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Shirley D. Guillermo
          Discussant
Features of Functional Grammar Which Make It
Suitable for Studying Language Variations
 1. It is based on the notion of choice – it models grammar as a set of
  options ( a repertoire or resource).
 2. It looks at the way in which grammar is used to construct texts in
  their context of use.
   3. It is concerned with the way in which grammar is organized to
  make meaning.

       Overall, it is concerned with the way that the diff. kinds of meaning
    that contribute to grammatical structure are comprehensively
    addressed. It is concerned with the resource for:
      1. analyzing experience – what is going on
      2. analyzing interaction – who is communicating with whom
      3. analyzing with ways in which messages are constructed.

In order to Model Grammar As a Context Sensitive, Meaning-
making Resource, FG Looks Closely At the Different Contributions
Made by the ff:
 1. At the clause level, FG deals with resource for analyzing experience
    (Process type, Participants and Circumstances),participating in
    communication (mood and modality), packaging information (theme
    and cohesion). In addition, it is concerned for combining clauses into
    clause complexes (sentences).

 2. At the phrase and group level, FG deals with resources
    constructing participants( noun groups), assessing events and setting
    them in time (verb groups), modifying events (adverb groups),
    qualifying processes(preposition phrases).

 3. At the word class level, FG is concerned with resources for adapting
    words to clause, phrase and group structures. With in words, FG is
    concerned with resources for analyzing morphemes(inflection and
    derivations).

Functional Theories of Grammar
     Functional theories of grammar are those approaches to the study of
  language, that see the functions of language and its elements to be the key to
  understanding linguistic processes and structures. Functional theories of
  language propose that since language is fundamentally a tool, it is reasonable
  to assume that its structure are best analyzed and understood with reference to
  the functions they carry out.
     Functional theories of grammar differ from formal theories of grammar. In
  the latter seeks to define the diff. elements of language and describe the way
  they relate to each other as systems of formal rules or operations, whereas the
  former defines the functions performed by language and then relates these
  functions to the linguistic elements that carry them out.

        This means that functional theories of grammar tend to pay
    attention to the way language is actually used in communicative context,
    and not jus the formal relations bet. linguistic elements.
Frameworks
There are several distinct grammatical theories that
employ a functional approach

 1. The structuralist functionalism of the Prague school, was the earliest
  functionalist framework in the 1920s.
    2. Simon Dik’s functional discourse grammar, originally developed in
  the 1970s and 80s. It has also been continuously developed by Linguist
  such as Kees Hengeveld.
    3. Michael Haliday’s systemic functional grammar. Haliday draws on
  the work of Buhler and Malinowski.
    4. Role and reference grammar, developed by Robert Van Valin.
    5. Danish functional grammar combines Saussurean/Hielmslevian
  structuralism with a focus on pragmatics and discourse.
    6. Lexical functional grammar, developed by Joan Bresnan and
  Ronald Kaplan in the 1970s.
Structuralist Functionalism of the Prague School
          Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm that emphasizes that
  elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationships
  to a larger oversearching system of structure. Alternately, as
  summarized by philosophers Simon Blackburn; Structuralism is “the
  belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through
  their interrelations. These relations constitue a structure and behind
  local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of
  abstract culture.
           Structuralism originated in the early 1900s in the structural
  linguistics of Ferdinand de Sausure and the subsequent Prague,
  Moscow and Copenhagen linguistics. In the late 1950s and early 60s,
  when structural linguistics was facing serious challenges from the likes
  of Noam Chomsky and thus fading in importance in linguistics, an
  array of scholars in the humanities, borrowed Sausure’s concepts for
  use in their respective field of study. French anthropologist Claude
  Levi- Strauss was arguably the 1st scholar, sparking a widespread
  interest in Structuralism
Functional Discourse Grammar by Simon C. Dik
        FG and FDG are grammar models and theories motivated by functional theories of grammar.
     These theories explain how linguistic utterances are shaped, based on the goals and knowledge of
     natural language users. In doing so, it contrasts with Chomskyan transformational grammar. FDG has
     been developed as a successor to FG attempting to be more psychologically and pragmatically
     adequate functional grammar.
        The top-level unit of analysis in FDG is the discourse move not the sentence or the clause. This is a
     principle that sets FDG apart from many other linguistic theories, including its predecessor FG.
                 Principles of Functional Discourse Grammar
         FDG explains the phonology, morphosyntax, pragmatics and semantics in one linguistic theory.
 Accdg.to FDG, linguistics utterances are built top-down in this order by deciding upon:
 1. The pragmatic aspects of the utterance
  2. The semantic aspects of the utterance
 3. The morphosyntactic aspects of the utterance
 4. The phonological aspect of the utterance
      Accdg. to FDG, four components are involved in building up an utterance:
1. The conceptual component, which is where the communicative intention that drives the utterance
     construction arises.
2. The grammatical component, where the utterance is formulated and encoded accdg. To the
     communicative intention
3. The contextual component, which contains all elements that can be referred to in the history of the
     discourse or in the environment
4. The output component, which realizes the utterance as sound, writing or singing.
Systemic Functional Grammar
                           By Michael Halliday
        SFG is part of social semiotic approach to language systemic functional
    linguistics. The term systemic refers to the view of language as “a network of
    systems, or interrelated sts of options for making meaning.” The term
    functional refers to Halliday’s view that language is as it is because bec. of what
    it has evolved to do. Grammar, for Halliday is described as system not as rules,
    on the basis that every grammatical structure involves a choice from a
    describable options.
        Traditionally the “choices” are viewed in terms of either the content or the
    structure of the language used. In SFG, language is analyzed in three ways
    (strata): semantics, phonology and lexicogrammar.SFG presents a view of
    language in terms of both structure(grammar) and words(lexis). The term
    “lexicogrammar” describes, this combined approach.
       Three general functions of language(metafunctions)
   1. The ideational functions, resources for constructing experience
   2. The interpersonal functions, resources for enacting humans’ diverse and
    complex social relations.
   3. The textual function, resources for enabling these two kinds of meaning to
    come together
Lexical Functional Grammar
       LFG is a grammar framework in theoretical linguistics, a
    variety of generative grammar. It is a type of phrase
    structure grammar, as opposed to a dependency grammar.
    The development of the theory was initiated by Joan
    Bresnan and Ronald Kaplan in the 1970s, in reaction to the
    direction research in the area of transformational grammar
    had began to take. It mainly focuses on syntax, including
    its relation with morphology and semantics.
         LFG views language as being made up of multiple
    dimensions of structure. Each of these dimensions is
    represented as a distinct structure with its own rules,
    concepts and form.
Functional Grammar in Denmark ( Danish)
                                      Danish functional school

           The Danish school of functional linguistics was developed in an attempt to combine
 modern functional grammar and cognitive linguisticswith the best ideas and concepts of the
 earlier structuralist school. Like Hjelmslev and Saussure the school insist in the basic structural
 division of communication in planes of content and expression.[1] Like Simon Dik and functionalist
 grammarians Danish functionalists also insist that language is fundamentally a means of
 communication between humans and is best understood and analysed through its communicative
 function. When analysing linguistic utterances the content and expression planes are analysed
 separately, with the expression plane being analysed through traditional structural methods and the
 content plane being analysed mostly through methods from semantics and pragmatics. However it is
 assumed that structures on the expression plane mirrors structures on the content plane. This can be
 seen in the parallelism between the structure of Danish sentences as described by the structural
 syntactic model of Paul Diderichsen dividing utterances into three basic fields a foundation field, a
 nexus field and a content field, and the pragmatic structure of utterances that often use the
 foundation field for discourse pragmatic functions, the nexus field for illocutionary functions and the
 content field for the linguistic message. Danish functionalists assume that an utterance is not to be
 analysed from the minimal units and up, but rather from the maximal units and down, because
 speakers begin the construction of utterances by choosing what to say in a given situation, then by
 choosing the words to use and finally by building the sentence by means of sounds.
Role and Reference Grammar
By William Foley and Robert Van Valin
       Role and reference grammar (RRG) is a functional theory of language
    which allows an input text to be represented in terms of its logical
    structure.

       Among the main features of RRG are the use of lexical decomposition
    based upon semantics of David Dowdy (1979), an analysis of clause
    structure, and the use of a set of thematic roles organized into a heirarchy
    in which the highest-ranking roles are “Actor” (for the most active
    participant) and “Undergoer.”

         In RRG, the description of a sentence in a particular language is
     formulated in terms of:
      a. Its logical (semantic) structure and communicative functions.
      b. The grammatical procedures that are available in the language for
           the expressions of these meanings.

Thank You and Good
     Morning
Gems for Thought
 Harry Potter was rejected. So were Bella and Edward. If authors
  J.K. Rowling and Stephenie Meyer hadn't kept trying with
  publisher after publisher, we'd all have missed out on some great
  adventures.
 Thomas Edison: No list of success from failures would be
  complete without the man who gave us many inventions
  including the light bulb. He knew failure wouldn’t stop him.

       Life is about going for things. And when we do, rejection is
  always a possibility. Decide what is important to you and take
  huge steps everyday even though it doesn’t seem like it’s working.
  Success doesn’t happen without failures. It’s reality.

              There is no success without failure
Describe the Functional Grammar in the
  Philippines along:
a. The pragmatic aspects of the utterance;
b. The semantic aspects of the utterance;
c. The morphosyntactic aspects of the utterance;
  and
d. The phonological aspect of the utterance.

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MELT 104 Functional Grammar

  • 1. Shirley D. Guillermo Discussant
  • 2. Features of Functional Grammar Which Make It Suitable for Studying Language Variations  1. It is based on the notion of choice – it models grammar as a set of options ( a repertoire or resource).  2. It looks at the way in which grammar is used to construct texts in their context of use. 3. It is concerned with the way in which grammar is organized to make meaning. Overall, it is concerned with the way that the diff. kinds of meaning that contribute to grammatical structure are comprehensively addressed. It is concerned with the resource for: 1. analyzing experience – what is going on 2. analyzing interaction – who is communicating with whom 3. analyzing with ways in which messages are constructed. 
  • 3. In order to Model Grammar As a Context Sensitive, Meaning- making Resource, FG Looks Closely At the Different Contributions Made by the ff:  1. At the clause level, FG deals with resource for analyzing experience (Process type, Participants and Circumstances),participating in communication (mood and modality), packaging information (theme and cohesion). In addition, it is concerned for combining clauses into clause complexes (sentences).  2. At the phrase and group level, FG deals with resources constructing participants( noun groups), assessing events and setting them in time (verb groups), modifying events (adverb groups), qualifying processes(preposition phrases).  3. At the word class level, FG is concerned with resources for adapting words to clause, phrase and group structures. With in words, FG is concerned with resources for analyzing morphemes(inflection and derivations). 
  • 4. Functional Theories of Grammar  Functional theories of grammar are those approaches to the study of language, that see the functions of language and its elements to be the key to understanding linguistic processes and structures. Functional theories of language propose that since language is fundamentally a tool, it is reasonable to assume that its structure are best analyzed and understood with reference to the functions they carry out.  Functional theories of grammar differ from formal theories of grammar. In the latter seeks to define the diff. elements of language and describe the way they relate to each other as systems of formal rules or operations, whereas the former defines the functions performed by language and then relates these functions to the linguistic elements that carry them out.  This means that functional theories of grammar tend to pay attention to the way language is actually used in communicative context, and not jus the formal relations bet. linguistic elements.
  • 5. Frameworks There are several distinct grammatical theories that employ a functional approach  1. The structuralist functionalism of the Prague school, was the earliest functionalist framework in the 1920s. 2. Simon Dik’s functional discourse grammar, originally developed in the 1970s and 80s. It has also been continuously developed by Linguist such as Kees Hengeveld. 3. Michael Haliday’s systemic functional grammar. Haliday draws on the work of Buhler and Malinowski. 4. Role and reference grammar, developed by Robert Van Valin. 5. Danish functional grammar combines Saussurean/Hielmslevian structuralism with a focus on pragmatics and discourse. 6. Lexical functional grammar, developed by Joan Bresnan and Ronald Kaplan in the 1970s.
  • 6. Structuralist Functionalism of the Prague School Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm that emphasizes that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationships to a larger oversearching system of structure. Alternately, as summarized by philosophers Simon Blackburn; Structuralism is “the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitue a structure and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture. Structuralism originated in the early 1900s in the structural linguistics of Ferdinand de Sausure and the subsequent Prague, Moscow and Copenhagen linguistics. In the late 1950s and early 60s, when structural linguistics was facing serious challenges from the likes of Noam Chomsky and thus fading in importance in linguistics, an array of scholars in the humanities, borrowed Sausure’s concepts for use in their respective field of study. French anthropologist Claude Levi- Strauss was arguably the 1st scholar, sparking a widespread interest in Structuralism
  • 7. Functional Discourse Grammar by Simon C. Dik  FG and FDG are grammar models and theories motivated by functional theories of grammar. These theories explain how linguistic utterances are shaped, based on the goals and knowledge of natural language users. In doing so, it contrasts with Chomskyan transformational grammar. FDG has been developed as a successor to FG attempting to be more psychologically and pragmatically adequate functional grammar.  The top-level unit of analysis in FDG is the discourse move not the sentence or the clause. This is a principle that sets FDG apart from many other linguistic theories, including its predecessor FG.  Principles of Functional Discourse Grammar  FDG explains the phonology, morphosyntax, pragmatics and semantics in one linguistic theory.  Accdg.to FDG, linguistics utterances are built top-down in this order by deciding upon: 1. The pragmatic aspects of the utterance 2. The semantic aspects of the utterance 3. The morphosyntactic aspects of the utterance 4. The phonological aspect of the utterance Accdg. to FDG, four components are involved in building up an utterance: 1. The conceptual component, which is where the communicative intention that drives the utterance construction arises. 2. The grammatical component, where the utterance is formulated and encoded accdg. To the communicative intention 3. The contextual component, which contains all elements that can be referred to in the history of the discourse or in the environment 4. The output component, which realizes the utterance as sound, writing or singing.
  • 8. Systemic Functional Grammar By Michael Halliday  SFG is part of social semiotic approach to language systemic functional linguistics. The term systemic refers to the view of language as “a network of systems, or interrelated sts of options for making meaning.” The term functional refers to Halliday’s view that language is as it is because bec. of what it has evolved to do. Grammar, for Halliday is described as system not as rules, on the basis that every grammatical structure involves a choice from a describable options.  Traditionally the “choices” are viewed in terms of either the content or the structure of the language used. In SFG, language is analyzed in three ways (strata): semantics, phonology and lexicogrammar.SFG presents a view of language in terms of both structure(grammar) and words(lexis). The term “lexicogrammar” describes, this combined approach.  Three general functions of language(metafunctions)  1. The ideational functions, resources for constructing experience  2. The interpersonal functions, resources for enacting humans’ diverse and complex social relations.  3. The textual function, resources for enabling these two kinds of meaning to come together
  • 9. Lexical Functional Grammar  LFG is a grammar framework in theoretical linguistics, a variety of generative grammar. It is a type of phrase structure grammar, as opposed to a dependency grammar. The development of the theory was initiated by Joan Bresnan and Ronald Kaplan in the 1970s, in reaction to the direction research in the area of transformational grammar had began to take. It mainly focuses on syntax, including its relation with morphology and semantics. LFG views language as being made up of multiple dimensions of structure. Each of these dimensions is represented as a distinct structure with its own rules, concepts and form.
  • 10. Functional Grammar in Denmark ( Danish) Danish functional school The Danish school of functional linguistics was developed in an attempt to combine modern functional grammar and cognitive linguisticswith the best ideas and concepts of the earlier structuralist school. Like Hjelmslev and Saussure the school insist in the basic structural division of communication in planes of content and expression.[1] Like Simon Dik and functionalist grammarians Danish functionalists also insist that language is fundamentally a means of communication between humans and is best understood and analysed through its communicative function. When analysing linguistic utterances the content and expression planes are analysed separately, with the expression plane being analysed through traditional structural methods and the content plane being analysed mostly through methods from semantics and pragmatics. However it is assumed that structures on the expression plane mirrors structures on the content plane. This can be seen in the parallelism between the structure of Danish sentences as described by the structural syntactic model of Paul Diderichsen dividing utterances into three basic fields a foundation field, a nexus field and a content field, and the pragmatic structure of utterances that often use the foundation field for discourse pragmatic functions, the nexus field for illocutionary functions and the content field for the linguistic message. Danish functionalists assume that an utterance is not to be analysed from the minimal units and up, but rather from the maximal units and down, because speakers begin the construction of utterances by choosing what to say in a given situation, then by choosing the words to use and finally by building the sentence by means of sounds.
  • 11. Role and Reference Grammar By William Foley and Robert Van Valin  Role and reference grammar (RRG) is a functional theory of language which allows an input text to be represented in terms of its logical structure.  Among the main features of RRG are the use of lexical decomposition based upon semantics of David Dowdy (1979), an analysis of clause structure, and the use of a set of thematic roles organized into a heirarchy in which the highest-ranking roles are “Actor” (for the most active participant) and “Undergoer.” In RRG, the description of a sentence in a particular language is formulated in terms of:  a. Its logical (semantic) structure and communicative functions.  b. The grammatical procedures that are available in the language for  the expressions of these meanings. 
  • 12. Thank You and Good Morning
  • 13. Gems for Thought  Harry Potter was rejected. So were Bella and Edward. If authors J.K. Rowling and Stephenie Meyer hadn't kept trying with publisher after publisher, we'd all have missed out on some great adventures.  Thomas Edison: No list of success from failures would be complete without the man who gave us many inventions including the light bulb. He knew failure wouldn’t stop him. Life is about going for things. And when we do, rejection is always a possibility. Decide what is important to you and take huge steps everyday even though it doesn’t seem like it’s working. Success doesn’t happen without failures. It’s reality. There is no success without failure
  • 14. Describe the Functional Grammar in the Philippines along: a. The pragmatic aspects of the utterance; b. The semantic aspects of the utterance; c. The morphosyntactic aspects of the utterance; and d. The phonological aspect of the utterance.