dez 2012: Visita tecnica
HIBRIDOS
BATERIAS
ELETRICOS

56. HYBRID ELECTRIC BUS TEST
PROGRAM IN LATIN AMERICA:
Economic Analysis of the Program
Prepared by:

57. Lower energy and maintenance costs reduce lifecycle costs
for hybrid and electric buses compared to diesel buses
Notes: Bus costs/initial taxes are as follows: Diesel ($180K/$29K), Hybrid ($290K/$5K), Electric ($450K/$23K). Battery total
value for hybrids are $100K. Battery total value for electrics is $203K. Salvage value represents % of total value discounted to yea
zero.
Capital investment includes deduction for salvage value; Taxes include initial taxes and annual taxes related to bus ownership
30
192
313
71
200
Hybrid High Case
170
93
213
313
256
Diesel Hybrid Low Case
43
200
30
171
98
62
Electric
40
406
81
321
Maintenance
Taxes
Fuel/Energy
Financing
Capital investment
and salvage value
10% interest
10 year term
6% interest
10 year term
6% interest
10 year term
6% interest
10 year term
(baseline)
+20% higher
than diesel
-10% lower
than diesel
-20% lower
than diesel
Zero
10% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
Lifecycle Costs (‘000 USD, 10-Year Net Present Value)
Financing
Maintenance
costs
Salvage Value
10-year
total
872 880 806 744
• Hybrid and electric buses
have lower lifecycle costs
as scale and learning
effects drive down
maintenance costs
• Preferential financing can
speed adoption, scale,
and learning
Bogota

58. 260
29
Diesel
161
313
441
217
113
Electric
48
717
127
507
340
29
57
Hybrid High
Case
195
507
340
44
Hybrid Low Case
108
54
Capital investment
and salvage value
Financing
Fuel/Energy
Maintenance
Taxes
10% interest
5 year term
5% interest
10 year term
5% interest
10 year term
5% interest
10 year term
(baseline)
+20% higher
than diesel
-10% lower
than diesel
-50% lower
than diesel
30% of bus value
(BRL 123,280)
10% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
Financing
Maintenance
costs
Salvage Value
1,246 1,194 1,115 1,054
• Electric buses achieve
significant savings in
lifecycle costs
compared to diesel
• Hybrids are less costly
than diesel even
accounting for higher
maintenance costs
Electrics achieve savings of ~20% compared to diesel
assuming partially local production and
Lifecycle Costs (‘000 BRL, 10-Year Net Present Value)
Assumes electric buses are partially produced/assembled locally, bypassing most import taxes. 10-year diesel costs
includes purchase/resale of new bus after 5 years of operation. Capital investment includes deduction for salvage value;
Taxes include annual taxes related to bus ownership. Bus costs/initial taxes are as follows: Diesel (BRL 329K/ BRL 140K),
Hybrid (BRL 493K/BRL 151K), Electric (BRL 735K/BRL 175K). Battery total value for hybrids are BRL 163K; For electrics
value is BRL 340K. Salvage value represents % of total value discounted to year zero.
10-year
total
Rio de
Janeiro

59. Lifecycle costs of hybrid and electric buses are lower than
costs for diesel buses due to preferential financing options
Assumes electric buses are partially produced/assembled locally. 10-year diesel costs includes purchase/resale of new
bus after 5 years of operation. Capital investment includes deduction for salvage value; Taxes include annual taxes related to bus ownership.
Bus costs/initial taxes are as follows: Diesel (BRL 296K/ BRL 123K), Hybrid (BRL 493K/BRL 146K), Electric (BRL 735K/BRL 175K).
Battery total value for hybrids are BRL 163K; For electrics value is BRL 340K. Salvage value represents % of total value discounted to year zero.
Electric
48
717
85
108
61
43
503
Hybrid Low Case
29
195
472
57
503
472
260
29
Diese
l
Hybrid High Case
158
280
613
217
100
Fuel/Energy
Maintenance
Taxes
Financing
Capital investment
and salvage value
10% interest
5 year term
5% interest
10 year term
5% interest
10 year term
5% interest
10 year term
(baseline)
+20% higher
than diesel
-10% lower
than diesel
-50% lower
than diesel
20% of bus value
(BRL 98,600)
10% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
Financing
Maintenance
costs
Salvage Value
1,367 1,321 1,242 1,018
• Electric buses achieve
~30% lower lifecycle
costs than diesel
• Even with 20% higher
maintenance costs,
hybrids are more
attractive than diesel
Lifecycle Costs (‘000 BRL, 10-Year Net Present Value)
10-year
total
São Paulo

60. São Paulo uptake: Policy and favorable financing can
drive uptake and conversion to hybrid and electric buses
Source: Drivers based on discussions with officials and operators in São Paulo. Uptake scenarios based on
Dalberg analysis and assumptions regarding potential conversion rates
Primary Drivers of Uptake in São Paulo High Uptake Scenario
Assumptions:
• Climate Law introduces exemption for diesel hybrids
• Large operators become comfortable with operation and
maintenance of hybrid technologies in Curitiba
• New/renewed contracts include strict requirements to
transition to cleaner fuels more quickly
• BNDES establishes concessional finance lines for hybrid
and electric buses significantly below rates for diesel
Potential uptake:
• ~2% of fleet transitions to hybrid or electric each year
2013-2015, rising to 5% in 2016 and 10% in 2019
• 12% of fleet (~1,200 buses) is H/E by 2016; ~70% by
2023 (~7,400 buses)
Low Uptake Scenario
Assumptions:
• Ethanol and/or sugarcane diesel prices decline
steadily
• BNDES unable to provide additional financing
incentives for hybrid or electric buses
• No tax relief provided for imported electric buses
Potential uptake:
• Minimal uptake by 2016 (approximately 300 buses)
• Gradual increase in uptake as cost and performance
improve; ~13% of fleet transitions by 2020 (~1,330
buses); ~30 of fleet transitions by 2023 (~3,200)
Policy
• Enforcement of existing Climate Change Law
• Law requires bus operators to switch away from fossil-
based fuels entirely by 2018; Legislation favors electric,
biodiesel, ethanol, and sugarcane diesel technologies
• Adding technology or fuel performance standards in new
BRT concession awards and existing concession renewals
• Standards can be included in 4 new BRT routes and in
the renewal of other existing contracts to require
transition to hybrid or electric technologies
Economic/Market
• Low-interest financing for hybrid & electric technologies
• BNDES may reverse financing incentives that currently
favor diesel buses over hybrid and electric buses
• Reduce/eliminate unfavorable taxes and subsidies
• Current high tax rates (import and other taxes) add
~35% to the cost of new electric buses imported
• Petrobras subsidizes the cost of diesel fuel for
operators, while electricity is taxed heavily
Other
• Demonstrated evidence of the advantages and
operational east of hybrids in other Brazilian cities
• Small hybrid fleet has begun service in Curitiba, and
has the potential to provide tangible favorable
evidence to reduce transition risk for other operators
in Brazil
São Paulo

61. São Paulo Roadmap
A. BNDES preferential loans for
H/E buses at lower interest
than diesel
B. Leasing electric battery system
C. Fixed maintenance/fuel/
energy fee to reduce costs and
technological uncertainty
D. Extend life contracts and
eliminate 5 year average
maximum on contracts
Potential solutions
Estimated
impact
Source: Interviews with stakeholders; CCI/C40; Dalberg analysis
Timeframe needed for implementation (years)
1 2 3 4 5
Stakeholder
to influence
BNDES/Buyers
Manufacturers
Manufacturers
City officials
State/City
officials
State officials
City officials
Min.Com./Fin./In
d
Min.Com./Fin./In
d
Ministry of Ind.
Ministry of Ener.
BNDES/BID/
Manufacturers
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
P
o
l
i
c
y
M
i
s
c
Likely
feasibility
E. Fuel efficiency standards for
new concessions
1.Inter-municipal 4 new
BRTs
2.City new BRT (150kms)
F. Preferential import tax rates
for H/E
G. Incentives locally produce
H/E
H. Reduce subsidies to diesel
I. Reduce taxes to electricity
J. Leasing bus entity to
eliminate technological
risk/reselling
High Potential
São Paulo

62. São Paulo uptake: Fleet conversion will be required
to meet mandates of Climate Change Law by 2018
9,300
1,395
4,650
3,255
1,953
4,371
2,976
2,511
4,092
2,697
3,069
3,813
2,418
3,627
3,534
2,139
3,255
1,860
5,115
2,790
1,395
6,045
2,325
930
6,975
1,860
465
8,102
244
233
238
4,185
Diesel (15%)
Electric (50%)
Hybrid (35%)
8,829
• Additional ~800 buses enter service
for BRTs; 1/3 of new BRT buses are
hybrid
• Another ~250 electric buses enter
service
Incremental conversion of ~2% of fleet to
hybrid and electric buses annually, rising to
5% in 2016 and 10% in 2019
By 2023 over 3/4
of fleet is
composed of
hybrid or electric
buses
Potential Fleet Transition in São Paulo, 2013-2023 (Illustrative High Uptake Scenario)
São Paulo
Source: Dalberg estimates based on projections and assumed annual conversion rates
202
3
202
2
202
1
202
0
201
9
201
8
201
7
201
6
201
5
201
4
201
3
201
2Assumptions and Drivers of Change:
• Local production to avoid Import tax and/or reduction of taxes
• Climate Change Law provides exemption for hybrid (diesel) buses, catalyzing their growth
• Share of hybrid and electric buses in fleet reaches 55% by 2018; Remaining diesel buses shift to biodiesel blend &
sugarcane to comply with Climate Law
• Share of hybrid and electric buses increases by 5% points in each year from 2014 to 2018, growth slowing starting in
2019

63. C40 OLHANDO PARA FUTURO
Johannesburg to host 2014 Mayors Summit
C40 & Siemens Announce Broad Collaboration
on Cities and Sustainability
C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and
World Resources Institute (WRI) Partner to
Promote City Transit Solutions

64. C40 OLHANDO PARA FUTURO
www.C40cities.org

65. ACOMPANHEM NOSSOS PROGRESSOS
C40 Cities
@C40cities
Adalberto Maluf
City Director, Sao Paulo
amaluf@c40.org
MUITO OBRIGADO!

66. In partnership with: