This document discusses the chemistry of OXINE, a disinfecting product. It is composed of chlorine dioxide, sodium chlorite, and other oxychloro species. These components give OXINE the ability to disinfect, deodorize, sanitize, attack biofilms, and kill microbes. While chlorine dioxide is active, the other species in OXINE also contribute significantly to its high antimicrobial activity against various bacteria. OXINE is therefore more effective as a disinfectant than chlorine dioxide alone.

1. Q
I
S Chemistry of OXINE
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
A
T
I
O
N

2. Q
I
S OXINE
P
R
E Composition
S ]
E
N
Characteristics Of Matter - OXINE
T
A ]
T
I
Chemical Reactions ]
O
N

3. Q
I
S OXINE
P
R COMPOSITION
E
S
E
N
T CHARACTERISTICS
A
T
I
O
N CHEMICAL REACTIONS

4. OXINE
COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfects Disinfecting Activity
Sodium Chlorite Deodorizes Deodorizing Activity
Oxychloro Species Sanitizes Sanitizing Activity
Attacks Biofilms Attack of Biofilms
Kills Microbes Antimicrobial Activity

5. Q
I
S Composition of OXINE
P
R
OXINE is a highly refined blend
E of oxychloro species containing
S
E 3.35% purified sodium chlorite
N
T or 2.00-2.10 % available
A chlorine dioxide
T
I
O
N

6. Q
I
S Composition of OXINE
P
R … highly refined…
E
S
E * above minimum standard purity
N
T
* then production process involves
A “a refining process”
T one that removes impurities (undesirable substances)
I to render the end-product with a high degree of purity.
O
N

7. Q
I
S Composition of OXINE
P
R … blend …
E
S
E combination of two or more substances
N which result in a homogeneous mixture .
T
A homogeneous - one phase only, components have no visible
T differing parts; the components are uniformly distributed
I throughout the mixture
O
N

8. Q
I
S Composition of OXINE
P
… Oxychloro …
R
E combination of Oxygen (oxy) and
S Chlorine (chloro)
E
N … species …
T groups having similar set of properties
A
T
… Oxychloro species …
I chemical groups containing oxygen
O and chlorine, having similar set of
N
properties

9. Q Oxychloro Species
I
S CHEMICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
NAME FORMULA
P Sodium chlorate NaClO3 used in the Solvay Process* to generate Chlorine dioxide.
R Chlorate (ion) ClO3 - can be a minor component of the by-product of the
reaction of chlorine dioxide.
E Sodium chlorite NaClO2 the primary precursor to chlorine dioxide in use today.
S Chlorite (ion) ClO2 – the primary by-product of the reaction of chlorine dioxide
E with other compounds.
N Chlorous acid HClO2 a weak acid that is intermediate in the reaction path
between sodium chlorite and chlorine dioxide.
T It is thought to have high antimicrobial activity, especially
A when combined with chlorine dioxide itself.
T Hypochlorite ClO- sometimes used in the generation of chlorine dioxide to
drive the reaction as completely as possible towards the
I production of chlorine dioxide.
O Chlorine dioxide ClO2 generally regarded as the “active ingredient” in Oxine
chemistry.
N It is a powerful oxidizer and exists as a gaseous free
radical in nature.

10. Q
I
S OXINE
P Oxine is a highly refined blend of oxychloro species
R containing 3.35% purified sodium chlorite
E
or 2.00-2.10 % available chlorine dioxide
S
E
N purified sodium chlorite + oxychloro species
T
A OXINE or
T
I available chlorine dioxide + oxychloro species
O
N

11. OXINE TECHNICAL DATA SHEET
Q
CHEMICAL PRODUCT
I
S PRODUCT NAME
CHEMICAL FAMILY
:
:
Oxine
Mixture of Oxychlorine Compounds
E.P.A.REGISTRATION NUMBER: 9804-1
P EFFECTIVE DATE : June 2004
SUPERSEDES : April 2002
R
E COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
S Chemical Name C.A.S. No. % by Wt.
E Sodium Chlorite 7758-19-2 3.35%
N CONCENTRATE PROPERTIES
T Concentration: 2.00 – 2.10 % available chlorine dioxide
A Appearance: Colorless liquid
pH Concentrate: of 8.2 – 8.5
Odor: Very faint chlorinous odor
Boiling point: 213 oF (100.5 oC)
T Melting point: N/A Freezing point: 28.9 oF (-1.72 oC)
I Vapor Pressure: 23.7 mm Hg (25 oC) Vapor Density: 0.02 kg/m3
O Specific Gravity: 1.03 g/ml (20 oC)
Solubility in water: Complete
Volatiles (by volume): 97% (Water)
Evaporation rate: Comparable to water
N Very low acute toxicity (EPA Cat. III) Non-flammable, non explosive, stable solution
NFPA Rating: Fire: 0 Health: 1 - Reactivity: 1 - Special: None

12. Q
I
S Chlorine Dioxide
P
R
E
Is chlorine dioxide the
S
E sole active ingredient
N
T in Oxine?
A
T
I
O
N

13. Q Comparison of Solutions containing Equal
I Concentrations of ClO2 against Listeria
S monocytogenes Scott A
P Generated Activated
R
ClO2 Oxine
E
S Chlorine 12.5 ppm 12.5 ppm
E dioxide
N
T Other species 4.7 ppm 72.9 ppm
A
T Bacteria control 7.3 x 107 7.3 x 107
I
O After exposure 6.4 x 107 <5
N
SR log -0.07 -7.86

14. Comparison of Solutions containing Equal
Concentrations of ClO2 against Listeria
monocytogenes Scott A
Generated ClO2 Activated Oxine
Chlorine dioxide 12.5 ppm 12.5 ppm
Other species 4.7 ppm 72.9 ppm
Bacteria control 7.3 x 107 7.3 x 107
After exposure 6.4 x 107 <5
SR log -0.07 -7.86
These results clearly show that “other species” must play
a significant role in Oxine’s antimicrobial activity.

15. COMPARISON OF
DISINFECTING AGENTS
1400
1200
1000 Oxine
Quat
800 Sodium Chlor it e
Per oxy l Compl
600 Chlor ine
A cid A nionic Comp
400
200
0
P S aur eus S E. coli
aer uginosa cer evi si ae

16. OXINE
COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfects Disinfecting Activity
Sodium Chlorite Deodorizes Deodorizing Activity
Oxychloro Species Sanitizes Sanitizing Activity
Attacks Biofilms Attack of Biofilms
Kills Microbes Antimicrobial Activity

17. Q
I Characteristics of Chlorine
S
dioxide
P Chemical Formula: ClO2
R
E
S Chlorine - Cl
E
N
T Dioxide - di (indicates “two”) / oxide
A
T
(means Oxygen)
I - two oxygen (O2)
O
N

18. Q
I How is Chlorine Dioxide
S
Produced?
P
R * Chlorine Dioxide is explosive under pressure
E
S * It is difficult to transport and is usually manufactured on site
E * Chlorine Dioxide today is generated
N 1. By the reaction of sodium chlorite with chlorine
T
2NaClO2 + Cl2 → 2ClO2 + 2NaCl
A
T
I 2. By the reaction of sodium chlorite with hydrochloric acid
O 5 NaClO2 + 4HCl → 4 ClO2 + 5NaCl + 2H2O
N

19. Q
I Can chlorine dioxide be
S
dissolved in water?
P
R Chlorine dioxide has high water solubility especially in
E cold water.
S
E Chlorine dioxide does not hydrolyze when it enters water.
N It remains a dissolved gas in solution.
T
A Chlorine dioxide is approximately 10 times more soluble
T in water than chlorine.
I
O
N

20. Q What are the
I
S applications of chlorine
P dioxideto clean circuit boards,
It is used in the electronics industry
R
E
S In the oil industry to treat sulfides and to bleach textiles and
E candles.
N
T Chlorine dioxide is used to bleach paper.
A It produces a clearer and strong fiber than chlorine does.
T
I
O Chlorine dioxide gas is used to sterilize medical and
N laboratory equipment, surfaces, rooms, and tools.

21. Q What are the
I
S applications of chlorine
P dioxide
Chlorine dioxide is a very strong oxidizer and disinfectant.
R
E As a disinfectant and pesticide, it is mainly used in liquid
S form.
E
N It effectively kills pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi
T bacteria and viruses.
A
T It also prevents and removes biofilms.
I
O Chlorine dioxide can also be used against anthrax,
N because
It is effective against spore-forming bacteria.

22. Q What are the disinfection
I
S applications of chlorine
P
dioxide?
Drinking water Treatment
R
Sewage water disinfection
E
S Industrial process water treatment
E Cooling tower water disinfection
N Industrial air treatment
T Mussel control
A
T Foodstuffs production and treatment
I Industrial waste oxidation
O Gas sterilization of medical equipment
N

23. Q
I Characteristics of
S
sodium chlorite
P
Chemical Formula - NaClO2
R
E Sodium – Na (from the Latin Name Natrium)
S Chlorite – ClO2-
E
Other chemical name: Chlorous acid sodium salt
N (sodium salt of Chlorous acid)
T
Neutralization
A Acid + Base Salt + Water
T
I HClO + NaOH NaClO + HOH
2 2
O (H O)
2
Chlorous Sodium Sodium
N hydroxide
Acid chlorite

24. Q
I
S Sodium Chlorite
P * Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) is the only chlorite salt
R produced commercially in significant quantities.
E
S It is used mainly for the generation of chlorine dioxide in
E situ (on the spot)
N
T * Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) is used in a small number of
A water treatment plants to generate chlorine dioxide.
T
* This oxychlorine (oxychloro) compound (sodium
I
O chlorite) is the primary precursor to chlorine dioxide in
use today.
N

25. Q
I
S Sodium Chlorite
P Acidified Sodium Chlorite (ASC) is a
R Highly effective, broad spectrum antimicrobial.
E
S ASC is approved by the FDA (21 CFR 173.325)
E as a ‘secondary direct food additive
N permitted in food for human consumption’
T specifically as an antimicrobial intervention treatment
A for poultry carcasses, poultry carcass parts, red meat
T carcasses, red meat parts and organs, seafood, and
I raw agricultural commodities.
O
N

26. Q Characteristics of other Oxychloro species
I
CHLORITE ION CHLORINE DIOXIDE
S
ACID (H+)
OXYGEN OXYGEN
P [-]
R 110 o 117 o
E CHLORINE CHLORINE
S
OXYGEN OXYGEN
E
N
T CHLORINE DIOXIDE CHLORITE ION
A
T ELECTRON (e-)
OXYGEN OXYGEN
I [-]
O 117 o 110 o
CHLORINE CHLORINE
N
OXYGEN OXYGEN

27. Q
I
S Chlorous Acid, HClO2
P
R
Chlorous acid is the weak acid that is intermediate in the
E
S reaction path between sodium chlorite and
E chlorine dioxide.
N
T Chlorous acid is thought to have high microbial activity,
A
T especially when combined with chlorine dioxide itself.
I
O
N

28. Q
I
S OXINE
P
R
E
S
COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL REACTIONS
E
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfects Disinfecting Activity
N
Sodium Chlorite Deodorizes Deodorizing Activity
T
Oxychloro Species Sanitizes Sanitizing Activity
A
Attacks Biofilms Attack of Biofilms
T
Kills Microbes Antimicrobial Activity
I
O
N

29. Q
I
S Characteristics of OXINE
P PHYSICAL UNACTIVATED ACTIVATED
PROPERTY
R STATE Liquid Liquid
E COLOR Colorless Green-yellow
S ODOR Very faint chlorinous odor Chlorine-like odor
E pH 8.2 – 8.5 2.0 – 2.5
N Boiling Point 213oF (100.5oC)
T Melting Point Not determined
A Freezing Point 28.9oF (-1.72oC)
T Vapor Pressure 23.7 mm Hg
Vapor Density
I 0.02 kg/m3
Specific Gravity 1.03 g/ml (20oC)
O Volatiles (by volumes) 97% (water)
N Solubility in water Complete
Evaporation rate Comparable to water

30. Q
I Chemical Properties of
S
OXINE
P Ultra high antimicrobial activity
R
E Disinfectant/ Bacteriostat
S Excellent deodorant
E Uniquely effective against biofilms
N
T Low corrosion potential at use concentration
A Does not chlorinate (no THM formation)
T
I Does not hydrolyze in water
O Resists neutralization due to organic load
N
Active over a broad range of pH, 1-10

31. Q
I Summary of
S
Antimicrobial Efficacy
P Bacteria
R TEST ORGANISM CONTACT TIME CONCENTRATION RESULT
E Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris 10 mins. 30 ppm 99.998% kill
S Bacillus cereus spores
Campylobacter jejuni
5 mins.
30 sec
200 ppm
30 ppm
99.999% kill
99.9% kill
E Erwinia carotovora 60 sec 50 ppm 99.999% kill
N Escherichia coli O157:H7
Lactobacillus sp.
60 sec
60 sec
3 ppm
20 ppm
99.999% kill
99.999% kill
T Legionella pneumophila 60 sec 25 ppm 99.999% kill
A Listeria monocytogenes
Mycobacterium bovis (tuberculosis)
60 sec
10 mins.
25 ppm
500 ppm
99.9999% kill
99.9999% kill
T Pediococcus sp. 60 sec 20 ppm 99.999% kill
I Proteus mirabilis 60 sec 100 ppm 99.999999% kill
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 60 sec 5 ppm 99.9999% kill
O Salmonella typhimurium 60 sec 100 ppm 99.999% kill
N Staphylococcus aureus 60 sec 30 ppm 99.999% kill
Streptococcus faecalis 60 sec 100 ppm 99.99999% kill
Streptococcus faecium 60 sec 100 ppm 99.9999% kill

32. Q
I Summary of
S
Antimicrobial Efficacy
P Fungi
R
E TEST ORGANISM CONTACT TIME CONCENTRATION RESULT
S Aspergillus fumigatus spores 60 sec 100 ppm 99.9999% kill
Aspergillus niger 60 sec 100 ppm 99.9999% kill
E
Candida Albicans 60 sec 100 ppm 99.99999% kill
N Cladosporium 30 sec 500 ppm 99.999% kill
T Mucor sp 30 sec 500 ppm 99.999% kill
A Penicillium 60 sec 100 ppm 99.999% kill
T Penicillium roquefortii 60 sec 500 ppm 100 % kill
I Saccharomyces cerevisiae 60 sec 30 ppm 99.999% kill
Stachybotrys chartarum 60 sec 100 ppm 99.997% kill
O Trichophyton mentagrophytes 5 min 500 ppm 100% kill
N

33. Q
I Summary of
S
Antimicrobial Efficacy
P Viruses
R
E TEST ORGANISM CONTACT TIME CONCENTRATION RESULT
S African Swine Fever Virus 5 mins 500 ppm 100 % virucidal
E Canine Parvovirus 10 mins 500 ppm 100 % virucidal
Coxsackie Virus 5 mins 550 ppm 99.9% kill
N Foot & Mouth Disease Virus 5 mins 500 ppm 100 % virucidal
T Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 5 mins 550 ppm 99.9% kill
A Newcastle Disease virus
Polio Virus Type 2
10 mins
5 mins
500 ppm
550 ppm
100% kill
99.9% kill
T PRRS virus 60 sec 312 ppm 100 % virucidal
I Pseudorabies virus 10 mins 500 ppm 100 % virucidal
Rhino virus 5 mins 550 ppm 99.9% kill
O Swine Vesicular Virus 5 mins 500 ppm 100 % virucidal
N

34. Q
I Comparison with other
S
Disinfecting Agents
P BIOCIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENT
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
P. aeruginosa S. aureus S. cerevisiae
R Oxine
Alcide-LD
Chlorine Dioxide 20,000
Sodium Chlorite 27,300
5
310
30
1300
30
640
E Chlorine
C-13
Sodium Hypochlorite 52,500
Sodium Hypochlorite 85,000
200
820
200
820
400
1600
S Iodophor Complex-Bound Iodine 180,500 440 440 450
Wavicide-01 Glutaraldehyde 20,000 Unactivated 2,300 1,200 620
E Sporocidn Glutaraldehyde activated 20,000 1,600 2,200 18,000
N
Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen Peroxide 30,000 36,000 68,000 270,000
Quat Quatemary Ammonium Compounds 580 140 74
T 22,500 Octyldecyldimethylammonium Chloride
11,250 Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride
A 11,250 Diotyldimethylammonium Chloride
30,000 Alkydimethylbenzylammonium Chloride
T Acidified Quat
Amphyl
As Quat + Phosphoric Acid
Phenolic Compounds
150
1,500
1,200
380
300
190
I o-phenylphenol 105,000
o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol
O Peroxy Compound I Peracetic Acid & Hydrogen Peroxide
Peroxy Compound II Peracetic Acid & Hydrogen Peroxide & Acetic Acid 20
30 60
40
300
400
N Acid Anionic Compound I
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid & Phosphoric Acid
Acid Anionic Compound II
Octanoic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Citric Acid &
40
80
80
150
600
200
Phosphoric Acid

35. Q
I
S Test Criteria
P
R
E The criteria of the test itself was:
S
E to determine the lowest concentration of the various
N disinfectants which would produce a 99.999% reduction
T
of organism after only sixty second (60 second) contact
A
T time with the chemical.
I
O
N

36. Q
I
S
P
R
E
S The strength or potency of the disinfectants
E
N
can be seen by comparing the concentrations,
T expressed in parts per million (ppm)
A necessary to produce the required kill
T
I within the specified contact period.
O
N

37. Q
I
S
P
R
E
S Those products which meet the kill criteria at
E
N
LOWER concentrations are judged to be
T MORE POTENT DISINFECTANTS,
A than those that must use higher concentration
T
to achieve the same result.
I
O
N

38. Q
I Comparison with other
S
Disinfecting Agents
P BIOCIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENT
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
P. aeruginosa S. aureus S. cerevisiae
R Oxine
Alcide-LD
Chlorine Dioxide 20,000
Sodium Chlorite 27,300
5
310
30
1300
30
640
E Chlorine
C-13
Sodium Hypochlorite 52,500
Sodium Hypochlorite 85,000
200
820
200
820
400
1600
S Iodophor Complex-Bound Iodine 180,500 440 440 450
Wavicide-01 Glutaraldehyde 20,000 Unactivated 2,300 1,200 620
E Sporocidn Glutaraldehyde activated 20,000 1,600 2,200 18,000
N
Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen Peroxide 30,000 36,000 68,000 270,000
Quat Quatemary Ammonium Compounds 580 140 74
T 22,500 Octyldecyldimethylammonium Chloride
11,250 Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride
A 11,250 Diotyldimethylammonium Chloride
30,000 Alkydimethylbenzylammonium Chloride
T Acidified Quat
Amphyl
As Quat + Phosphoric Acid
Phenolic Compounds
150
1,500
1,200
380
300
190
I o-phenylphenol 105,000
o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol
O Peroxy Compound I Peracetic Acid & Hydrogen Peroxide
Peroxy Compound II Peracetic Acid & Hydrogen Peroxide & Acetic Acid 20
30 60
40
300
400
N Acid Anionic Compound I
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid & Phosphoric Acid
Acid Anionic Compound II
Octanoic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Citric Acid &
40
80
80
150
600
200
Phosphoric Acid

39. Q
OXINE …
I
S
P
R
E
S
is significantly
E
N
T SUPERIOR
A
T
I to all other tested products
O
N

40. Comparison with other
Disinfecting Agents
1400
1200
1000 Oxine
Quat
800 Sodium Chlor it e
Per oxy l Compl
600 Chlor ine
A cid A nionic Comp
400
200
0
P S aur eus S E. coli
aer uginosa cer evi si ae

41. Reduction of Bacteria on Conveyor Lines
Q Using Oxine as Lube Additive
I Before and After Bacteria counts taken along
S a lubed conveyor/filler system in a large
softdrink manufacturing plant
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
A
T
I
O
N

42. Q By simply injecting Oxine into the lube stream at
I as little as 20 ppm (unactivated),
S several significant benefits result :
P 1. Substantial bacterial control of the conveyor lines.
R * 2-3 log reductions of counts on the conveyors
E
2. Various soils are loosened.
S
E 3. The natural cleaning action of the lube is enhanced.
N 4. Dirt and grit slide off with the use of a pressure hose.
T 5. The chains and conveyors run more smoothly with
A less wear on chains and motors.
T 6. The lubricity of the lube is increased.
I (Result: savings in lube usage itself).
O REASON: Oxine attacks the biofilms attached to the
N conveyors and the underlying rails.

43. Q
I
S FINAL BENEFIT
P
R
E Even low concentrations of Oxine in the
S
E
lube will help DEODORIZE the area
N immediately surrounding the can or
T bottle line – noticeably FRESHER and
A
T
nearly ODOR-FREE area.
I
O
N

44. Q
I Study conducted by three (3) companies:
S
Boeing Company
P
R Douglas Aircraft
E United Airlines Medical Division
S
E
N Nation-wide Search for the BEST Disinfectant
T
A to sanitize their onboard water systems and
T
holding tanks
I
O to treat their onboard potable drinking water
N

45. Q
I Principal Areas of
S
Concern
P
R
E
S antimicrobial activity
E
N
T low corrosion
A
T
I off flavors and odors in the
O
N water systems

46. Q
I
S RESULTS
P
R
E All three companies selected “stabilized
S
E
chlorine dioxide” (OXINE).
N
T
A OXINE is in the maintenance manuals of
T both Boeing and Douglas Aircraft as the
I
O
recommended compound for water
N system disinfection

47. Q COMPREHENSIVE
I
S STUDY OF
P DISINFECTANTS
R
Source : Journal of Industrial Microbiology
E
S volume 4 (1989) 145-154
E
Author : Dr. Ralph Tanner
N
T University of Oklahoma
A Feature:The products evaluated covered the complete
T
I spectrum of sanitizers, including other
O chlorine dioxide based products.
N

48. Q COMPREHENSIVE
I
S STUDY OF
P DISINFECTANTS
R RESULT:
E
S
E
OXINE is the overall most effective
N antimicrobial product tested.
T
A
T OXINE was dramatically more potent
I
O in its antimicrobial activity than
N standard sanitizers.

49. Comparison of the Activities of
Q Chlorine dioxide and Peracetic Acid
I
against Lactic Acid Bacteria
S
Condition ppm Viable cells/ml (60 sec. exposure
Pediococcus Lactobacillus
P
Control 2.5 x 106 1.6 x 106
R
Chlorine dioxide 20 < 2 x 100 < 2 x 100
E 50 < 2 x 100 < 2 x 100
S 100 < 2 x 100 < 2 x 100
E Peracetic acid 100 > 105 > 105
N 200 8.5 x 102 > 105
T 500 < 2 x 100 7.3 x 105
A
T RESULTS: (for comparative purposes only)
I
O 1. indicate that 20ppm chlorine dioxide could reduce viable
N counts of lactic acid bacteria at least 99.999% in a 60-second
speed-of-kill assay

50. Comparison of the Activities of
Q Chlorine dioxide and Peracetic Acid
I
against Lactic Acid Bacteria
S
Condition ppm Viable cells/ml (60 sec. exposure
Pediococcus Lactobacillus
P
Control 2.5 x 106 1.6 x 106
R
Chlorine dioxide 20 < 2 x 100 < 2 x 100
E 50 < 2 x 100 < 2 x 100
S 100 < 2 x 100 < 2 x 100
E Peracetic acid 100 > 105 > 105
N 200 8.5 x 102 > 105
T 500 < 2 x 100 7.3 x 105
A
T RESULTS: (for comparative purposes only)
I
O 2. suggest that about 1000 ppm of peracetic acid would be
N required to achieve a similar reduction in viability, using the
test.

51. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
Product Application: Food Processing Disinfectant(Sanitizer)
R Trade Name : Oxine
E
Chemical Family : Mixture of Oxychlorine Compounds
S
Active Ingredient : 2.0% Chlorine Dioxide
E
N E.P.A. Registration No.: 9804-1
T
A Oxine is an E.P.A. registered disinfectant/sanitizer with
T applications in food processing plants.
I E.P.A. registration as a terminal sanitizing rinse for food
O contact surfaces in food processing plants such as
N poultry, fish, meat, and in restaurants, dairies, bottling
plants and breweries. (100ppm)

52. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
R E.P.A. registration registration for disinfection of environmental
E surfaces on floors, walls and ceilings in food processing
S plants such as poultry, fish, meat, and in restaurants,
E dairies, bottling plants and breweries.(500ppm)
N
T E.P.A. registration as a sanitizing rinse of uncut and unpeeled
fruits and vegetables at 5ppm followed by a potable water
A
rinse.
T
I E.P.A. registration as a bacteriostat in ice making plants and
O machinery. (20 ppm)
N

53. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
R F.D.A. approval as a terminal sanitizing rinse, not requiring a
E water rinse, on all food contact surfaces. (100-200 ppm)
S 21 CFR 178.1010
E
F.D.A. Letter of no objection for the use of stabilized chlorine
N
dioxide at 20 ppm for treating ice used for icing fish in
T the round
A
T F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent on raw agricultural
commodities at 500-1200 ppm acidified sodium chlorite
I
followed by thermal processing or a potable water rinse.
O
21 CFR 173.325
N

54. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
R F.D.A. approval as a sanitizing wash for uncut and unpeeled
E fruits and vegetables at 3 ppm free chlorine dioxide
followed by the thermal processing or a potable water
S
rinse. 21 CFR 173.300
E
F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent on raw agricultural
N commodity in preparing, packing or holding. Applied as
T a dip or spray at 500- 1200 ppm acidified sodium
A chlorite followed by a thermal process or a potable
T water rinse. 21 CFR 173.325
I F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent in water used in
O poultry processing at 2 ppm chlorine dioxide. 21 CFR.
N 173.300

55. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
R F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent in poultry
E processing water as a component of:
S - Carcass spray or dip at 500-1200 ppm acidified sodium
E chlorite. 21 CFR 173.325
N
-Prechiller/chiller tank at 50-150 ppm acidified sodium
T
chlorite. 21 CFR 173.325
A
T F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent in water or ice (40
I – 50 ppm acidified sodium chlorite) used to wash, rinse,
O thaw, transport, or store seafood. 21 CFR 173.325
N

56. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
R F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent in the processing
E of red meat as a component of a carcass spray at 500-
S 1200 ppm acidified sodium chlorite. 21 CFR 173.325
E
N F.D.A. approval as an antimicrobial agent on processed,
T comminuted or formed meat food products (unless
A precluded by standards of identity….). Applied as a dip
T or spray at 500-1200 ppm acidified sodium chlorite prior
I to packing 21 CFR 173.325
O
N

57. SUMMARY OF FOOD
Q
I
PROCESSING
S GOVERNMENT
P REGISTRATIONS
U.S.D.A., D-2 approval as a terminal sanitizing rinse, not requiring
R a potable water rinse, on all food contact surfaces found in
food processing plants. (Use according to Label Instructions)
E
U.S.D.A, P-1 approval for bacterial and mold control in federally
S inspected meat and poultry processing plants for
E environmental surfaces. (Use According to Label
N Instructions.)
T U.S.D.A., 3-D approval for washing fruits and vegetables that
A are used as ingredients of meat, poultry and rabbit
products followed by a potable water rinse. (Use
T
According to Label Instructions.)
I
U.S.D.A., G-5 approval for cooling and retort water treatment
O (According to Label Instructions.)
N

58. Q
I
OXINE’s – Profile of
S Excellence
P
R
E A Focus on Chlorine Dioxide: The Ideal Biocide
S
G. D. Simpson, R. F. Miller, G. D. Laxton, and
E
W. R. Clements
N Unichem International Inc.
T 16800 Imperial Valley Drive, Suite 130
A Houston, Texas 77060
T
I Meitz, "Environmental Concerns and Biocides,"
O Paper No. 306, Corrosion 91, March 11-15, 1991.
N

59. Q
I
S
PERFORMANCE
P It must exhibit rapid kill of target organisms, with a high
R LC50 toward non-target organisms.
E
S It must be able to keep systems clean of biofilm; ideally it
E should be able to clean up already fouled systems.
N
It should not be consumed by materials commonly
T
encountered in cooling systems, e.g., hydrocarbons,
A
wood, plastic, or other treatment chemicals.
T
I Finally, it must be effective over a wide range of operating
O conditions.
N

60. Q
I
S
ENVIRONMENT
P
R
E
S Side or by-product reactions should be minimized and
E reaction products should be environmentally friendly;
N
T Neither it, its by-products, nor its reaction products should
A persist in the environment.
T
I
O
N

61. Q
I
S
SAFETY
P
R
E
S It must be safe and easy to handle.
E
N
T
A
T
I
O
N

62. Q
I
S
ECONOMICS
P
R
E
S It must be affordable.
E
N
T
A
T
I
O
N

63. COMPARISON OF OXIDIZING
Q
I
BIOCIDES
S IN LIGHT OF THE CRITERIA OF
AN 'IDEAL' BIOCIDE
P
R HOCl HOBr ClO2 O3
E PERFORMANCE
S High pH C B A A
E Kinetics B B A A
N Selectivity C B A D
T Biofilm B B A C
A System Contamination C C A D
T Bacterial Recovery B B A C
I ENVIRONMENTAL
O THM C C B A
N TOX C C B A

64. COMPARISON OF OXIDIZING
Q
BIOCIDES
I
S IN LIGHT OF THE CRITERIA OF
AN 'IDEAL' BIOCIDE
P
R HOCl HOBr ClO2 O3
E ENVIRONMENTAL
S Toxicity
E of primary oxidant B A A C
N of oxidation by-products B B C A
T of oxidation reaction products B C A D
A residual life (short life best) C B C A
T SAFETY
I Easy to Use B B C B
O Safe to Handle B B C B
N

65. COMPARISON OF OXIDIZING
Q
BIOCIDES
I
S IN LIGHT OF THE CRITERIA OF
AN 'IDEAL' BIOCIDE
P
R
E HOCl HOBr ClO2 O3
S ECONOMICS
E Clean System A B B C
N Contaminated System C C A C
T
A Cumulative GPA 2.6 2.8 3.3 2.7
T
I
O
N

66. Q
I OXINE’s profile of excellence
S
is no elusion.
P
R
E Numerous independent processing facilities,
S government research laboratories, private
E laboratories and universities have selected
N OXINE as the
T
A
T
I
O
“BEST OF THE
N BEST”

67. Q
I
S
P
R
E Presentation Ends
S
E
N
T
A
T
THANK YOU
I
O
N