1. PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS
OF BEHAVIOR
Prepared by:
Lopez, Shaira Rizza
Tanteco, Sebastian
Zorilla, Ina Claudette

2. ACTIVITY 1:

3. ACTIVITY:
Direction: Look at the images
and read their COLORS and
not the words…

4. ACTIVITY:
YELLOW BLUE
ORANGE
BLACK RED GREEN
PURPLE YELLOW RED
ORANGE GREEN BLACK
BLUE RED
PURPLE
GREEN BLUE

5. EXPLANATION
The activity results to a left-
right conflict.
Your left brain tries to tell you
the color but your right brain
insists on the word.

6. THE
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

7. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 A biological highway of information
 Can receive, send, and interpret information by
electrical signals
 A complex network of nerve cells that regulates our
bodily functions and permits us to reach to the
external world
 It contains nerve cells or NEURONS

8. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Neuron
 It is the base of the nervous system
 Its basic purpose is to receive information and
send a signal to other neurons, muscles, or
glands.
 It is a nerve cell
 It has a cell body, a very long axon sheathed in
myelin, and dendrites.

9. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

10. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Cell Body
 Also known as the Soma
 Is the bulbous end of the neuron
 It contains the cell nucleus
 It makes use of nutrients to supply energy for
neuronal activity.

11. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Axons
 These are long cytoplasmic tubes that carries
electric impulses from one part of the body to
another.
 They are insulated from each other by their myelin
sheaths.
 May have branches called terminal buttons at its
end.
Myelin Sheath – the fatty insulating layer that surrounds many axons.

12. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Dendrites
 These are tiny branches at the ends of all neurons
 Are organelles that sense the neurotransmitter
secreted by the axon of another neuron
 Dendrites and axons do not directly touch each
other; there is a gap, called a synapse.

13. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 3 Types of Neurons
 Sensory Neurons (Afferent)– posses a long
dendrite and short axon. They carry sensory
receptors to the CNS.
 Motor Neurons (Efferent) – have long axon and
short dendrites. They transmit messages to from
the CNS to the muscles or the glands.
 Interneurons (Connector) – located only in the
CNS where there is a neuron-to-neuron
connection.

14. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Neurotransmitters
 Chemicals, called neurotransmitters are released
from one neuron at the presynaptic nerve terminal
then they cross the synapse where they may be
accepted by the next neuron at a specialized site
called a receptor

15. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Examples of Neurotransmitters
 Acetylcholine – fecilitates learning and memory
 Norepinephrine or Noradrenaline – too little may
lead to depression; too much causes hyperactivity
 Dopamine – too much may lead to Schizophrenic
Reaction; too little causes Parkinson’s Disease
 Epinephrine or Adrenaline – also called the fight-
or-flight hormone
 Endorphins – natural pain-killers or “feel-good”
drugs

16. THE
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM

17. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Consists of the brain and the spinal cord
 It causes sensory information to the brain by
the afferent and efferent nerves
 It plays a key role in various reflexes
 It integrates the information that it receives
from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of
the bodies
Afferent – conveys impulse toward the CNS
Efferent – conveys impulse to effectors

18. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Spinal Cord
 It is a bundle of nerve fibers, no thicker than the
human thumb, that links the brain with the rest of
the body
 It is protected by the vertebral column
 Located at the dorsal side of the body and links
the brain to the rest of the body.

19. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Spinal Cord

20. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Brain
 A mass of nerve tissue located in the head that
controls the body’s function
 It is protected by the skull
 It weigh 3lbs and contains 90% of the body
neurons
 It has two hemispheres: the left and right
 It has three major parts which consists of the
forebrain, midbrain, and the hindbrain

21. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 3 Major Parts of the Brain:
1. Forebrain
 Occupies the largest part and the entire upper
portion of the skull
 It is composed of two major hemispheres:the left
and right
 Important Parts are the:
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Cerebrum

22. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
o Thalamus
 It may be thought of as a kind of switchboard of
information
 Regulates the state of sleep and wakefulness
 A by-station from the sensory organs to the
cerebral cortex sensory regions
 Has a somatosensory mapping of the body and
has known integrative functions

23. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Hypothalamus
 It collects and integrates a huge variety of
information from the body and to
organize neural and endocrine responses that
maintain homeostasis
 It controls the autonomic
functions, emotions, endocrine
functions, homeostasis, motor functions, regulates
food and water intake, regulates sleep-wake
cycle, and sex drive and hormones

24. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Cerebrum
 It is the main area of the forebrain
 It is the part of the brain that controls thought,
memory and the senses
 It is divided into two parts - the right hemisphere,
which controls the left side of the body; and the
left hemisphere, which controls the right side of
the body.

25. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

26. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 3 Major Parts of the Brain:
2. Midbrain
 Tracts between the cerebrum and the spinal
cord and functions as part of the overall impulse
conduction system.
 It also controls some auditory and visual
responses

27. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 3 Major Parts of the Brain:
3. Hindbrain
 It is close to the spinal cord
 Includes the Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and
Cerebellum
• Medulla Oblongata - has an important role in
heartbeat, breathing, and blood circulation
• Pons - lies in the brainstem just above the
medullaoblongata
• Cerebellum - maintains posture, coordinates
muscular activities; called organ of motor
coordination

28. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 The brain also consists of 4 lobes namely the:
1. Frontal Lobe - is located at the front of the brain
and is associated with reasoning, motor
skills, higher level cognition, and expressive
language
2. Parietal Lobe - is located in the middle section of
the brain and is associated with processing tactile
sensory information such as pressure, touch, and
pain

29. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 The brain also consists of 4 lobes namely the
3. Temporal Lobe - is located on the bottom
section of the brain. This lobe is also the location
of the primary auditory cortex, which is important
for interpreting sounds and the language we hear
4. Occipital Lobe - is located at the back portion of
the brain and is associated with interpreting visual
stimuli and information

30. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

31. THE
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

32. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 It connects the CNS to sensory organs, other
organs of the body, muscles, blood vessels, and
glands
 This is divided into 2 major divisions namely the
Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic
Nervous System

33. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Somatic Nervous System
 Made up of sensory system and motor nerves that
activate skeletal muscles responsible for
movement
 Has 43 pairs of major nerves: 12 pairs of Cranial
Nerves and 31 pairs of Spinal Nerves

34. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
2. Autonimic Nervous System
 Functions in an involuntary, reflexive manner
 Acts as a control system functioning largely below
the level of consciousness, and
controls visceral functions
 Has 2 subsystems namely the Sympathetic
Nervous System and the Parasympathetic
Nervous System
Visceral – of relating to, or located on or among the viscera

35. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Sympathetic Nervous System
 involved in the “fight or flight” response during
emergency situation or in high emotion
 It increases alertness, stimulates tissue, and
prepares the body for quick responses to unusual
situations.
 causes activation & energy expenditure

36. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System
 involved in “rest or repose” system as it quiets the
body and returns it to a lower intensity of arousal
 calms the body after the emergency situation is
resolved
 involved in relaxation
 conserves energy and controls sedentary

37. SUMMARY
OF THE
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

38. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

39. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

40. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 is made up of glands that produce and secrete
hormones
 hormones regulate the body’s
growth, metabolism, and sexual development and
function
 Hormones are directly released on the bloodstream
because they have no ducts or structured
passageways to the organs that they serve

41. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

42. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Classification of Hormones
1. Steroids – lipids derived from cholesterol and it
is secreted by the gonads, adrenal cortex, and
placenta
2. Peptides – short chains of amino acids and it is
secreted by the pituitary, parathyroid, heart,
stomach, liver, and kidneys
3. Amines – derived from amino acid tyrosine and
it is secreted by the adrenal medulla

43. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Pituitary Gland is the master gland and influences
growth, metabolism and regeneration
 It is divided into 2 parts: the anterior and posterior
 Growth Hormones (GH) is a peptide anterior
pituitary hormone essential for growth. Too little GH
may cause dwarfism and too much may cause
gigantism.
 Gonadotropins affect the gonads by stimulating
gamete formation and production of sex hormones

44. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Prolactin is secreted near the end of pregnancy and
prepares the breasts for milk production
 Antidiuretic Hormones (ADH) and oxytocin are
produced in the hypothalamus and transported by
axons to the posterior pituitary where they are
dumped into the blood
 ADH controls water balance in the body and blood
pressure
 Oxytocin is a small peptide hormone that stimulates
uterine contractions during childbirth

45. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Adrenal Glands enables us to cope with stress
 It is divided into an inner medulla and an
outer cortex
 The medulla synthesizes amine hormones while the
cortex secretes steroid hormones
 The adrenal medulla consists of modified neurons
that secrete two
hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine
 The adrenal cortex produces several steroid
hormones in three
classes: mineralcorticoids, glucorticoids, and sex
hormones

46. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Thyroid Gland located in the neck and the follicles
in the thyroid secrete thyroglobulin, a storage form
of thyroid hormone
 Low production of thyroid hormones is called
hypothyroidism
 High production of thyroid hormones is called
hyperthyroidism

47. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Pancreas contains exocrine cells that secrete
digestive enzymes into the small intestine and
clusters of endocrine cells (pancreatic islets)and it
secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which
regulate blood glucose levels
 Too high glucose level may result to hyperglycemia
 Too low glucose level may result to hypoglycemia