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This chapter discusses the roles and functions of police in the United States. It describes the historical origins of policing from the London Metropolitan Police and how early American police were modeled after this. There are now thousands of police agencies across the US with jurisdiction at the federal, state, and local levels. The chapter outlines the major federal and state law enforcement agencies and explains the hiring and training process officers undergo. It also discusses factors like community policing strategies that influence modern policing approaches.

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Chapter 4: Roles and Functions of the Police

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Legitimacy and Procedural Justice: A New Element of Police Leadership A Report by the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) March 2014 Edited by Craig Fischer U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance This project was supported by Grant No. 2009-DB-BX-K030 awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the SMART Office, and the Office for Victims of Crime. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not represent the official position or policies of the United States Department of Justice or of individual members of the Police Executive Research Forum. 1 INTRODUCTION The job of leading a local law enforcement agency has always been a complex one, requiring skills in mastering complex policy issues, developing organizational structures and systems, managing employees, and addressing the various and sometimes conflicting expectations of the community, political leaders, agency employees, and the news media. 1 Many experienced police chiefs are saying that the 21 st Century has brought a trend toward even greater complexity in their jobs. New types of technology are revolutionizing how police departments operate, and often the challenge is to make sound decisions about how to integrate multiple forms of technology. The widespread adoption of community policing has resulted in community members having higher expectations of accountability and efficiency in their police departments. National and international economic conditions have strained local police budgets. The workforce is changing in ways that affect police recruiting and retention. These are just a few of the challenges that must be understood and constructively managed by today’s chief executives in policing. In fact, perhaps the greatest job qualification for today’s police executives is the ability to recognize and respond to the swiftly changing issues and opportunities facing them. Police chiefs often speak of their role as being “agents of change.” Never before has managing change been a larger element of their jobs. Today’s police departments appear to be succeeding, at least by the measure of crime rates. Violent crime rates nationwide are half what they were two decades ago, and many 1 Leadership Matters: Police Chiefs Talk About Their Careers. Police Executive Research Forum, 2009. 2 jurisdictions are experiencing record low crime rates not seen since the 1960s. In addition, there are indications that a variety of types of wrongful police behaviors, ranging from corruption to unlawful shootings, are at lower levels ...

Legitimacy and Procedural Justice A New El.docx

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Homework Assignment 1 Please read Chapter 1. Then please answer the following essay questions. Each essay question should be at least one page in length, double spaced, one inch margins, 12 pt. font, Times New Roman, APA Format and must include both citations and references. Essays: How is policing different in a free democratic society as opposed to a totalitarian society? Why is the rule of law important for policing in a democracy? The police system in the United States is very fragmented. Do you think this is a positive or negative feature? Why? Module 1 CRJ 307: Police, Society, and Community Service Module 1 Chapter 1 Summary Chapter 1 focuses on the police and their role in a democracy. The form of government may dictate the activities and behaviors of the police. A democracy is concerned with the rights and freedoms granted to individuals. These rights and freedoms are outlined in constitutions. Also included in these constitutions are the duties and limitations of the government. The police, as representatives of the executive branch of government, must abide by these limitations. This will act as a system of checks and balances that prohibit those with power from abusing it. In order to be successful, a democratic government is based upon a consensus. However, it is the police that must respond when the consensus fails. In an odd way, the police exist because we realize that our democratic form of government is going to fail sometimes. If someone takes the property of another, we rely upon the police to return our property and punish the individual who took it. The police also exist to remind us that, although we have freedom, it is not an absolute freedom. There are limitations on that freedom. Sometimes the police offer this reminder at a time when we would prefer not to be reminded (e.g., a traffic ticket or arrest). In the United States, the laws may be categorized as civil law, criminal law, substantive law, and procedural law. Civil law addresses the interactions between individuals. Criminal law is concerned with the relationship between the individual and government. Substantive laws outline the behaviors that are required of or prohibited to the individual. The procedural laws define how the police are to enforce the substantive laws. Some of the procedural laws are also found in the amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments state what the police (government) can and cannot do. They exist to regulate the behavior of the police, not the citizen. Because of the events of September 11, 2001, the priorities for American law enforcement changed. Counterterrorism and homeland security became top priorities. Federal agencies came to the forefront of law enforcement. State and local police have always had the primary responsibilities for law enforcement and crime control. In the United States there are four basic types of policing. The citizen-police officer comes into play when a common citizen makes an arrest f.

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Micro Lecture - Week 8 Wow—We are here already. The eight weeks goes really fast. What’s next for law enforcement? I included the article Toward a New Professionalism in Policing, because it outlines Travis’s view of where policing is going: (1) Increased Accountability, (2) Legitimacy, (3) Continuous Innovation, and (4) National Coherence. (https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/232359.pdf) I remember reading this article in March 2011, and wondering how these themes would play out throughout the country. There is no question we are in an era of increasing accountability for the police and the justice system as a whole. We covered accountability in this course extensively. Additionally, we spent a week covering the need for increased police legitimacy and there continues to be significant growth in this area. In fact, the President’s 21st Century Policing Task Force report spoke directly to the need for increased legitimacy and provided clear recommendations. Copy this link to web browser: (http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/taskforce/taskforce_finalreport.pdf). Re-building trust in policing is vital for real progress of criminal justice in the United States, and there are continuous innovations being developed to lower crime and build trust with the community. The law enforcement practices that rely on high rates of arrest and stiff punishments are being abandoned across this country. This is especially true for drug use and low level crimes. Hopefully, the innovations of restorative justice and substance abuse treatment continue to improve to meet the increased need to handle these low level criminal offenses without courtroom based interventions. Finally, National Coherence is occurring throughout the country through increased establishment of best practices/standards for law enforcement and the increased use of regional law enforcement task force groups. One of our chapters this week directly discussed issues related to police reform around the world. Indeed, all law enforcement has ethical obligations to serve the community in fair and equitable ways. As I read this week’s chapter, the recommendations for policing in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1996) really stood out to me: · Police must function in accordance with the law. · Police conduct must be regulated by a professional code of conduct. · The highest priority of policing is the protection of human life. · Police must serve the public and are accountable to the public and must communicate their action to the public to establish the legitimacy of police action. · A central focus of policing is the prevention of crime. · Police must act in such a way as to respect human rights. · Police must act in a nondiscriminatory manner. (Text book, page 353) You might recognize these United Nations principles as themes from our discussions over the course. Even though the principles were created for another country, we can see the struggle still playing out in American Policing. If you noti.

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CHAPTER 6 Critical Issues in Policing IntroductionPolice work is dangerous Police may confront violent/angry people May be assaulted or killed in the line of duty Police DiscretionDiscretion: the authority of the police to choose one course of action over another Discretion is the heart of police work Used to determine if and how to proceed within the confines of the law Full Law EnforcementPolice respond formally to all suspicious behavior ImpracticalMost violations minorCriminal justice system does not have resources for full enforcementPaperwork and court timeVague legal statutesStrain police/community relations Selective Law EnforcementPolice under-enforce some laws, over-enforce others ProblematicUnfair for police to respond differently to similar situationsOfficers may abuse power by targeting specific individuals or groupsMay lead to favoritism and corruption Legal Factors Affecting ArrestSeriousness of offense Prior arrest record Presence of evidence Reasonable suspicion Nonlegal Factors Affecting ArrestDemeanor and respect toward law enforcement Race Sex Social class Additional Extralegal FactorsOfficer characteristics may affect arrest decisionAgeEducation levelRaceGender Department policy Informal culture of department Pros and Cons of DiscretionArguments in support of discretion, need for individualized justice ConsLow visibility of discretionary decisionsSuspects denied due processSome citizens receive preferential treatmentPublic may see discretion as being biased against some groups Controlling Police DiscretionWritten rules provide officers with guidelines re what actions to take in certain situationsHigh-speed pursuitsUse of forceHandling special populationsOvertime hoursOutside employment TechnologyAutomatic Vehicle Locator monitors patrol cars Police CorruptionMisuse of authority by officers for the benefit of themselves or others One of the oldest and most persistent problems in policing Costs of Police CorruptionUndermines agency integrity Protects other criminal activities Undermines criminal justice system effectivenessUndermines agency professionalism Imposes secret tax on honest businesses Undermines public confidence in police Types of CorruptionCorruption of authority Kickbacks Opportunistic theft Shakedowns Protection of illegal activities“Fixing” charges Direct criminal activities Internal payoffs “Flaking” or “pudding” Noble cause corruption Investigating Police CorruptionChicago Crime Commission (1920s) Wickersham Commission (1929) Knapp Commission (1973)Grass eatersMeat eaters Mollen Commission (1990s) Corrupt Police DepartmentsRotten apples and rotten pockets Pervasive unorganized corruption Pervasive organized corruption Explaining Police CorruptionOfficer personality Police discretion Minimal supervision Low public visibilityLimited accountability Peer group secrecy Managerial secrecy Managing Police CorruptionHonest administration; chiefs lead by example T.

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Syllabus | 9 Course Syllabus College of Criminal Justice and Security CJS/200 Version 6 Foundations of the Criminal Justice System Copyright © 2011, 2010, 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is an introductory overview of the organization and jurisdictions of local, state, and federal law enforcement, judicial and corrections agencies, and processes involved in the criminal justice systems. It examines the historical aspects of the police, the courts, and the correctional system, as well as the philosophy. Additionally, career opportunities and qualifying requirements, terminology, and constitutional limitations of the system will also be covered. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: · University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. · Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Schmalleger, F. (2011). Criminal justice today: An introductory text for the twenty-first century (11th ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson Prentice Hall. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: The Criminal Justice System Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Define crime and its relationship to law. 1.2 Describe the two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal. 1.3 Identify choice theories of crime and their underlying assumptions. 1.4 Identify instruments for measuring crime. Course Preparation Read the course description and objectives. Read the instructor’s biography and post your own. Reading Read Ch. 1 of Criminal Justice Today. Reading Read Ch. 2 of Criminal Justice Today. Reading Read Ch. 3 of Criminal Justice Today. Reading Read Ch. 4 of Criminal Justice Today. Reading Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussion. 10 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. 10 Exercise APA Review Review the Tutorials and Guides section located in the Center for Writing Excellence website. Review the Samples section, specifically the APA Sample Paper. Review the APA Information section. CheckPoint Criminal Acts and Choice Theories Response Write a 250- to 350-word response in which you describe choice theories and how they relate to crime. Describe the common models for society to determine which acts are considered criminal. Explain how choice theories of crime affect society. Follow APA formatting standards. Follow essay and academic writing standards. Post your CheckPoint ...

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