Super-Structural Construction Work of a Six Storied Residential Building

Super-Structural Construction Work of a Six
Storied Residential Building
Practicum Report
by
Md. Shariful Haque Robin
ID# 12206049
Program: BSCE
IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
Dhaka
15 December, 2015

i
Super-Structural Construction Work of a Six
Storied Residential Building
Practicum Report
by
ID# 12206049
Program: BSCE
Supervisor
Syeda Rezwana Jannat
Examination Committee
Position Name Signature
Chair, Dept. of Civil Engg. Professor Dr. Md. Monirul Islam
Supervisor Syeda Rezwana Jannat
Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering & Technology (CEAT)
IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
This practicum report is done for the partial fulfilment of requirements for the Bachalor of
Science degree at the
IUBA T ̶ International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
Dhaka
15 December, 2015

ii
Letter of Transmittal
15 December, 2015
Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul Islam
Chair and Course Coordinate, Department of Civil Engineering
IUBAT— International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
4 Embankment Drive Road, Sector 10, Uttara Model Town,
Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
Subject: Submission of Practicum Report
Dear Sir,
This is a great opportunity & immense for me to submit my internship report on “Super-
Structural Construction Work of a Six Storied Residential Building”. I have got the
opportunity to work in Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd. for my internship program, which is
an essential part of my academic program.
I have tried my level best to prepare this report to the required standard. It was certainly a great
opportunity for me to work on this report to actualize my theoretical knowledge in the practical
arena.
I express my heart full gratitude to you to go through this report and make your valuable
comments. It would be very kind of you, if you please evaluate my performance regarding this
report.
Thanking you,
Sincerely Yours,
……………………..
Program: BSCE
ID # 1220604

iv
Student Declaration
I am declaring that this internship report on “Super-Structural Construction Work of a Six
Storied Residential Building” has only been prepared for the partial fulfilment of the degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE).
It has not been prepared for any other purpose, reward, or presentation and has not been
submitted by me for any Degree, Diploma, Title or Recognition before.
.
……………………..
Program: BSCE
ID # 12206049

v
Acknowledgements
First of all thanks to Almighty who helped me to complete the practicum work and the
practicum report, leading to the Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering degree.
I would like to thank every families and friends that participate on my life and get me in this
intensity and individuals who support and share idea and also helping me to be like this.
I am very thankful to Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd. for having given me the
opportunity to undertake my three month internship class in their working area. It was Avery
good learning experience for me to have worked at this area. I would like to convey my
heartiest thanks to Chairman Abdur Rahaman (Nipu) and Project Engineer Kamruzzaman
and all staff member.
I would like to pay my gratitude to our respected Prof. Dr. Engr. Md. Monirul Islam,
Chair, Department of Civil Engineering, IUBAT, who created the scope for me explore
supervision work and make the report on it entitled “Super-Structural Construction Work
of a Six Storied Residential Building.”
I would also thank my supervisor Syeda Rezwana Jannat and also Tanaz Islam, for her
endless support at site and in his office by consulting me how do things in the site and how to
write this report in outstanding manner, All teachers of civil engineering department who
brought me to my present performance and shape me like this during the last three and half
successive years.
Before I finish I would like to give my deepest thanks to all workers from the contractor and
the consultant side starting from engineers to daily laborers. Also for those who do not listed
in the above but support me in different areas I would like thank all.

vi
Executive Summary
The internship report in broad-spectrum contains ten chapters in which I try to explain my
three month experience in my hosting company. The content of all chapters is broadly
explained and it is constructed from the practical basis of the site work ended all months. In
the opening chapter I give introduction of full report including source of the study, scope of
the study, abridgment of the study objectives of the study and my responsibilities. In chapter
two I give details to the company background including its mission, vision, the project those
runs through the company consultation. In this chapter I put all record or history and futurity
of my hosting company with its official address. So, it is give details of the company in terms
of reader can easily know and access the company. In chapter three and four I give design
specification and construction materials & equipment’s. Chapters four, five, six and seven are
the most hunted chapter which explains my overall internship familiarity in the last
successive months. This chapter are the main chapter and I record on it the overall work I
have been executing. It gives a high light what I have been doing and main works of the
construction industry. After all those chapters explained above I goes to the chapter eight and
explains problems & solution and the chapter nine main benefits of the internship class in
terms of different aspects and areas. It is obvious that the internship has a plus in terms of
improving skills and different abilities as a whole. Chapter ten explains about my
recommendation in some conditions and conclusion.

vii
Table of Contents
1. CHAPTER 1: Introduction Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1. General 1
1.2. Source of the Study 1
1.3. Scope of the Study 2
1.4. Abridgment of the Study 2
1.5. Objectives of the study 2
1.6. My Responsibilities 2
2. CHAPTER 2: Company Profile and My Project Details Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1. General 4
2.2. Company Overview 5
2.3. Mission and Vision 5
2.3.1. Mission 5
2.3.2. Vision 5
2.4. Company Quality Policy 6
2.5. Corporate Structure 6
2.6. Project at a glance 7
2.7. International Accreditation 7
2.8. Company Organogram 8
2.9. Supporting Professional Services 8
2.10. Completed Projects 9
2.11. Ongoing Projects 11
2.12. My Project Details 12
3. CHAPTER 3: Design Specifications Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1. General 15
3.2. Foundation 16
3.3. Concrete 16

viii
3.4. Cement 17
3.5. Aggregates 17
3.6. Water 17
3.7. Steel Reinforcement 17
3.8. Lap Length 18
3.9. Hooks of Rebar 18
3.10. Spacer Bars 18
3.11. Lap Location 19
3.12. Development Length 19
3.13. Admixture 19
3.14. Additional Bar, Fastening Bar in Beam 19
3.15. Minimum Bar Spacing of Column 20
3.16. Reinforcement Details for Slab Openings 20
3.17. Column Splice Location 20
4. CHAPTER 4: Construction Materials & Equipments Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1. General 21
4.2. Materials 21
4.2.1. Cement 21
4.2.2. Coarse Aggregate 22
4.2.3. Fine aggregate 22
4.2.4. Reinforcement 23
4.2.5. Water 23
4.2.6. Formwork Materials 23
4.3. Main Equipments 24
4.3.1. Concrete mixer machine 24
4.3.2. Vibrator machine 24
4.3.3. Crane 25
4.3.4. Bar cutter 25
5. CHAPTER 5: Construction of Beam and Slab Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1. Beam 26

ix
5.2. Slab 26
5.3. Formwork 26
5.4. Main Components of Shuttering 27
5.5. Shuttering Processes 28
5.6. Centering of Beam and Slab 30
5.7. Reinforcement Placement of Beam 31
5.8. Reinforcement Placement of Slab 35
5.9. Casting of Beam and Slab 38
5.10. Curing of beam and slab 40
6. CHAPTER 6: Construction of Stair 41
6.1. General 41
6.2. Shuttering of Stair 41
6.3. Reinforcement bar Placing 42
6.4. Shuttering of Treads and Risers 43
6.5. Casting of Stair 43
6.6. Curing of Stair 44
7. CHAPTER 7: Column Construction Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.1. General 45
7.2. Column Kicker 46
7.3. Column Kicker shuttering 46
7.4. Column Kicker Casting 47
7.5. Reinforcement Placements of Column 48
7.6. Shuttering of Column 50
7.7. Column casting 51
7.8. Column Curing 53
8. CHAPTER 8: Problems and Solution 54
8.1. General 54
8.2. Problem and Solution 54
8.2.1. Problem 1 54
8.2.2. Problem 2 55

x
8.2.3. Problem 3 55
8.2.4. Problem 4 56
8.2.5. Problem 5 56
8.2.6. Problem 6 57
8.2.7. Problem 7 57
9. CHAPTER 9: Overall Benefits of the Internship Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.1. General 58
9.1.1. Improving practical skill 58
9.1.2. Upgrading the theoretical knowledge 58
9.1.3. Upgrading interpersonal communication skill 59
9.1.4. Improving team playing skill 59
9.1.5. Improving leadership skill 59
9.2. Challenges I have faced 60
9.3. Measures I take for challenges 60
10. CHAPTER 10: Conclusion and Recommendation Error! Bookmark not defined.
10.1. Conclusions 62
10.2. Recommendation to the company 63
11. CHAPTER 11: Bibliography and Appendix Error! Bookmark not defined.
11.1. Bibliography 64
11.2. Appendix 65

xi
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 3D view of Rafizuddin........................................................................................12
Figure 2.2 Typical Floor plan (2nd to 5th floor) ...................................................................13
Figure 2.3 Column layout......................................................................................................13
Figure 2.4 Beam layout..........................................................................................................14
Figure 2.5 Slab layout............................................................................................................14
Figure 3.1 Additional and fastening bar in beam ..................................................................19
Figure 3.2 Reinforcement details for slab openings ..............................................................20
Figure 3.3 Column splice location.........................................................................................20
Figure 4.1 Supercrete cement ................................................................................................21
Figure 4.2 (a) Bricks chips and (b) Stone chips.....................................................................22
Figure 4.3 (a) Local sand and (b) Sylhet sand .......................................................................22
Figure 4.4 Reinforcement bars ..............................................................................................23
Figure 4.5 Concrete mixer machine.......................................................................................24
Figure 4.6 Vibrator machine..................................................................................................24
Figure 4.7 Crane ....................................................................................................................25
Figure 4.8 Bar cutter..............................................................................................................25
Figure 5.1 (a) Props of the Slab and Beam; (b) Runner ........................................................27
Figure 5.2 (a) Wooden planks; (b) steel sheet .......................................................................27
Figure 5.3 (a) & (b): Beam shuttering ..................................................................................28
Figure 5.4 (a) & (b): Shuttering work of slab before and after placing steel sheet ...............28
Figure 5.5 Beam Layout ........................................................................................................29
Figure 5.6 Checking (a) width and (b) depth of beam-2 Shutter...........................................29
Figure 5.7 Centering..............................................................................................................30
Figure 5.8 Stirrup of beam.....................................................................................................31
Figure 5.9 Placing beam reinforcement (Beam-1) ................................................................31
Figure 5.10 Stirrup binding of beam (Beam-1) .......................................................................32
Figure 5.11 Floor beam layout.................................................................................................32
Figure 5.12 Floor Beam sections.............................................................................................33
Figure 5.13 Beam-2 Reinforcements arrangement..................................................................33

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Figure 5.14 Checking stirrup spacing at end section of beam-2..............................................34
Figure 5.15 Checking stirrup spacing at mid-section of beam-2.............................................34
Figure 5.16 Checking lapping distance of beam-2 ..................................................................34
Figure 5.17 Placing Slab Reinforcement in long and short direction......................................35
Figure 5.18 Placing Crank, extra top & bottom Reinforcement in slab ..................................35
Figure 5.19 Concrete block placing.........................................................................................36
Figure 5.20 Slab Layout Plan ..................................................................................................36
Figure 5.21 Reinforcement bar spacing checking in Slab (a) short and (b) long direction.....37
Figure 5.22 Checking the extra top bar length ........................................................................37
Figure 5.23 (a) concrete mixing in mixture machine, (b) using crane for pulling up the
concrete ................................................................................................................38
Figure 5.24 Beam casting ........................................................................................................39
Figure 5.25 During slab casting, using vibrator & Steel runner. .............................................39
Figure 5.26 Curing of beam by moist jute fabric.....................................................................40
Figure 5.27 (a) Making border for pond (b) Curing of slab by ponding of water ..................40
Figure 6.1 Shuttering of Stair ................................................................................................41
Figure 6.2 Reinforcement bar arrangement in stair...............................................................42
Figure 6.3 Reinforcement bar placement in stair...................................................................42
Figure 6.4 (a) Checking tread length, (b) checking riser height............................................43
Figure 6.5 Using vibrator during stair casting .......................................................................43
Figure 6.6 Curing of stair by moist jute fabric ......................................................................44
Figure 7.1 Column layout......................................................................................................45
Figure 7.2 Column kicker formwork.....................................................................................46
Figure 7.3 Checking column kicker (a) clear cover distances and (b) kicker height ............47
Figure 7.4 After kicker casting of column-2 .........................................................................47
Figure 7.5 Reinforcement Placements of Column-2 according to design.............................48
Figure 7.6 Tie bar spacing checking in column-2 end section..............................................49
Figure 7.7 Tie bar spacing checking in column-2 mid-section .............................................49
Figure 7.8 Checking lapping length.......................................................................................50
Figure 7.9 Column-2 shuttering.............................................................................................50
Figure 7.10 Concrete mixer for column casting ......................................................................51
Figure 7.11 Column-2 casting .................................................................................................51

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Figure 7.12 Using vibrator during column casting..................................................................52
Figure 7.13 After removing column-2 shutter.........................................................................52
Figure 7.14 wrapping column with jute fabric for Curing.......................................................53
Figure 8.1 (a) Beam 6 size in design, (b) Beam 6 size in reality...........................................54
Figure 8.2 Two beam crossing section..................................................................................55
Figure 8.3 Without steel sheet slab area shuttering ...............................................................55
Figure 8.4 Did not maintain lapping length as per design.....................................................56
Figure 8.5 Did not maintain reinforcement placement as per design ....................................56
Figure 8.6 Column-3 entered lift section area .......................................................................57
Figure 8.7 Working without safety at 4th floor .....................................................................57

xiv
List of Tables
Table 2-1 Corporate Structure………………………………………………………….......20
Table 3-1 Lap Length ...........................................................................................................18

1 | P a g e
This chapter covers the following topics: General, Source of the Study, Scope of the Study,
Abridgment of the Study, Objectives of the study, My Responsibilities.
1.1. General
The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the reality work
at the field of civil engineering work. After completing three and half year’s theoretical part of
studies, practicum is the greatest chance to get practical idea. A practicum report is the storage of
information which one did during of his training period at the selective project. In this report I
tried to uphold about my 3 month’s practicum period experience of the construction work of a 6
storied high rise residential building. As a civil engineer, theoretical knowledge is not enough for
showing ones skill in this competitive world. In my report, here I tried to mention the
information of a residential construction project which situated at Plot no.#52, Road: 14, Sector:
14, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka- 1230, where I have focused on mainly Beam, Slab, Stair,
Column construction, problems & my contribution to solve those etc.
1.2. Source of the Study
The information provided in this report has been collected from the ongoing construction of
“Rafizuddin”, a residential project of Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd. Here I got an
opportunity to observe & learn the day to day construction work and also learned many
construction information from my project engineers that will help me for my professional life. I
have learned many things which will be able to overcome the difficulties faced in theoretical part
and also learned about materials property, management system, billing etc.
CHAPTER 1
Introduction

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1.3. Scope of the Study
It’s a great opportunity for me to work in practical field as a trainee engineer in a leading
developer company like Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd. Here, I tried to apply my
theoretical knowledge in practical field which I have acquired from my four years learning
period. In my project, here I worked with the engineers, contractors, labors and gathered much
more basic knowledge on building construction which will be effective for my future career.
1.4. Abridgment of the Study
This report has been prepared for my academic purposes based on the construction work of 3rd &
4th floor of a residential building which I have supervised during my four months internship
period. It was not possible to understand whole construction process and also submitting full
report on building construction. Shortage of knowledge in some portion of the work at the site
and their language at the site was mostly a Bangla word that makes me more confused.
1.5. Objectives of the Study
The purpose of my internship to take the future leadership and also to take responsibilities in
professional field of engineering technology. Mainly, internship program is to meet the
challenges of the future by enhancing the knowledge that is learnt during learning period and
also from Construction Company. The main objective of my internship was to understand the
construction work which was done in practical field. I observed the construction work and
learned many more things about construction procedures & managements.
1.6. My Responsibilities
Absolutely good reason behind this performance was I integrate with all workers within a short
time and get involved in different site works to gain more knowledge about the working

3 | P a g e
environment in the site and improve myself with more site works and office work. Since the site
work is very repetitive I had been working in different section to get involved and pass through
different peace of works. Especially the work tasks I had been performing in the office work
were very impressive because I didn‘t have any knowledge about the quantity works, cost and
report writing etc. In general in the last four month I performed all my duties nicely and get
knowledge of the practical world and relate it with the theory I had learn in the class in the last
three and half years. Also I transform myself to another level of skill, ethics, knowledge and
leadership using this internship and I perform it well.

4 | P a g e
This chapter covers the following topics: General, Company Overview, Mission and Vision,
Company Quality Policy, Corporate Structure, Company Organogram and My Project
Details
2.1. General
With great gratitude we would like to inform you that we introducing ourselves as “Fervent
Architects & Engineers Ltd.”, an experienced Architectural & Engineering Consultancy firm
since 1997. Here some information about Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd.
Company Name: Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd. and Fervent Constructions Ltd.
(Company Logo)
Company Type: Limited (by shares.)
License Type: Consultancy (First class contractor)
Capital: Authorized capital BDT 3,00,00,000 and Paid up capital BDT 1,00,00,000
Total experience: 1st phase (1997-2009) 12 years and 2nd phase (2009-2015 onwards) 6 years
Address : Suite#A3, House#35, Road#14, Sector#13, Uttara, Dhaka-1230
Phone: +880 2-7913544
Email: fervent_architects@yahoo.com
Website: www.ferventbd.com
CHAPTER 2
Company Profile and My Project Details

5 | P a g e
2.2. Company Overview
With great gratitude we would like to inform you that we introducing ourselves as “Fervent
Architects & Engineers Ltd.”, an experienced Architectural & Engineering Consultancy firm
since 1997. This firm has a diligent team of architects, engineers, planners, interior designers and
management staff. All personnel are highly qualified, well trained, dynamic and sincere. We
have architects being trained especially to design moderate markets, factory buildings, clinics,
modern residential apartment buildings and more. Hope this will suit your desire and will
opportune us to serve your esteem company. We strongly believe that we can add value to your
organization by our services.
2.3. Missionand Vision
2.3.1. Mission
“Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd.” is looking forward to provide consultancy services in
related fields for master plan, architectural design, interior design planning and other related
aspects with utmost enthusiasm. It will be a great pleasure to work with a renowned company
like yours with any kind of Architectural & Engineering based work, as a consultant for
architectural, structural, electrical and plumbing design with sound, economical and modern
solutions tailored for your needs.
2.3.2. Vision
To offer housing solution that meets and exceeds our clients’ expectation and improving the
quality of life in the community we serve. To sustain our position as full – service Real Estate
Company of 1st choice through maximizing value for our clients, business partners and
employees with a strong sense of social commitment.

6 | P a g e
2.4. Company Quality Policy
Fervent believes that architecture can captivate the essence of time. Our monuments capture
accordingly a particular time frame and yet continue to be appreciated eternally. To each and
every development, we add that extra touch of magic, which makes it a home. We will provide
quality in our construction work, our management systems, and our customer services so that we
can fulfil or exceed our customer's expectation. Our human resource will always be our greatest
asset and we will provide regular training and opportunity to our people so that the quality of
their work is constantly improved.
2.5. Corporate Structure
Table 2-1 Corporate Structure
Managing Director & CEO Md. Abdur Rahman Nipu
B.Arch. (Aust)
General Manager A.K.M Shahidul Karim
B.Sc. (Hons) A.M University
Mba (Aub)
Architectural Engineers - Arch. Ashiqur Rahman
M.Arch. (U.S.A) Assoc Aia
University Of Oklahama U.S.A
- Arch Saleh M Hasib
B.Arch. (Buet)
Iab & Rajuk Enlisted No: H-072
- Arch. Jahidul Haque Sumon
B.Arch. (Buet)

7 | P a g e
Structural Engineers - Eng. Md. Abdul Garur
B.Sc. Engg (Civil). Mieb
Rajuk Reg No: Dminb/Ce-0111 Ieb
Membership No: M/15423
- Eng. Md. Asaduzzaman
Asst. Structural Engineer
Visualization - Arch. Rahat Amin Chowdhury
B.Arch. (Buet)
- Arch. Mohammad Sohel
B.Arch. (Biu)
2.6. Projectat a glance
- Residential Project: 150+
- Commercial Projects: 10+
- Housing Complex: 5
- Mosque: 3
- Master Plan: 3
- Factory Building: 2
- Corporate Office Building: 4
- Hotel and Resorts: 20+
- Interior Design: 15+
- Interior Construction: 15
- Building Constructions: 25+
2.7. International Accreditation
- THE BIZZ-2014 Award for Business Excellence.
- Honorary Award on “Sixth International Conference on Urban & extra urban studies of
University of Illinois research park, Chicago USA.

8 | P a g e
2.8. Company Organogram
2.9. Supporting ProfessionalServices
Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd is service and Finance oriented for financial Support and
Investment it is fully supported by the following Bank:
1) Standard Chartered Bank Ltd.
2) Mercantile Bank Ltd.
3) Bank Asia Ltd.
Managing Director
Electrical
Engineer
Project Engineer
Trainee Engineer
Site Engineer
Chairman
Architectural
Engineer
Civil Engineer
Structural Engineer

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2.10. Completed Projects
Project Information
Type: Residential
Location: Plot No. # 29, Road # 11, Sector # 13,
Uttara.
Apartment Size (s): 1550 sft
No of Floor: Ground Floor + 5 Floors
Project Information
Type: Residential
Location: Plot No. # 52, Road # 23, North Badda.
Project Information
Type: Residential
Location: Plot No. # 29, Road # 21, Sector # 14,
Uttara.

10 | P a g e
Project Information
Type: Residential
Location: Plot No. # 7, Road # 9, Sector # 14, Uttara.
Project Information
Type: Residential
Location: Plot No. # 30, Road # 14/A, Dhanmondi R/A.
No of Floor: Ground Floor +9 Floors
Project Information
Type: Residential
Location: Mymensing.
No of Floor: Ground Floor +9 Floors

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2.11. Ongoing Projects
Project Information
Type: Residential
Project Information
Type: Residential
Location: kumarpara, Sylhet.
Project Information
Type: Residential

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2.12. My ProjectDetails
Project Name: Rafizuddin
No. of Storey: Ground Floor + 5 Floors
Location: Plot no: 52, Road no: 14, Sector: 14, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka- 1230.
Land Size: 2160 sft.
Land Area: 3 Katha.
Figure 2.1 3D view of Rafizuddin

13 | P a g e
Figure 2.2 Typical Floor plan (2nd to 5th floor)
Figure 2.3 Column layout

14 | P a g e
Figure 2.4 Beam layout
Figure 2.5 Slab layout

15 | P a g e
This chapter covers the following topics: General, Foundation, Concrete, Cement, Concrete
Aggregate, Water, Steel Reinforcement, Lap Length, Hooks of Rebar, Spacer Bars, Lap
Location, Development Length, Admixture, Additional Bar, Fastening Bar in Beam,
Reinforcement Details for Slab Openings and Column Splice Location
3.1. General
I have supervised the super structural construction work of the project named ―Rafizuddin, plot
no: 52, Road no: 14, Sector: 14, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka- 1230. Here I noticed that the
construction work including material selection, curing, concrete ratio etc. It was done on the
basis of some recommended Specifications given by the structural engineer. The experience
which I have gathered is described in detail. The recommended Design Requirement & Materials
Specifications are mentioned below.
a) Design method used is USD according to Bangladesh National, Building Code (BNBC)
1993, UBC 1994 and ACI 318-99.
b) All the structural drawing shall be read in conjunction with relevant architectural
drawing.
c) Follow BNBC/93 for specification / structural requirements not mentioned in this
drawing or in this sheet.
d) Any details not shown in this drawing should be done according to ACI Detailing
Manual-1999.
e) Basic wind speed= 210 km/hr
f) Seismic zone – 2
g) Other loads as per BNBC 1993
CHAPTER 3
Design Specifications

16 | P a g e
3.2. Foundation
a) The building has been designed as residential type.
b) Foundation type - Deep Foundation.
c) Any loose pocket found in the foundation bed is to be filled up with compacted coarse
sand of FM-2.5
d) Depth of foundation as per drawing.
3.3. Concrete
a) All concrete compressive strength considered as follows:
1. f'c = Minimum 3500 psi for Pile.
2. f'c = Minimum 3500 psi for Pile cap and Column.
3. f'c = Minimum 2600 psi for Beam, Slab, Stairs & others.
b) Minimum cylinder strength : Based on cylinder test of diameter D = 150 mm & height H
= 300 mm
I) 28 days strength = as specified in 3(a)
II) 7 days strength = 75% of the 28 days strength.
c) Curing of R.C. work :
I) Curing time minimum 28 days.
II) Method of Curing:
i. Horizontal Surface - by Ponding of water
ii. Other surfaces - by Wrapping moist jute fabric and sprinkling water by hose
pipe frequently.

17 | P a g e
3.4. Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement Type-1 conforming to BDS 232: 1974 ASTM C150. Cement should
be used as per specification.
3.5. Aggregates
a) Fine Aggregate:
i) 100% Sylhet sand of FM 2.5 for Pile.
ii) 100% Sylhet sand of FM 2.5 for Pile cap and Column.
iii) 75% sylhet sand & 25% local sand of F.M. 2.5 for Beam, Slab, Stair & others.
b) Coarse Aggregate:
i) 3/4" downsize well graded singles for Pile.
ii) 3/4" downsize well graded stone chips for Pile cap and Column.
iii) 3/4" downsize well graded brick chips for Beam, Slab, Stair & others.
c) Mixing Ratios :
i) Pile: 1:1½:3
ii) Pile cap and Column: 1:1½:3
iii) Beam, Slab, Stair & others: 1:1½:3
3.6. Water
Potable water to be used in concrete mix.
3.7. SteelReinforcement
Deformed rebar shall have minimum yield strength of:
a) i) fy = 60 Grade for Pile cap and Column.

18 | P a g e
ii) fy = 72.5 Grade for Beam, Slab , Stairs and others.
b) The following tests for Reinforcing bars form random samples shall be conducted as
per BDS 1313 : 1991 and test result shall be submitted to Engineer for checking and
record: i) Tensile Strength Test
ii) Percentage Elongation Test
iii) Bend / Rebend Test
3.8. Lap Length
Unless otherwise mentioned in the drawing, lap length of bars shall be:
Table 3-1 Lap Length
Bar Dia
(mm)
Tension zone Compression zone
60*dia 40*dia
Column laps shall be tension laps and Pile laps shall be tension laps
3.9. Hooks of Rebar
For all rebar provide 90° standard hooks (L - bent) if not shown in the drawing.
3.10. SpacerBars
To support second layer bars in beams / slabs, use 25∅ spacer bars @ 5'-0" c/c where required.

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3.11. Lap Location
a) For beam bottom bar, lap should not be provided at middle third zone of the span.
b) For beam top bar, lap may be provided at middle third zone of the span.
c) Not more than 50% of the bars shall be spliced at one place.
d) Lap splices are to be confined hoops with maximum spacing or pitch of d/4 or 100
mm where d is the effective depth of the beam.
3.12. DevelopmentLength
All beam and slab rebar should be extended into the support up to development length.
3.13. Admixture
Water proofing admixtures, plasticiser and jointing admixtures shall be used as mentioned in the
respective drawing and in the specification after approval by the engineer.
3.14. Additional Bar, Fastening Barin Beam
Figure 3.1 Additional and fastening bar in beam

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3.15. Minimum BarSpacing of Column
Longitudinal bars clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5 times bar
diameter, 1.5 times the size of course aggregate nor 40 mm.
3.16. ReinforcementDetails for Slab Openings
Figure 3.2 Reinforcement details for slab openings
3.17. Column Splice Location
Figure 3.3 Column splice location

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This chapter covers the following topics: General, Materials and Equipments
4.1. General
In construction of super structures, it is necessary to maintain good quality materials. I
observed different types of constructions materials which were directly used for different
construction work. The equipment’s & machineries that were used in this project are given
below with basic information.
4.2. Materials
4.2.1. Cement
In this project Portland composite cement (PCC) Cement name Supercrete was used.
Formation of Portland composite cement are Clinker(65-79)%, Lime stone(21-35)% and
Gypsum(0-5)%
Figure 4.1 Supercrete cement
CHAPTER 4
Construction Materials and Equipments

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4.2.2. Coarse Aggregate
Mainly two type of coarse aggregate used in my site, they was bricks chips and stone chips.
Used 3/4" down and well graded stone chips for Column and 3/4" down and well graded brick
chips for Beam, Slab, Stair & others.
(a) (b)
Figure 4.2 (a) Bricks chips and, (b) Stone chips
4.2.3. Fine Aggregate
Mainly two type of fine aggregate used in my site, they was Sylhet sand and local sand. 100%
Sylhet sand of FM 2.5 for Column and 75% sylhet sand & 25% local sand of F.M. 2.5 for
Beam, Slab, Stair & others contraction.
(a) (b)
Figure 4.3 (a) Local sand and, (b) Sylhet sand

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4.2.4. Reinforcement
In my project, they used 10mmΦ, 12mmΦ, 16mmΦ and 20mmΦ reinforcement of KSRM
Company. I observed those Thermo Mechanically Treated (TMT) bar with 500W (72.5
Grade).
Figure 4.4 Reinforcement bars
4.2.5. Water
In my site used pure and drinkable water for concrete mix.
4.2.6. Formwork Materials
Bamboo, steel sheet, wooden runner, planks etc. were used for formwork in my site.

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4.3. Main Equipments
4.3.1. Concrete Mixer Machine
Concrete mixer machine is used to combine the cement, water, fine aggregate (sand) and
coarse aggregate to form concrete. It is a portable machine driven by a diesel engine.
Figure 4.5 Concrete mixer machine
4.3.2. Vibrator Machine
Vibrator machine provides a better material flow and remove air bubbles. But excessive
vibration will be segregate the concrete mixture.
Figure 4.6 Vibrator machine

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4.3.3. Crane
A crane which was used for pulling up the concrete to the top of the building for casting.
Figure 4.7 Crane
4.3.4. Bar Cutter
Bar cutter is also an electric machine from which steel bars can be cut efficiently.
Figure 4.8 Bar cutter

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This chapter covers the following topics: Beam and Slab definition, Formwork, Main
Components of Shuttering, Shuttering Processes, Centering of Beam and Slab,
Reinforcement Placements of Beam & Slab, Casting of Beam and Slab and Curing.
5.1. Beam
Beam is the horizontal member of a structure carrying transverse loads. Beam carries load
from the Floor slab or the roof slab and transfers all the loads including its self-weight to the
columns or walls.
5.2. Slab
The slab provides a horizontal surface and is usually supported by columns, beams or walls.
Slabs may be defined as those structural elements that are subjected to distribute loads
primarily in a plane transverse to the plane of slab. It is supported by reinforced concrete
beams.
5.3. Formwork
Mainly two type of formwork use in construction site, one is timber formwork and other is
steel formwork. Timber is the most common material used for formwork. In my site has been
used timber formwork. Timber for formwork should satisfy the following requirement, Well-
seasoned, Light in weight, easily workable with nails without splitting, free from loose knots.
Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should have smooth and even surface
on all faces which come in contact with concrete. Normal sizes of members for timber
formwork.
CHAPTER 5
Construction of Beam and Slab

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5.4. Main Components of Shuttering
Bamboo has been used as props in my project. The diameter of bamboo was not less than 3- 4
in. Wooden runner is used in my project and its size is 3ʺ×2ʺ. Also wooden planks are used in
my project and its size was size 5ʺ×1.5ʺ. Steel sheet has been used for shuttering.
(a) (b)
Figure 5.1 (a) Props of the Slab and Beam, (b) Runner
(a) (b)
Figure 5.2 (a) Wooden planks, (b) steel sheet

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5.5. Shuttering Processes
At first beam bottom shutter was placed top of column. Then the workers used bamboo props
for support. Horizontal distances between Props were 2 - 2.5 feet. After finishing bottom part,
beam sides were joint with bottom. Then they placed runner and runner spacing was 2ʹ-0ʺ to
2ʹ-6ʺ. After placing runner, horizontally they placed planks and planks spacing was 5ʺ to 6ʺ.
At last they placed steel sheet.
(a) (b)
Figure 5.3 (a) & (b): Beam shuttering
(a) (b)
Figure 5.4 (a) & (b): Shuttering work of slab before and after placing steel sheet

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Figure 5.5 Beam Layout
From figure 5.5, I checked width and depth of the green marking beam (Beam-2) after
shuttering.
(a) (b)
Figure 5.6 Checking (a) width and (b) depth of beam-2 Shutter.

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5.6. Centering of Beamand Slab
Before casting, we should complete centering. The following terms were considered during
centering of slab: Checking vertical props, checking runner spacing, checking planks spacing,
laying of the steel sheet. Water levelling has been used for centering in my site.
Figure 5.7 Centering
By using water level and they tied a rope above from shutter and marked it using red colour
tapes with steel bar. Then they moved this bar place to place and checked where did not
match rope and red marking. If red marking is higher than rope, they adjusted the props in this
zone, until it matches the rope and red marking.

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5.7. ReinforcementPlacementof Beam
In my site, 16mmΦ and 20mmΦ bar was used as main bar and 10mmΦ bar was used for beam
stirrups. Mainly five types of bar were used for beam. They are: top bar, bottom bar, extra top
bar, extra bottom bar and stirrup. Top bar is placed in the compression zone of beam, bottom
bar is placed in the tension zone of beam. Extra top is provided on the beam support at top of
beam and extended up to L/4 distance of beam's clear span both side of support. Extra bottom
bar is provided in the middle of beam's bottom portion.
Figure 5.8 Stirrup of beam
Stirrup is often called ring in the construction sector. It is the shear reinforcement. At first,
bars were cut according to the required length given in the drawings. Reinforcement of beam
are arranged above the beam formwork. Whole frame was made outside the shutter.
Longitudinal bars were placed first, and then extra bars were placed.
Figure 5.9 Placing beam reinforcement (Beam-1)

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After that I observed the arrangement of stirrup between two layers of bar. Reinforced bar for
beam were bent at the both end to L shape according to the design. This work was done only
for the top bar and bottom bar of the beam. After binding of all reinforcement the whole
structure was placed into the shutter. Concrete blocks were used to maintain the clear cover of
the beam.
Figure 5.10 Stirrup binding of beam (Beam-1)
Figure 5.11 Floor beam layout
I Checked stirrup spacing and lapping distance of beam-2, In figure 5.11, it is showed by
green marking.

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Figure 5.12 Floor Beam sections
For beam-2 construction were used 3-20mmΦ bar in top and 3-20mmΦ bar in bottom. 2-
20mmΦ extra bars was placed in bottom and 3-16mmΦ extra bars was placed. For stirrup
10mmΦ bars were used in beam to resist shear force.
Figure 5.13 Beam-2 Reinforcements arrangement

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Figure 5.14 Checking stirrup spacing at end section of beam-2
I found that, (L/4) both side stirrups were arranged 5ʺ c/c in end section, and (L/2) stirrups
were arranged 7ʺ c/c in mid-section.
Figure 5.15 Checking stirrup spacing at mid-section of beam-2
Figure 5.16 Checking lapping distance of beam-2
I found lapping length 48 in.

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5.8. Reinforcement Placementof Slab
In my site, 10mmΦ and 12mmΦ bar were used for slab. Reinforcement bars were placed
according to reinforcement which is detailed in the drawing. At first, the workers placed
bottom straight bar in short direction. Then they placed long direction reinforcement. This
long direction bar worked as binder of the short direction bar.
Figure 5.17 Placing Slab Reinforcement in long and short direction
Crank, extra top & bottom were also provided according to design. For fixed ended beams,
positive moments are present at the mid span and negative moments at the supports. So extra
tops were used near the supports. Crank bars were used on L/5 portion on discontinuous edges
& L/4 portion on continuous edges.
Figure 5.18 Placing Crank, extra top & bottom Reinforcement in slab

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Blocks were used to maintain the required distance between the support & bottom layer.
Rectangle shape blocks were used to maintain clear cover for bottom layer bar and cylinder
shape blocks were used to maintain distance of top layer.
Figure 5.19 Concrete block placing
Figure 5.20 Slab Layout Plan
Where I checked slab bar spacing, lapping length and clear distances, which I have showed in
figure by red marking line.

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(a) (b)
Figure 5.21 Reinforcement bar spacing checking in Slab (a) short and (b) long direction
Reinforcement bar spacing given 6ʺ c/c in short direction and 5ʺ c/c in long direction.
Figure 5.22 Checking the extra top bar length
From supports, extra top is given at L/4 distance for preventing negative moment.

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5.9. Casting of Beamand Slab
After finishing binding all reinforcement, it was time for casting. Slab, beam and stair were
being casted at a time. Before casting, final checking proceeds mainly on rebar lapping,
stirrup arrangements, stirrup spacing, ext. top length, beam depth, clear cover, and main bar
counting and bar arrangements according to design requirements. In my site, the worker used
cement, sand and brick chips and the ratio was 1:1.5:3. Cylinder test was taken to check the
strength and get strength 3,500 psi. Only column and beam crossing zone casting was done
with stone chips. Used a mixture machine for mixing cement, sand, bricks chips and water
together. After that mixed materials were put into a crane which is used for pulling up the
concrete to the top of the building for casting.
(a) (b)
Figure 5.23 (a) concrete mixing in mixture machine, (b) using crane for pulling up the concrete
At first they casted column and beam crossing zone. After finishing column and beam
crossing zone casting, cast beam strip then slab portion. At the time of casting, they used
vibrator machine which is most important equipment for casting. Vibration provides a good
material flow and removes air bubbles. But excessive vibration will be segregated the
concrete mixture. Steel runner was used for surface levelling. U-shaped ring was placed on
casted slab for further column shuttering.

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Figure 5.24 Beam casting
Figure 5.25 During slab casting, using vibrator & Steel runner.

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5.10. Curing of Beamand Slab
Concrete hardens as a result of the chemical reaction between cement and water. Chemical
reaction occurs only if water is available and if the concrete's temperature stays within a
suitable range. Concrete get water by the process of curing. So, curing is one of the most
important steps in concrete construction. Proper curing greatly increases concrete strength and
durability and also reduces cracks. Curing time minimum 21-28 days. Usually curing in the
beam without slab section is done by wrapping of moist jute fabric and by sprinkling water by
hose pipe frequently.
Figure 5.26 Curing of beam by moist jute fabric
In my site another procedure had been used known as “ponding of water” method for slab
curing. At first made a boundary line surrounding the slab area of two inches height. After the
slab casting, 24 hours later they supplied water through a pipe on the slab surface.
(a) (b)
Figure 5.27 (a) Making border for pond, (b) Curing of slab by ponding of water

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This chapter covers the following topics: General, Shuttering of Stair, Reinforcement
bar Placing, Shuttering for Treads and Risers, Casting and curing of Stair.
6.1. General
A set of steps leading from surface of a building to another surface, typically inside the
building is termed as Stairs. Staircases consist of a number of steps with landings at suitable
intervals to provide comfort and safety for the users. Main parts of stair are treads, risers,
stringers and landing. All part together is known as staircase.
6.2. Shuttering of Stair
At first bamboo props were used in waist slab shuttering according to their required height.
Wooden planks were placed and made the bottom surface stair. Wooden planks were
supported by bamboo props. Steel sheets were placed over the wooden planks to confirm a
smooth surface of stair and to prevent leakage of concrete during casting.
Figure 6.1 Shuttering of Stair
CHAPTER 6
Construction of Stair

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6.3. Reinforcement Bar Placing
In my site 12mmΦ and 10mmΦ bar was used for stair. Reinforcement bars were placed
according to reinforcement detailing given in the drawing. At first placed bottom straight bar
in long direction. Then placed short direction reinforcement. This short direction bar worked
as binder of the long direction bar. No straight longitudinal bars were used in top layer, top
layer bars were provided on L/3 portion from two sides. Blocks were used for clear cover.
Figure 6.2 Reinforcement bar arrangement in stair
Figure 6.3 Reinforcement bar placement in stair

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6.4. Shuttering of Treads and Risers
After placing all reinforcements, they placed vertically wooden planks for making treads and
risers.
(a) (b)
Figure 6.4 (a) Checking tread length, (b) checking riser height
I found that Stair tread & rise was 10″ & 6″ respectively.
6.5. Casting of Stair
After the all bar binding, they cast stair with at a time of cast slab and beam. In my site was
used cement, sand and bricks chips ratio ware 1:1.5:3. Before casting, casting place was
wetted with water. Then concrete placed on bottom portion than gradually upper portion.
Figure 6.5 Using vibrator during stair casting

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Vibrator machine was used. Vibration provides a better material flow and removes air
bubbles. But excessive vibration will be segregate the concrete mixture.
6.6. Curing of Stair
Curing plays an important role on strength development and durability of concrete. Curing
takes place immediately after concrete placing and finishing. Stair curing was started after 24
hours of casting. Curing was done by using jute fabric wetted it with water continued till 21-
28 days.
Figure 6.6 Curing of stair by moist jute fabric

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This chapter covers the following topics: General, Column Kicker, Column Kicker
shuttering, Column Kicker Casting, Reinforcement Placements of Column, Shuttering
of Column, Column casting, Column Curing.
7.1. General
Column is a vertical structural member and also called compression member. It takes the slab
and beams load and transmits to the foundation. It is designed to resist lateral load like wind,
earthquake acting on it. It also takes axial load. In beam & slab construction after completing
formwork reinforcements was placed. But for column construction, reinforcement arranged
first then formwork completed.
Figure 7.1 Column layout
In my report, I show the construction of column-2 (C2) which I have showed in figure by red
marking.
CHAPTER 7
Column Construction

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7.2. Column Kicker
A correctly formed kicker maintain proper dimension and clear cover. According to the grid-
line first work is to find out the position of the column on slab by plum bob. Then casting of
kicker up to 6” height.
7.3. Column Kicker Shuttering
In my site was used wooden formwork for column kicker shuttering. At first, make 6" high
column kicker so that formwork can be fixed easily. It also prevent cement slurry leakage
through bottom of formwork. Maintained a clear cover of 1.5ʺ all side. Also maintained
column size.
Figure 7.2 Column kicker formwork

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(a) (b)
Figure 7.3 Checking column kicker (a) clear cover distances and (b) kicker height
7.4. Column Kicker Casting
After taking all the measurement I have seen the column kicker casting work. In case of
column kicker casting they maintained the mixing ratio about 1:1.5:3.
Figure 7.4 After kicker casting of column-2

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7.5. ReinforcementPlacements ofColumn
In my site 16mmΦ and 20mmΦ bar was used for column main bar and 10mmΦ bar was used
for column tie bar. In column, reinforcements were provided longitudinally. In beam & slab
reinforcement is placed after shuttering, but in column reinforcement is placed before
shuttering.
Figure 7.5 Reinforcement Placements of Column-2 according to design
For column-2 constriction were used 4-20mmΦ bar and 4-16mmΦ bar. 20mmΦ bar was
placed along the four corner side 16mmΦ bar was placed and in the middle side. For tie bar
10mmΦ bars were used in column to resist shear force.

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Figure 7.6 Tie bar spacing checking in column-2 end section
Figure 7.7 Tie bar spacing checking in column-2 mid-section
Tie spacing was provided 5” c/c in negative zone (L/4) and Tie spacing was provided 7” c/c in
positive zone (L/2). Lapping was provided at L/3 position of column. According to design, the
lapping length was 40D.

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Figure 7.8 Checking lapping length
For 20mmΦ bar 30 in lapping was used.
7.6. Shuttering of Column
Mainly two type of formwork use in construction site, one is timber formwork and other is
steel formwork. Timber is the most common material used for formwork. In my site has been
used timber formwork for column shuttering. At first timber planks joint with nails according
beam size. Then they placed shuttering on the column kicker and vertical alignment of
column shutter maintain by using plum bob and give support by bamboo props.
Figure 7.9 Column-2 shuttering

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7.7. Column Casting
After binding all reinforcement, it was time for casting. Before casting final checked mainly
rebar lapping, tie bar arrangements. In my site was used cement, sand and stone chips ratio
ware 1:1.5:3. Used a mixture machine for mixing cement, sand, stone chips and water
together.
Figure 7.10 Concrete mixer for column casting
Figure 7.11 Column-2 casting

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Figure 7.12 Using vibrator during column casting
Vibrator machine was used for compaction. Vibration provides a better material flow and
remove air bubbles. But excessive vibration will be segregate the concrete mixture. In my site
whole column was casted in the same time for each floor. As a result the concrete was poured
from a height of more than 10 ft. It may lead to the segregation of concrete. Segregation is
dangerous for acquiring designed strength of concrete. Concrete should never poured more
than 5 ft. height.
Figure 7.13 After removing column-2 shutter
About 48 hours after casting they remove the column shutter.

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7.8. Column Curing
Curing is one of the most important steps in concrete construction, because proper curing
greatly increase concrete strength and durability. After two days later of casting shutter board
was lifted curing was started. Curing was done by wrapping jute fabric and spread water by
pipe 3 to 4 times in a day.
Figure 7.14 wrapping column with jute fabric for Curing

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This chapter covers the following topics: General and Problem & solution
8.1. General
Every construction work is challenging, building construction work is challenging as well,
here every steps of construction is important and if a mistake occurs, it will definitely hamper
the safety as well quality of construction. Every construction site faces some technical
difficulties which depend on the quality of engineers, contractor and foreman. I have found
some problems during my internship period.
8.2. Problem and Solution
8.2.1. Problem 1
In accordance with the design sheet Beam 6 width was given as 10ʺ but they used only 5ʺ
width in order to save some floor spaces.
(a) (b)
Figure 8.1 (a) Beam 6 size in design, (b) Beam 6 size in reality
CHAPTER 8
Problems and Solution

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Solution: In order to compensate with the change they used 20mmΦ bar though it was given
as 16mmΦ in the drawing.
8.2.2. Problem 2
In the crossing section of Beam-2 and Beam-5, they provided lapping for top reinforcement
bar in Beam-2. It may cause danger for the structure.
Figure 8.2 Two beam crossing section
Solution: They provided extra two 16mmΦ reinforcement below the top bar.
8.2.3. Problem 3
Due to unavailability of steel sheet, they did not provide steel sheet in this area of slab.
Figure 8.3 Without steel sheet slab area shuttering

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Solution: They used plastic fabric supported by wooden plate for this area to be covered.
8.2.4. Problem 4
In column-3 they did not maintain 40D (31in for 16mm bar) lapping length in accordance
with the design. They give only 6in.
Figure 8.4 Did not maintain lapping length as per design
Solution: I discussed with our Project Engineer, then he ordered the foreman to fix it.
8.2.5. Problem 5
In column-3 as per design this main bar will be of 16mmΦ but they had used a bar of
20mmΦ.
Figure 8.5 Did not maintain reinforcement placement as per design
Solution: I informed our Project Engineer about the problem. Later on he solved the case by
ordering the foreman

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8.2.6. Problem 6
Accidently Column-3 entered about 1 in. inside the Lift section area.
Figure 8.6 Column-3 entered lift section area
Solution: Unfortunately no action has taken in order to solve this problem during my
Practicum period.
8.2.7. Problem 7
At times some workers were unwilling to take any safety measures while working.
Figure 8.7 Working without safety at 4th floor
Solution: Every time I suggested them for maintaining safety issue.

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This chapter covers the following topics: General, Benefits of the internship, Challenges
I have faced, Measures I take for challenges.
9.1. General
Internship is a class healed at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the outside
working environment before the student graduate. The main aim of this practice (internship)
is that to teach students communication with different workers or employees, to improve
practical skill what they learned at class, up grading the theoretical knowledge in addition to
the class, improve their leadership skill, team playing skill and etc. In my four month staying
at the Fervent Architects & Engineers Ltd. I have acquire much knowledge in different
tasks as explained below in different section. Those different knowledge gets me a good
performance in the internship period and I gain an experience that helps me after the
graduation in the upcoming working era of mine.
9.1.1. Improving Practical Skill
The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I found a
practical knowledge at the site as much possible within the four month. The knowledge we
have learn in the class is helpful to get those practical or real work in the site and totally
different from the actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus I found some knowledge in
the site which helps me to work with the site environment or site peoples.
9.1.2. Upgrading the Theoretical Knowledge
The internship class is not only depending on the practical aspect but it also help students to
upgrade or increase knowledge on already that they have. I try to integrate the practical
knowledge with that of the theory learned in the class in different place in order to get more
CHAPTER 9
Overall Benefits of the Internship

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knowledge than the theory we learned on the class. I got the internship class very interesting
in terms of upgrading a theoretical knowledge and I learned from the site some theories that
we haven‘t learn in the class room by searching different related literature.
9.1.3. Upgrading Interpersonal Communication Skill
Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas with others in order to get
some messages and knowledge. The communications systems within the building design and
construction enterprise has taken on a large role in the achievement of profitability and
efficiency. A basic understanding of communication systems is beneficial to all building
professionals and trades, as they all play a part in the success of the construction. Construction
is one of the places that ask a good communication skill either managing every trade of work
or asking what is gowning on over there. So, communication is an important way of learning,
which can be defined formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or
skills and sharing what we know.
9.1.4. Improving Team Playing Skill
Team playing skill for construction work Team works, especially for engineers, involve in
every piece of task and achieving good team playing skill is essential for effective completion
of tasks and Increasing productivity. In the construction site the work is already a team work
and it needs more closeness of workers to solve problems arise in different aspects,
misunderstanding in the drawing or working methodology and consult every work. We the
student at the site also works together as a team to get more understanding and share ideas.
More or less I improve my team work status by working together with different professionals,
student and workers as a whole in the civil engineering works and consulting.
9.1.5. Improving Leadership Skill
Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an organizational
goal or mission. I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its day
to day activities. Among all other managements I have seen that human resource management

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is the most important one. I have actually observed the method of controlling the working
time and amount of work done by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the
work plan (schedule). Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples. For
effective leadership I understood that personal values like confidence, effective
communication and devotion are very important.
9.2. Challenges I have faced
Construction projects are complex and time-consuming undertakings that require the
interaction and cooperation of many different persons to accomplish. The construction
industry is typically divided into specialty areas, with each area requiring different skills,
resources, and knowledge to participate effectively in it. In order to integrate and work closely
in each section it is a challenging task to one person especially when he/she is fresh or
beginner. In fact some challenges may be solved by me but some are above my limit and even
the workers at the site also. In general I have faced the following challenges in the internship
period.
 Communication problem with workers in the office and at the site.
 Shortage of working drawings like structural, architectural, sanitary, electrical and
some other details.
 Shortage of knowledge in some portion of the work at the site.
 Underestimation by workers such as engineers, Forman.
 Unsatisfactory answers for questions from engineers.
 Safety facility.
9.3. Measures ITake for Challenges
Communication challenge was the most dangerous challenge from all challenges because of
that it blocks me from finding more knowledge from skilled workers and other persons those
are closed to the site work. Their language at the site was mostly a Bangla word that makes
me more confused and it was uneasy to know those words within a few days. At last I was

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able to understand those words through experience and by working with the employees. I
asked the project engineer and he gives as in soft copy and hard copy as I want within a week.
Shortage of knowledge in some portion of works some challenges I have faced in the site. To
solve these problems I try to ask workers at the site and read related books to know more
about this works. Lastly I ask the Project engineer he come for supervision how the structural
design was designed and some other misunderstanding.

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This chapter covers the following topics: Conclusion and Recommendation
10.1. Conclusions
The responsibilities of the hosting company are to teach student and shape them in the four
month as a real site workers. My hosting company is a consultant team and they help me the
internship session in this company in acquiring different knowledge in different positions.
Working with a team gets me more knowledge includes the duty of the site engineers and in
the consultant office there are different office that are more important for me to upgrade my
knowledge in different aspects of work. The team by its nature includes designer team
including structural engineers, architects and quantity workers and the financial office. This
helps me to get more knowledge.
I would like to give special credit to my project engineer under whom I worked. He helped
me a lot to understand the very basic things about building construction work. I have learned
construction management. I have learned how to manage the workers. It was an awesome
experience dealing with different types of people at construction site. I have learned how to
face the problems and make the probable solution which will surely help me in my practical
life. I tried to give my full afford as trainee engineers. At last it can be said, it was a great
achievement to involve with the professionals who are experienced in the field of their
expertise. I was able to boost a little bit up my knowledge by working with them. Overall the
internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our career.
CHAPTER 10
Conclusion and Recommendation

63 | P a g e
10.2. Recommendationto the Company
Most works in the site needs careful attention and successive supervision of works but in
some cases the site works goes improperly due to different causes. This kind of carelessness is
not good for ether the consultant or the contractor. Therefore I suggest supervisors and site
engineers to take a care full look after the work executed on the site and the work that will be
executed. In the site there are works which is performed in the way that not to be performed.
Such works lids to safety problem, loose of human power if its degree is high and economy if
it is ordered to demolish it. Thus I recommend for the company the following:
 Testing of material before it is in use for construction.
 It is better to use steel formwork than wood formwork as it is very repetitively used,
stiff and not flammable easily and removed easily without damaging the concrete
structure.
 Every construction worker should have maintained their Safety and Security properly.

64 | P a g e
This chapter covers the following topics: Bibliography and Appendix
11.1. Bibliography
Internet:
1. http://www.aboutcivil.org
2. http://www.calvin.edu
3. http://nptel.ac.in
4. http://www.openshutters.com.au
5. http://www.slideshare.net
6. http://www.wikipedia.org
Books:
1. A Guide Line of Building Construction – Engr. Shyama Kanta Sarker
2. Design of Concrete Structures 14th Edition - A.H. Nilson
3. Engineering Materials – M. A. Aziz
4. How to Build a Nice Home – Engr. Md. Ibrahim
5. Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers 3rd ed. - M. Mamlouk, J.
Zaniewski (Pearson, 2011) BBS
CHAPTER 11
Bibliography and Appendix

65 | P a g e
11.2. Appendix
1. Aggregate P-25
2. Casting p-28
3. Centering P-28
4. Chemical Reaction P-40
5. Clinker P-22
6. Clear Cover P-33
7. Concrete P-25
8. Crank P-35
9. Curing P-28
10. Cylinder P-36
11. Distribute P-27
12. Formwork P-28
13. Frequently P-40
14. Lapping Length P-34
15. Moist P-40
16. Plank P-29
17. Ponding Of Water P-41
18. Prevent P-41
19. Reinforcement P-34
20. Shuttering P-28
21. Splitting P-28
22. Straight P-42
23. Stirrup P-32

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