1. FISIOLOGI GINJAL Shofa chasani Bag. Fisiologi dan sub bag penyakit ginjal hipertensi Penyakit Dalam FK UNDIP/ RSUP DR Kariadi Semarang
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3. PHYSIOLOGY OF BODY FLUID 1.PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION 2.VOLUME OF BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS 3.MESASUREMENT OF BODY FLUID VOLUME 4.COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUID COMPARTMENT 5.FLUID EXCHANE
4. VOLUMES OF BODY FLUID COMPARTMENT Total body water(TBW)=0,6BW=42 L ECF=1/3 TBW=14L ICF=2/3 TBW=28L Interstial fluid ¾ ECF =10,5L Plasma=1/4ecf 3.5L Cell mbr Cap. endotel
5. FLUID EXCHANG BETWEEN BODY FLUID COMPARTMEN Capillary fluid exchange : Fluid movement =Kf [(Pc +Oi)- (Pt=Oc)] Kf=filtration coeff of the cap. Wall Pc=hydrostatic pressure within the cap. Lumen. Oc= oncotic pressue of the plasma. Pt = hydrostatic pressure of the interstitium Oi = oncotic pressure of the interstitial fluid.
6. Celluler fluid exchange : osmotic pressure difference between ECF and ICF are responsible for fluid movement between these compartment
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8. THE ROLE OF THE KIDNEY VENOUS PRESSURE CAPILLARY HYDROS PRESSURE MOVE OF FLUID INTO INTERSTITIUM PLASMA VOLUME VOL RECEPTORS DETECT ECF NaCl and H2O Reabsorption by The kidney Restore plasma volume
9. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEYS AND THE LOWER URINARY TRACT OBYECTIVES 1.Describe the location of the kidneys and their gross anatomical feature. 2.Describe the defferent parts of the nephron and their location within the cortex and medulla. 3.Identify the components of the glomerulus and the cell types located in each component. 4.Describe the structur of glomerular capillaries and identify which structures are filtration barriers to plasma proteins.
10. OBYECTIVE 5.Describe the components of the yuxtaglomerular apparatus and the cells located in each component 6.Describe the bood supply to the kidneys. 7.Describe the innervation of the kidneys. 8.Describe the anatomy and physiology of the lower urinary tract.
15. Yuxtaglom: is one component of an important feedback mechanism that is involved in the autoregulation of RBF and GFR
16. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION AND RENAL BLOOD FLOW OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the concepts of mass balance and clearence and explain how they are used to analyze renal trnsport 2. Define the three general process by which substances are handled by the kidneys:glom. Filtration, tub.reabsorb and tub. Secretion. 3. Explain the use of inulin and creatinine clearence to mea- sure the GFR. 4. Explain the use of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearence to measure renal plasma flow(RPF) 5. Describe the composition of theglom.ultrafiltrate, and identify which molecule are not filtered by the glomerulus.
17. OBJECTIVES (cont.) 6. Explain how the los of negative charges on the glom. capillaries results in proteinuri. 7.Describe starling forces involved in the formation of the glom. Ultrafiltrate , and explain how charges in each force affect the glom.filtration rate. 8.Explain how the starling force change along the length of the glom. Capillaries. 9.Describe how changes in the renal plasma flow rate influence the GFR. 10.Explain autoregulation pf renal blood flow and the GFR and identify the factors responsible for autoregulation 11.Identify the major hormones that influence RBF. 12.Explain how and why hormones influence RBF despite autoregulation.
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20. MEASUREMENT OF GFR — CLEARENCE OF INULIN Amount filtered = amount excreted GFR X Pin = Uin X V GFR = Uin X V Pin
21. MEASUREMENT OF RENAL PLASMA FLOW AND RENAL BLOOD FLOW. RPF= CLEARENCE OF PAH PAH LOW 0,12mg/ml RPF = Upah X V P pah RBF = RPF 1 - HCT
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25. REGULATION OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW hemorrhage Arterial blood pressure Intra renal receptors Renin secretion Plasma renin Plasma angiotensin Constriction of Renal arterioles RBF and GFR Activity of renal Symphatic nerves Carotic sinus and Aortic arch reflexs
26. RENAL TRANSPORT MECHANISM NaCL AND WATER REABSORPTION ALONG THE NEPHRON OBJECTIVE 1.Explain the three processes involved in the production of urine a. filtration b. reabsorption c. secretion.. 2.Describe the magnitude of the processes of filtration and reab- sorption by the nephron. 3.Describe the composition of normal urine. 4.explain the basic transport mechanisms present in each nephron segment. 5.Describe how water reabsorption is “coupled” to Na+ reabsorp tion in the proximal tubule. 6.Explain how solutes, but not water , are reabsorbed by the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop.
27. OBJECTIVE - COUNT . 7. Describe how Starling forces regulate solute and water reabsorption across the proximal tubule. 8. Explain glomerulotubular balance and its phy- siological significance . 9. Identify the major hormones that regulate NaCl and water reabsorption by its nephron segment
37. OBJECTIVE cont. 4. Identify the major signals acting on the kidney to alter their excretion of Na+. 5. Describe the regulation of Na+ reabsorption in each of the various portion of the nephron and how changes in effective circulating volume affect these regulatory mechanisms. 6. Explain the pathophysiology of edema formation and the role of Na+ retention by the kidneys
38. CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE CIRCULATING VOLUME Effective circulating volume Volume sensors Kidney Alteration in NaCl excretion
39. ECF VOLUME RECEPTORS Vasculer low pressure cardiac atria pulmonary vasculature high pressure carotid sinus aortic arch yuxtaglomeruler apparatus of the kidney (afferent arteriole) Central nervous system Hepatic
40. SIGNALS INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF RENAL NaCl AND WATER EXCRETION Renal sympathetic nerves ( activity NaCl excretion ) 1. Glomerular filtration rate 2. Renin secretion 3. Prox, tubule and thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop NaCl reabsorption
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43. Brain ADH Angiotensin II Lung Ang II Adrenal Aldosteron Kidney Na+ excretion H2O excretion Angiotensin I Angiotensinogen Hepar Renin RAAS
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45. CONTROL OF Na+ EXCRETION WITH NORMAL ECF EUVOLEMIA: NaCl ingested and axcreted--- balance 1.Na+ reabsorption by the proximal tubule, Henle’s loop , and the distal tubule is regulate so that a re- latively constan portion of the filtered load of Na+ is diliveredto the collecting duct.. 2.Reabsorption of Na+ by the collecting duct is regu lated such that the amount of Na+ excreted in the urine matches the amount ingested in the diet. ------------ maintain the euvolemic state.
46. CONTROL OF Na+ EXCRETION WITH INCREASE ECV The signal acting on the kidneys include: 1. Activity of the renal sympathetic 2. Release of ANP. 3. Inhibition of ADH secretion. 4. Renin secretion Three general responses to an increases in ECV : 1. GFR increases 2. Reabsorption of Na+ decreases in the prox. tubule. 3. Reabsorption of Na+ decreases in the collec. duct.
47. CONTROL OF Na+ EXCRETION WITH DECREASES ECV The signal acting on kidneys include : 1. Increases renal sympathetic activity. 2. Increases secretion of renin. 3. Inhibition of ANP secretion. 4. Stimulation of ADH secretion. Three general respons to decreases ECV: 1. GFR decreases. 2. Increases of Na+ reabsorption in the prox. tubule. 3. Increases of Na+ reabsorption in the collecting duct.
48. REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE Objective 1. Explain the chemistry of the CO2/HCO3 buffer system and its role as the primary physiological buffer of ECF. 2. Describe the metabolic process that produce acid and al kali and their net effect on systemic acid-base balance. Distinguish between volatile and non volatile acids. 3. Explain the concept of net acid excretion by the kidneys and the importance of urinary buffers in this process. 4. Describe the mechanisms of H+ secretion in the various segment s of the nephron and how these mechanisms are regulated. 5. Distinguish between the reabsorption of filtered HCO3 and the formation of new HCO3.
49. REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE objective cont 6. Describe the mechanisms of ammonia production and excretion by the kidneys, and explain their importance in renal acid exfretion and thus systemic A-B balance. 7. Describe the three general mechanisms used by the bo- dyto defend against acid-base disturbances: a. intra and extracelluler buffering. b. respiratory compensation c. renal compensation. 8. Distinguish between simple metabolic and respiratory acid-base disorders and the body’s response to them. 9. Analyze acid-base disorders and distinguis between simple and mixed disorders.
51. Metabolic production of non volatile Acid and alkali from the diet. Food source acid/alkali quantity produced (mEq/day) carbohydrates normally (none) 0 fats normally (none) 0 amino acids a.sulfur containing (cysteine,methionine) H2SO4 b.cationic (lysine, argi nine, histidine) HCL 100 c.anionic (aspartate, glutamate) HCO3- Organic anions HCO3- -60 Phosphate H3PO4 30 TOTAL 70
52. Tubular fluid blood Na HCO3 + H+ H2CO3 CA H2O+CO2 CO2 + H2O CA H+ ATP Na+ K+ ATP 3Na+ HCO3 Cl- PROXIMAL TUBULE 85%
53. HCO3 + H+ H2CO3 CO2 + H2O CO2 + H2O CA H+ HCO3 Cl- COLLECTING DUCT 5% THICK ASC. LIMB 10%
54. Factors regulating H+ secretion (HCO3 reabsorption) by the nephron Factors nephron site of action Increasing H+ secretion increase in filtered load of HCO3 proximal tubule Decrease in ECF volume proximal tubule Decrease in plasma HCO3 ( pH ) prox.,tub.collect. Increase in blood Pco2 idem Aldosteron collecting duct. Decreasing H+ secretion Decrease in filtered load of HCO3 proximal tubule Increase in ECF volume proximal tubule Incraese in plasma HCO3 ( pH ) prox, tub collect. Decrease in blood Pco2 idem
58. REGULATION OF POTASSIUM BALANCE OBJECTIVES 1.Explain how the body maintains K+ homeostasis 2.Describe the distribution of K+ within the body compart. 3.Identify the hormon and factors that regulate plaqsma K+ levels. 4.Describe the transport pattern of K+ along the nephron. 5.Describe the cellular mechanism of K+ secretion by distal tubule and collecting duct, and how secretion is regulated. 6.Explain how plasma K+ levels ,aldosteron, ADH, tubular fluid flow rate , acid-base balance , and Na+ concentra- tion in tubular fluid influence K+ secretion.
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