2. Functional biometrics is the primary goal in designing biomaterials where tissue function should be restored.
3. Material biomimetism, where restoration of organ function is assumed to be obtained if the tissues are themselves imitated
4.
5. Regarding the substitution, the bio mimetic synthesis of biomaterials is based on bone bio mineralization that can be described as an extracellular preparation under appropriate physiological conditions. It offers several advantageous alternatives in favour of bone repair. As calcium phosphate ceramics are brittle, a bone like composite prepared under mild conditions and composed of an organic matrix and mineral crystal will open the possibility to use bio ceramics in load bearing applications. The bio mimetic method have been explored and researched which will lead to coatings on implant substrates or powdery compounds
6.
7. Fibrillar architecture has led to the design of polymers. These structures can now be fabricated at the nanometre scale which is essential for providing signals to the cells in the biological environment.
10. Seeding in 3D and cultivated in bioreactor conditions to produce viable constructs
11. The most sophisticated strategy to prepare scaffold consists of design via 3D computer aided technique from a 3D CT scans of the body part to be replaced.
![Biomaterials – A New HorizonSharath GhoshB100243048002266950<br />Biomaterials – A New Horizon<br />A paper submitted to<br />Dr. Prithwis Mukharjee<br />In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the course<br />Business Information Systems<br />On 07/11/2010<br />By Sharath Ghosh<br />B10024<br />Praxis Business School<br />Abstract<br />During the last decade’s considerable attention have been directed towards the use of implants using biomaterials. Biomaterials are intended to interface with biological system to evaluate and treat tissue, organs or functions of the body. But biomaterials so far are disable to become a part of body systems, they are still an alien material for the body. This work is based on the development of biocompatible biomaterials using tissue-engineering, made artificially but when inside the host will be a part of body system and act accordingly. This revolution will coincide with the increase in overall human survivability, regeneration theories, efficient systems and repair mechanisms.<br />The Idea – An Overview<br />Introduction:<br />There is a big demand for bio-materials to assist or replace organ functions and to improve patients’ quality of life. Materials options include metals, ceramics and polymers. Unfortunately the conventional materials are used that were not specifically developed for biological applications. Interaction between biomaterials and natural tissues is an important subject for biomaterial science and have a huge scope ahead. Such information is essential to aid the design of new biocompatible biomaterials.Source : www.mediligence.com<br />State of the art biomaterials:<br />Biomaterials are widely used in medical and dental treatment but their effectiveness is questionable. Almost all were developed for general use. Some alloys and hydroxyapatites were introduced in orthopaedic and dental fields and satisfactory results were obtained. Hydroxyapatite has the advantage that it connects to natural hydroxyapatite in bone. Toxicity must be avoided but inertness is not a high priority in biomaterials. Unfortunately metallic and ceramic biomaterials are not suitable to to replace soft tissues because of markedly different mechanical properties. Conventional polymers are used for many of today’s disposable medical devices but new functional biomaterials are awaited. Biomaterials have already successfully impacted the orthopaedic market segment. The invention of new facilitating technology will not only modify research in this field but with the increase in its applications the market will be bigger by time. Source : www.mediligence.com<br />Future visions:<br />Replacing natural organs with artificial ones causes difficulties when they do not function properly. However, artificial organs are necessary to support part or all of their essential functions, thereby improving quality of life. Artificial kidneys are one example. At present artificial hearts are only used temporarily to keep patient alive prior to organ transplantation. Availability of transplantable organs is strictly limited. New functional biomaterials are needed to improve artificial organs.<br />Non-thrombogenic artificial surfaces are an essential target for synthesis. There have been many proposals to provide blood compatible surfaces. This will increase the efficiency and take this science in the next level. Immobilization of hepain and urokinase, and introduction of poly-ethylene oxide chains on the surface are promising. Accumulation of plasma proteins on the blood contracting surfaces must be minimized. Preparation of multifunctional biomaterials such as non thrombogenic elastomers and permeable membranes, is a future challange.<br />Allograft Technology has a huge market. This technology will boost up the investments in this field.<br /> Source : www.mediligence.com<br />Future Needs and Priorities:<br />Artificial organs must be connected to our bodies during use but methods of connection still need to be researched. Infection at the interface is an unsolved problem in medical devices and artificial organs. Encapsulation around implanted biomaterials is essential for implantable biosensors which will be the outstanding gift of medical science to human civilization. But this technology is yet to be invented. Other emerging technologies around biomaterials are how to join each artificial blood vessel with patient’s natural blood vessels by the innovation of durable bonds between artificial organs and human tissues. Biocompatible blood access is also required for dialysis patients. <br />Source: Biomaterials by John B Park<br />Good scaffold is needed for cells and tissues other than gelatine and collagen. A three dimentional biomatrix is important for tissue engineering, especially to make hybridized artificial organs such as artificial liver support system.<br />Internal Research Programme needs :<br />Hard dental tissues do not have effective wound healing characteristics and do not regenerate, this was not initially realized by dental researched and clinicians. Clinicians believe that they could provide durable prosthesis to fix defects but the cut tissue did not heal and suffered invasion of micro-organisms. This is termed “secondary caries”. Connecting artificial materials to artificial tissues including tooth substrates will be a huge contribution in this field. Invention of pseudo-wound-healing characteristics will revolutionize the medical world. It is expected that hybridized dental tissue together with impermeable and acid resistant artificial enamel could resolve many problems in dentistry. Dental biomaterials may eliminate many dental defects in hard tissue and rejuvenate their function.<br />Non thrombogenic biomaterials are widely used in the development of artificial hearts but there are difficulties in their preparation. Artificial hearts are available as a temporary measure to bridge the transfer during heart transplantation even without non-thrombogenic substrates. The inner surface of blood vessels is composed of bio membranes whose main components are phospholipids. It has been suggested that methacrylate with phospholipid polar groups might be used at the membrane interphaseas the polymer surfaces could accumulate phospholipids when in contact with body fluids. 2-Methacryloyloxyenthylphosphorylchloride can be prepared and the characteristics of copolymers can be evaluated. Such copolymers are non-thrombogenic, highly hypophillic and, permeable, transluscent and do not accumulate bio active proteins on the surface. Bio-compatibility of several artificial surfaces could be improved by coating. This technology could open up revolutionary implementations of the use of such artificially designed organs and advanced medical devices.<br />3028950190500Conclusion:<br />Patients with several handicaps require new type biomaterials to improve their quality of life by assisting, recovering and reconstructing diseased or lost functions or organs. Connecting biomaterial science with tissue engineering will be a huge contribution to mankind. For example dialysis membranes keep more than 500 thousand chronic kidney patients every year. Tissue engineering has limitations and work is in hand to prepare new functional biomaterials with sufficiently strong mechanical properties. Good scaffolds are also needed for tissue engineering. Biotechnology based on gene science offers useful methods of producing effective materials for medical devices and artificial organs.<br />Source : www.bb.ustc.edu.cn<br />The Idea – Detailed Analysis<br />History<br />Replacing body parts, and especially hard tissues, dates back centuries by use of natural or synthetic materials. For instance, the Etruscans learned to substitute missing teeth with bridges made from artificial teeth carved from the bones of oxen, and in the 17th century a piece of dog skull was successfully transplanted into the damaged skull of a Dutch duke. The Chinese recorded the first use of dental amalgam to repair decayed teeth in the year 699 AD, and the pre-Colombian civilization used gold sheets to heal cranial cavities following trepanation. However, many other implantations failed as a result of the selected materials.<br />The safe use of materials to replace body parts did not come into practice until the advance of aseptic surgical techniques at the end of the 19th century. For decades attempts have been made to repair or replace hard tissues by various means. At first antilogous bone was used by grafting usually requires a second surgerical procedure. To overcome this shortage allogenic bone was taken into consideration, but its clinical performance is inferior as compared with autologous bone. In addition in load bearing applications, such as teeth or hip implants, bulk grafts cannot be used functionally. Instead, metals and non-degradable ceramics have been used because of their resistance to fatigue and high tensile strength. Until 1960s, materials used to replace body parts were borrowed from other industrial domains, and some of these are still widely used. Since 1960s materials specifically designed for body repair have been processed and used in clinical settings.<br />Regardless of their composition or application, materials used for body repair must meet both bio functionality and biocompatibility. Biocompatibility concerns the ability of the implant to perform the purpose for which it is designated. <br />Biomaterials can be defined as a material that is used to make devices to replace a part or a function of the body in a safe, reliable, economic and physiologically acceptable manner. It is a synthetic material used to replace part of living system or to function intimate contact with living tissue.<br />CompositionTypeClinical ApplicationsPropertiesTitanium & AlloysCeramicBone ReplacementsLoad Bearing SitesHip/Dental ProsthesisSpinal CasesBone Bonding (Bioactivity)Non corrosive, high specific strengthLow elasticity modulusBoneComposite MineralsProteinsBone Void FillerCartilage RegenerationSimilar Composition as the last boneBiodegradableNatural Source of ProteinsCollagenProteinHard and Soft Tissue RegenerationBiodegradableFibrinProteinSoft Tissue RepairSealing CapacityPoly-ethyleneCo-PolymerCement stopperBone void fillerSoft Tissue regenerationDrug DeliveryTurnability by varying molecular weight of degradation and mechanical propertiesBioactivity<br />Till now application of biomaterials are limited. But there exist a huge scope of tissue repairment using biomaterials and tissue engineering technology. The resources and technology is available and the research on this have already started. This will bring a new mode to medical science.<br />Towards Smart Designs to repair Tissues<br />Smart Design of Tissue Repair<br />,[object Object]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biomaterials-anewhorizon-110416020948-phpapp01/85/Biomaterials-a-new-horizon-1-320.jpg)
