This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its pathophysiology, types, clinical presentation, investigations, and management. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs and can develop due to conditions that weaken the heart such as heart attacks or high blood pressure. Symptoms depend on whether the left side, right side, or both sides of the heart are affected. Management involves treating the underlying cause, reducing symptoms through medications, lifestyle changes, and addressing complications.

1. HEART FAILURE Dr.Abdulla Sherif. Find this lecture on: www.slideshare.net/shaikhani/heart failure .

4. Features Examples Cause In coronary artery disease, 'akinetic' or 'dyskinetic' segments contract poorly and may impede the function of the normal segments by distorting their contraction and relaxation patterns MI (segmental dysfunction) Red V contractility Progressive ventricular dilatation Myocarditis/CMP (global dysfunction) Initially concentric ventricular hypertrophy allows the ventricle to maintain a normal output by generating a high systolic pressure. However, secondary changes in the myocardium and increasing obstruction eventually lead to failure with ventricular dilatation and rapid clinical deterioration HT, AS (LHF) Pulm HT, PVS(RHF) V outflow obstr (pressure overload) Small vigorous ventricle, dilated hypertrophied atrium. Atrial fibrillation is common and often causes marked deterioration because ventricular filling depends heavily on atrial contraction MS, TS V inflow obstruction Dilatation and hypertrophy allow the ventricle to generate a high stroke volume and help to maintain a normal cardiac output. However, secondary changes in the myocardium eventually lead to impaired contractility and worsening heart failure LV volume overload (e.g. Ml or AR, AVF) VSD,RV volume overload (e.g. ASD) Increased metabolic demand (high output) V volume overload Tachycardia does not allow for adequate filling of the heart, resulting in reduced cardiac output and back pressure Atrial fibrillation Arrhythmia Incessant tachycardia causes myocardial fatigue Tachycardia CMP Bradycardia limits cardiac output even if stroke volume is normal CHB

5. Marked fluid retention and peripheral oedema, ascites, pleural effusions and elevated jugular veins Constrictive pericarditis Diastolic dysfunction Bi-atrial enlargement (restrictive filling pattern and high atrial pressures). Atrial fibrillation may cause deterioration Restrictive cardiomyopathy Good systolic function but poor diastolic filling Left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis Hypotension, elevated jugular veins, pulsus paradoxus, poor urine output Cardiac tamponade Features Examples Cause