1. Chapter 7

2. Information Processing
Model
 Encoding- the processing of information
into the memory system
 Storage- the retention of encoded
information over time
 Retrieval- the process of getting
information out of memory storage

3. Encoding: Getting Information
In
 Automatically processing- unconscious
encoding of everyday information such
as space, time, frequency and well-
learned word meanings
 What did you have for dinner last night?

4. Encoding: Getting Information
In
 Effortful processing- encoding that
requires attention and conscious effort
 Rehearsal- repetition of information
 Spacing effect- spread rehearsal over time
 Serial position effect- the tendency to recall
best the last and first word on a list

5. Encoding Effectively
 Encoding Meaning- making connections
between new information and what we
already know
 Visual Encoding- we may struggle to
remember formulas, dates, and
definitions, yet we easily remember
visual images

6. Storage
 Unless our working memory rehearses
or meaningfully encode sensory info, it
quickly disappears
 Typically, we can store about 7 bits of
information in our short term memory

7. Long Term Memory
 Memories that are permanently stored
 Flashbulb memories- a clear memory of
an emotionally significant moment or
event
 Implicit memories- retaining learned
skills or conditioning
 Explicit memories- memories or facts
and personal events that you can
consciously retrieve

8. Retrieval
 Recall- memory demonstrated by
retrieving information learned earlier
 Fill in the blank
 Recognition- memory demonstrated by
identifying items previously learned
 Multiple choice

9. Retrieval
 Retrieval clues- any stimulus linked to a
specific memory (place, event, feeling)
○ Read page 190
 Déjà vu- eerie sense that “I’ve
experienced this before”. Cues from the
current situation may unconsciously
trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
○ Read page 191