2. China is a great country.中国是个伟大的国家。
China was the greatest country in the world.中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。
在这几句中，动词 be 的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。
再如，“他经常帮助我。”“他昨天帮助我了。”和“他一直在帮助我。”这三句话当中，
汉语的“帮助”没有任何变化，而是用“经常”、“一直”和“昨天”分别表达出时间的区
别。英语就不同，它必须用动词本身的形态变化来完成任务。
He often helps me.他经常帮助我。
He helped me yesterday.他昨天帮助我了。
He has been helping me.他一直在帮助我。
在这几句中，动词 help 的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。
（二）英语动词的形式：
英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非
常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：
(1) 动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的
一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单
数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。
(4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
(5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
这里提到的“语法规定的其他情况”我们在以后的讲座中会详细介绍。
4. weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept
现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing 构成，规则如下表：
词尾变化 举例
一般加-ing Look---looking, try---trying
以不发音的 e 结尾的词，去掉 e，再加-ing Write---writing, dance---dancing
以一个辅音字母（x 除外）词尾的重读闭音节词，先双写词尾的辅音字母，再
加-ing Begin---beginning, swim---swimming,
Run---running, sit---sitting
以-ie 结尾的词，变 ie 为 y，再加-ing Die---dying, lie---lying
为了学习的方便，人们把时间分为四个阶段：“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”。英
语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态：一般、进行、完成和
完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。
不同的时态有不同的变化形式。以 do 为例，列表如下：
时态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在时 Does; do Am/is/are+doing Has/have+done Has/have+been doing
过去时 Did Was/were+doing Had done Had been doing
将来时 Shall/will+do Shall/will be +doing Shall/will have + done
Shall/will+have been doing
过去将来时 Should/would/+do Would/should+be doing Should/would +
have done Would/should + have been doing
“时态”就是通过动词的形态变化，来表达动作发生的时间（现在、过去、将来、过
去将来）及所处的状态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。
比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形 do 变成 are doing
5. 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在
进行时；
在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形 do 变成 have done 的形态，
说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时；
在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形 do 的形态，说明这个事情是
发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。
在这三句话中，动词 do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生
的时间和状态变了。其余类推。
16 个时态中，常用的有 12 个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来
时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、
现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。
下面我们把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
1、一般现在时
（1）构成：通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时，用现单三形式。
动词 be 和 have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为：
第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数
Have ： Have Have Has
Be ：Am Are is
一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
动词 be 与 have（表示“拥有”）：否定式直接把 not 放在动词之后，疑问式直接
6. 把动词放在主语之前，见下表：
否定式 I am not (I’m not)… I have not (haven’t)… 疑问式 Am i…? Have i…?
否定式 You are not (aren’t)… You have not (haven’t)… 疑问式 Are you…? Have
you…?
否定式 He is not (isn’t)… He has not (hasn’t)… 疑问式 Is he …? Has he …?
动词 be 的否定疑问式和简单回答：
否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答
Am I not (aren’t i)…? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t
Are you not (aren’t you)…? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Is he not (isn’t he)…? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t
动词 have(表示“拥有”) 的否定疑问式和简单回答：
否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答
Have I not (haven’t i)…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have you not (haven’t you)…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he not (hasn’t he)…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
注意：have 作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。
*行为动词（以 study 为例）一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答（注意要
加助动词 do/does）
否定式 疑问式
I do not (don’t) study ……Do I study……？
You do not (don’t) study ……Do you study……？
7. He does not (doesn’t) study ……Does he study ……？
否定疑问句式 简单回答（肯定/否定）
Do I not (Don’t I) study…? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Do you not (Don’t you) study…? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Does he not (Doesn’t he) study…? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
（2）用法：
1）一般现在时表示现状、性质、状态和经常的或习惯性的动作。
He has an uncle.他有个叔叔。
Autumn follows summer.夏天之后是秋天。
It is fine today.今天天气好。
You look pale.你脸色苍白。
He is good at music.他擅长音乐。
He knows a lot of English.他英语懂的很多。
这些动词可与 often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on
Sundays, never 等表示经常性或习惯性的时间状语连用。例如：
Do you often go to the cinema? 你经常去看电影吗？
He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。
Tom does not study as hard as Jane. 汤姆在学习方面不如简努力。
My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.我父亲从来不坐公共汽车，他走
着去上班。
2）一般现在时表示客观现实或普遍真理。
8. Japan lies to the east of China. 日本在中国的东边。
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
A horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。
Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏一百度时沸腾。
October 1st is our National Day. 十月一日是我们的国庆节。
When Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（英国
浪漫主义诗人雪莱的名句。）
Beauty is truth, truth beauty. 美即真理，真理即美。（英国浪漫主义诗人济慈的名
句。） 3）少数动词如 go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以
表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。
The plane takes off at six past five. 飞机将于六点零五分起飞。
Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。
Our summer vacation begins in early July. 我们的暑假七月初开始。
4）在时间和条件状语从句中可用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.
我一接到他的信就告诉你。
He’ll go if it is fine tomorrow. 如果明天天气好，他就去。
I shall be away when he arrives. 等他到了我就不在了。
We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives. 等他来了，我们再开始讨论。
5）在某些以 here, there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作。
Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
9. Here they come. 他们来了。
6）在进行体育比赛过程中解说员叙述迅速、短暂动作时，可用一般现在时表示
正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作。例如：
Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots？A fine shot! 巴特尔把球传给姚明，
姚明投篮，好球！
7）在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的说明文字中，可用一般现在时表示动作。例
如：
When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up
and listens quietly. 幕启，朱丽叶坐在桌旁。电话铃响，她拿起听筒，静静地听着
Now please translate the following sentences into English:
1）见到你我很高兴。
I am very glad to see/meet you.
2）李华只懂一点英语。
Li Hua only knows a little English.
3）他们每天晚上看电视。
They watch TV every evening.
4）我坐飞机走，明天早晨六点到那里。
I leave by air and arrive there at six tomorrow morning.
5）你多久给你的母亲写一封信？
How often do you write to your mother?
6）你的朋友看起来很年轻。
Your friend looks very young.
7）汤姆经常在床上看书。
Tom often reads in bed.
8）你在发音方面有困难吗？
Do you have any trouble with pronunciation?
10. 2、现在进行时
（1）构成：由助动词 be ＋ 现在分词构成。其中 be 有人称和数的变化，有三
种形式：第一人称单数用 am, 第三人称单数用 is, 其他用 are。
现在进行时的否定式是：直接在助动词 be 后面加上 not；疑问式是：把助动词
be 提到主语之前。以 study 为例：
否定式 疑问式
I am not studying Am I studying?
You are not studying, Are you studying?
He is not studying. Is he studying?
（2）用法：
1）现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作。例如：
I am writing a letter. 我正在写信。
They are learning English. 他们正在学习英语。
Is it raining now? 现在下雨吗？
有时表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作。例如：
More and more people are paying attention to their health.
越来越多的人在关注健康。
He is translating a novel. 他在翻译一本小说。
2）有些动词，如 come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start 等，它们的现在进行
时可表示不远的将来要发生的事情。例如：
Flight 1095 is landing soon. 第 1095 号航班马上要着陆了。
I know the end is coming. 我知道马上就要结束了。
Mary is coming back from her visit to Shanghai. 玛丽很快就要从上海访问回来了。
11. 3）现在进行时常与 always, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示反复出现
的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情，如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或
不满等。例如：
He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。
You are always saying that sort of thing. 你老爱说那样的话。
She is always complaining. 她总是喜欢抱怨。
4）在一定的上下文中，后一句的动词谓语用现在进行时与前一句的一般现
在时相配合，可用以体现原因、结果、目的等意味。即前一句用一般现在时动
词谓语表述现在发生的事实，而后一句用现在进行时动词谓语来阐明这一事实
的原因、结果、目的等。例如：
He frowns. He is worrying about his boy. 他皱着眉头，因为他在为他的孩子担心。
She criticizes him. She is trying to correct his bad habits. 她批评他，想纠正他的坏
习惯。
She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子。这是在把
他惯坏了。（结果）
翻译练习：
1）新生下星期到。
The new students are arriving next week.
2）那边出了什么事？
What is happening over there?
3）那辆汽车怎么停在门外？
Why is that car parking (stopping) outside the gate?
4）他们正在看电视里的足球赛。
12. They are watching a football match on television.
5）他老爱开玩笑。
He is always joking.
6）我们从国外进口机器，我们在学习新的科学技术。
We import machines from abroad; we are learning new science and technology.
3、现在完成时
（1）构成：现在完成时由助动词 have + 过去分词构成，助动词 have 有人称
和数的变化。第三人称单数用 has，其余用 have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上 not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之
前。以 study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I have not (haven’t) studied…. Have I studied…?
You have not (haven’t) studied…. Have you studied…?
He has not (hasn’t) studied…. Has he studied…?
否定疑问式 简单回答（肯定/否定）
Have I not (Haven’t i) studied…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
（2）用法：
1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强
调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完
成，但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。如果没有说明动作发生的
13. 具体时间，则一般用现在完成时；如果说明了动作发生的具体时间，带有
表示过去的时间状语，则用一般过去时。例如：
My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状
语连用，如 today, these days, recently, now, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past
two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如：
I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday.
她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。
注意：
1）表示短暂意义的动词如 open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall 等，在完成
时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作
不可能持续。因此，不能说：
×He has come here for 2 weeks.
×The old man has died for 4 months.
×They have left only for 5 minutes.
以上三句话可以改为：
It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks.
It’s 4 months since the old man died. They have been away only for 5 minutes
2）have (has) been 和 have (has) gone 的区别：表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have
14. (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较：
Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）
Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了？（人不在）
They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。（现在已经不在加拿大）
They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。（可能在路上和已经到加拿大）.
3）现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语，如 yesterday, last year, in 1976,
two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用， 但可以和不明确指出时间的状
语，如 already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately（in the recent past）,
recently, once, twice, ever, never 等连用。例如：
She has already come. 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yanan. 他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。
翻译练习：
1）他们已经答复了我们的信。
They have already answered our letter.
2）自去年以来我就未遇见过王英。
I haven’t met Wang Ying since last year.
3）他刚把他的名字告诉我。
15. He has just told me his name.
4）你到过杭州吗？ 到过。我一个月以前去过那里。我去过两三次。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou? Yes, I have. I went there a month ago. I have been
there two or three times.
5）他在海外住了很长时间了。
He has lived abroad for a very long time.
4、现在完成进行时
（1）构成：第三人称单数由 has been + 动词的现在分词；其他人称和数由
have been + 动词的现在分词。
（2）用法：
1）表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，可能刚刚终止，也可能仍然在进行。
I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning. 我从早上 8 点钟一直在
等你。
It has been raining for three hours. 雨一直下了三个小时了。
What book have you been reading recently? 最近你一直在读什么书？
2）有些动词不能用于现在进行时，如 be, have, like, love, know, see, hear 等，这
些词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时。如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久没见到你了。
I have loved her for a long time. 我一直爱她。
I have known him for a long time. 我认识他很久了。
3）现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，强调结果；而现在完成进
行时强调动作的持续性，强调“一直”，往往表示动作仍未结束。如：
I have been reading this novel. 我一直在读这本小说。（我仍然在读）
16. I have read two novels. 我已读过两本小说。（可能刚读过，也可能很久以前读
的）
I have been writing letters. 我一直都在写信。
I have written three letters. 我已经写完三封信了。
Now we have cleaned the room, we can move the things in. 既然我们已经打扫完房
间，我们可以把东西搬进来了。
We’ve been cleaning the classroom, but we haven’t finished yet. 我们一直在打扫教
室，但还没干完。
翻译练习：
1）你整个早晨在学习什么？
What have you been studying all the morning?
2）你已经参加过期末考试了吗？
Have you taken your final examination?
3）学生们一直在为高考准备功课。
The students have been preparing their lessons for the college entrance examination.
4）我们从小就认识。
We have known each other since childhood.
5）1949 年以来，王先生一直在这所学校教物理。
Mr. Wang has been teaching physics in this school since 1949.
6）雨一直下了一个星期。
It has been raining for a week.
5、一般过去时
（1）构成：一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式
和简单回答形式要用助动词 do 的过去式 did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以
17. study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I did not (didn’t) study…. Did I study…?
You did not (didn’t) study…. Did you study…?
He did not (didn’t) study…. Did he study…?
否定疑问式 简单回答 （肯定/否定）
Did I not (Didn’t I) study…? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.
Did you not (Didn’t you) study…? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Did he not (Didn’t he) study…? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
（2）用法：一般过去时动词主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的
动作或情况，其中包括习惯性动作，通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
The train arrived ten minutes ago. 火车十分钟前就到了。
What time did you get up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么时候起床的？
I used to go to school early. 我过去总是很早去学校。
He always went to work by bus. 他过去老乘车去上班。
Li Hong lived in Shanghai for ten years when she was young. 李红小时候在上海住
过十年。（有的同学认为出现了 for some time 之类的时间状语，就要用完成时态。
这种看法不完全正确。如果指的是在过去某事持续了一段时间，就要用一般过去
时）
注意：在动词用一般过去时的句子里通常有时间状语，表明动作发生的时间。如
该句中没有时间状语，那么上下文中一定有表明过去的时间状语或可以体现“动
18. 作或情况发生在过去”这一概念。
翻译练习：
1）他昨天晚上离开这里到上海去了。
He left for Shanghai yesterday evening.
2）你昨天早上是什么时候醒来的？ 我六点钟醒的，可是到七点才起床。
What time did you wake up yesterday morning? ？I woke up at six o’clock, but did
not get up until 7.
3）星期一有个外国朋友来参观过我们学校了。
A foreign friend visited our school on Monday.
4）我上中学的时候总是六点钟起床。
I used to get up at six when I was at middle school.
5）周总理曾经常在这里办公。
Premier Zhou used to work here.
6、过去进行时
（1）构成：由助动词 waswere ＋ 现在分词构成。其中 be 有人称和数的变化，
第一、第三人称单数用 was，其他用 were.
1）过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持
续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如：
This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson. 昨天这个时候，我们正在上
英语课。
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room. 老师在给我们
上课时，汤姆走进教室。
While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 我们吃饭的时候，灯灭了。
19. He was reading while she was setting the table. 她摆桌子时，他在读书。
It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。
2）过去进行时动词常用 always, continually, frequently 等词连用，表示过去经
常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如：
The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young. 两兄弟小时候常
吵架。
In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western powers. 清朝时，
中国总是对西方列强妥协。
翻译练习：
1）我记得他哥哥上小学时经常在课堂上提问题。
I remember his brother was constantly asking questions in class when he was at
primary school.
2）我母亲做饭的时候，我父亲在抽烟。
While my mother was cooking, my father was smoking.
3）我正在写东西，小明把灯关了。
When I was writing, Xiao Ming turned off the light.
4）夕阳西下，天渐渐黑下来了。
The sun was setting. It was getting dark. 5）你走进他们的房间时，他们正在听广
播吗？
Were they listening to the broadcast when you entered their room?
6）她给你打电话的时候，你在干什么？
What were you doing when she called you on the phone?
7、过去完成时
20. （1）构成：一律用 had + 过去分词构成。
（2）用法：
1）表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情，即“过去的过去”。用过去完成
时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某事已发生。如
果两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去
时。例如：
She told me she had been there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。
（“去过”发生在“告诉”之前）
How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上学期末为止，他在这里教
学多长时间啦？ （“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前）
When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我们到的时候，足球赛已
经开始了。
She had visited China twice before she came this year. 她今年来中国之前已访问过
中国两次了。
2）过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一
动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如：
By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬，我已
在北京住了五年了。
By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六点为止，他们已工作八小时了。
When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海时，他在那里
很长时间了。
21. 3）过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气，我们以后会详细讲述。
4）此外，过去完成时常用于 no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when… 这
两个句型，前面部分用过去完成时，后面部分用一般过去时。例如：
No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.
= He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他刚偷到钱
包就被当场抓获。
Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured.
= Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 萨达
姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。
翻译练习：
1）很幸运，下雨前我们已经到家了。
Luckily, we had got home before it began to rain.
2）张华说他的笔记本丢了。
Zhang Hua said he had lost his notebook.
3）他曾告诉过我，会议两点钟开。可是当我到了以后，我还得等到两点半。
He had told me that the meeting was at 2, but when I arrived I had to wait till 2:30.
4）他在这里住了两三天，才觉得没有什么拘束（feel at home）。
When he had stayed here for two or three days, he began to feel at home.
8、过去完成进行时
（1）形式：had been + 动词的现在分词。
（2）用法：表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作，此行为动作或刚结束、
或还没结束（可以从上下文看出）。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例
22. 如：
When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours. 他进来的
时候，我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了
The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days. 道路很危险。雨一
直下了两整天。
They were tired because they had been digging since dawn. 他们累了，因为从天亮
开始他们就一直在挖。
The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a
long time. 那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。
9、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式：
（1）shall/will + 动词原形
表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称 I, we 用 shall 或 will，其余
用 will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I shall/will not study…. Shall I study…?
You will not study…. Will you study…?
He will not study…. Will he study…?
否定疑问式 简单回答（肯定/否定）
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you) study…? Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.
23. Will he not (Won’t he) study….? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
例如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。
The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。
When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢？
He probably won’t go with us. 他大概不能和我们一起去。
注意：
1）shall, will 的缩写形式为’ll, 如 I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和 she’ll 等。
2）will 用于第一人称时，可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等；
shall 用于第二、三人称时，可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如：
I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。
（允诺）
I will take the college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考试。（决心）
Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗？（征求允诺）
You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。（说话人的允诺）
The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人通过。（说话人的保证）
I will do my best to help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。（意愿）
Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。（说话人的命令）
24. （2）be going + 动词不定式
1）这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先
考虑好的。例如：
My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
She is not going to be there. 她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做完？
He is going to stay a week. 他准备呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。
2）这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。
例如：
Look at these black clouds？it is going to rain. 看这些乌云？要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。
注意：
1）will 和 be going to 都可以表示某种意愿。例如：
I won’t (am not going to) tell you my age. 我不（愿意）告诉你我的年龄。
be going to 和 will 在含义和用法上略有不同
Be going to 往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will 多表示意愿，决心。有时
不能互换。
25. 例如：
I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我买了些砖，
我要用它们盖个厨房。（不能用 will 替换）
Can somebody help me? ？I will. 谁能帮我一些吗？―？我来。（不能用 be going to
替换）
2）be going to 可用于条件从句，表示单纯的将来；will 则不能。例如：
If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, you’d better take your umbrella with
you. 你若今晚去看电影，最好带着雨伞。
（3）be to + 动词原形，表示安排、命令或肯定将会发生的事情；在问句中表
示征求意见。如：
You are not to smoke in this room. 你不许在这个房间里抽烟。 （安排）
In future you are not to go out alone. 将来你不许一个人出去。 （命令）
The worst is still to come. 最糟糕的还在后面呢。 （肯定）
Tomorrow is still to come. 明天过了还有明天。
（4）be about + 动词不定式。这种结构表示正要、即将发生的事情。例如：
Let’s go in. The class is about to begin. 咱们进去吧。马上开始上课了。
They are about to get married. 他们即将结婚。
My book is about to be published. 我的书即将出版。
一般将来时的关键是记住表示将来的几种句型及其用法。
练习：
用 be going to 或 will.填空：
26. 1）What are you doing with that spade? ？I ___ (plant) some trees. (am going to
plant)
2）This is a terribly heavy box. ？I ___ (help) you carry it. (will help)
3) I’ve left my watch upstairs. ？I ___ (go) and get it for you. (will go)
4) Who will post this letter for me? ？I ____. (will)
5) She has bought a length of cloth; she ____ (make) herself a dress. (is going to
make)
10、将来进行时
（1）构成：shall/will be + 现在分词
（2）用法：将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。
This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期这时候，我们将在
那个工厂劳动。
When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me. 当我
明天早晨起床时，我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。
I will be seeing him next month. 我下个月将要见他。
Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair. 我们明天去赶集。
We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我们要去海边度假。
注意 如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢？
将来进行时不表示个人意愿，强调主观上感觉某事即将发生，并对这一事
情有着期待，感情色彩较浓，强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发
生做一个事实性的说明或陈述，强调事实或意愿。
27. 翻译下列句子： 强调主观上感觉某事即将发生
1）下月这个时候，我们将呆在南京了。
This time next month we shall be staying in Nanjing.
2）在今天下午的会议上，你们讨论这个计划吗？
Will you be discussing the plan at the meeting this afternoon?
3）你会见到我的兄弟吗？
Will you be seeing my brother?
4）下学期你教我们吗？
Will you be teaching us next term?
5）你来的时候，我们将在开会。
When you come we shall be having a meeting.
6）下周这个时候，我们将在考试。
This time next week we shall be taking our exams.
11、过去将来时
（1） 由 should/would + 动词原形构成。第一人称用 should; 第二、三人称用
would。美国英语所有人称一律用 would. should/would 的简略形式为’d, 如 I’d,
you’d; would not 和 should not 的简略形式分别为 wouldn’t 和 shouldn’t.
（2）过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情，多用在宾语从句中。
还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如：
They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他们问我是否很快要去广州。
She told me she would come again next week. 她和我说她下周还来。
I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t. 我告诉他马上离开，但他不。
28. He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情绪低落的时候，就拉小提琴。
When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every
year to earn my tuition. 我上大学的时候，每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。
（3）其他表示过去将来时的结构：
1）were/was going to + 动词原形，表示过去的安排、打算或确信某事会发生，
多用于口语。如：
I told her I was going to see her that afternoon. 我告诉她我那天下午要去看她。
I was sure (that) they were going to do that. 我确信他们要做那件事。
2）were/was to + 动词原形，表示安排，命令或后来将要发生的事。如：
He didn’t know he was to become famous later on. 他不知道以后他会出名。
They were to receive salaries from the government. 他们将接受政府的工资。
She and I were to meet at an agreed place. 她和我将在一个约定的地方见面。
3）were/was about to + 动词原形，表示正要、即将发生的事。如：
Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 布朗夫人刚要开始，但是珍
妮先说话了。
He was about to say something more, but then checked himself. 他正要再说点什么，
却又打住了。
He waited until she was about to leave. 他一直等到她即将离开。
12、将来完成时
（1）构成：shall/will + have + 过去分词
29. （2）用法：将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻
之前完成的动作，这一动作也可能继续进行。例如：
By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good
line. 如果火车运行正常，我们今天下午七点就到上海了。
Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work. 到上床睡觉的时候，小明
会做完他的工作（或作业）。
By February next year ，this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five
years. 到明年二月，这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了。
By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games. 到 2008 年 9 月，
北京将举行完了奥运会。
翻译练习：
1）七月份你们再来时，他们就搬进新房子里去了。
When you come again in July, they will have moved into a new house.
2）到下一个五一节，我们在一起的时间就很长了。
By next May Day we shall have been together for a long time.
3）我相信，在你到那儿之前，这些困难他已经解决了。
I’m sure he will have settled/solved the difficulties before you arrive there.
4）到明年七月，我就大学毕业了。
By July next year, I will have graduated from college.
二、关于动词时态的几点说明
1、一般不用进行时的动词，它们用一般现在时表示现在进行时
（1）表示心理状态的词：accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget,
30. hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect,
understand, want, wish 等。还有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse 等。
I accept what you say. 我接受你说的话。
I don't agree to this proposal. 我不同意这个建议。
（2）感官动词和表示状态的动词一般不用进行时。系动词：如 hear, look,
notice, see, smell, sound, taste 等词。表示状态的词：be, belong to, exist, have,
remain, seem, stay 等词。例如：
I see him now; he’s talking to a girl. 我看见他了，他正在和一个女孩说话。
The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to the army. 军舰属于海军，
坦克属于陆军。
The tea tastes fresh. 这茶味道很新鲜。
It sounds strange, but it is true. 听起来很奇怪，但这是真的。
2、下列句型常用一般现在时表示现在进行时
Here/There+动词+名词主语：
Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃声响了。
Here/There+代词主语+动词：
Here he comes! 他来了！
There he goes！ 他走了！
在 make sure (certain) 后面的从句常用现在时表示将来时：
There aren’t many seats left for the concert; you’d better make sure that you get one
today. 这场音乐会剩下的座位不多了，你最好今天订妥一个位子。
31. I’m leaving now。 -Make sure you lock the window. 我现在走了。 你务必把窗户关
上。
3、将来时常用的表达方式
（1）单纯将来时用 shall/will+动词原形表示。如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 明年我就二十岁了。
Tomorrow will be September 10th. 明天是九月十号。
（2）“be going to +动词原型 ”这种形式用于人时表示打算，意图，也表示说话
者确信无疑；用于物时表示可能或必然性。
They are going to get married in July. 他们打算七月份结婚。
Mr. Brown says he is going to buy a new car next year. Brown 先生说他们打算明年
买辆新车。
His wife is going to have a baby. 他妻子要生小孩子了。
There is going to be a storm. 将有一场暴风雨。
Look！It’s going to snow. 看，要下雪了。
（3）“be to +动词原形 ”表示命令，安排，疑问句中表示征求意见。例如：
You are to clean the window. 你要擦窗。
The President is to arrive in Rome at three o’clock this afternoon. 总统今天下午三点
到达罗马。
Am I to set to work? 要着手工作吗?
Is he to leave/come, too。 要他也走/来吗？
（4）“be about to +动词原形 ”表示即刻就要发生的动作。例如：
32. They are about to go out when it begins to snow. 他们正出去的时候开始下雪了.
The ship is about to sail。 船要扬帆起航了。
（5）现在进行时可表示将来。主要是表示“来，去，留，住，开始，结束 ”等意
义的动词，如：come, end, leave, return, go, start, set out, meet, open, die, arrive。
We are going to Paris on Friday. We are leaving from London Airport. 我们星期五离
开巴黎，我们从伦敦机场出发。
The poor dog is dying. 那条可怜的狗快要死了。
The tragedy is ending/beginning. 悲剧就要结束了/开始了。
4、现在完成时的用法
现在完成时强调的是现在的结果或影响，是个现在时态，不与明确表示过去某
个时间的状语连用；常与 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, today, tonight,
yet, this week, this year, for+时间名词，in the last three years, in the past three years,
so far (到目前为止)，up till now (直到现在)， up to the present (直到现在) 等包括
现在在内的时间状态语连用。例如：
Where have you been this year? 今年你去过哪里。
Up to the present, great changes have taken place. 到现在已经发生了巨大变化。
Did Mary come here for a visit? She has visited China twice since 1989.
5、过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示动作发生在过去某个时间或动作之前。如果发生有两个动作都是
在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时：
It is five years since I left middle school.（以现在为依据） 我离开中学到现在已经
33. 有五年了。
It was five years since I had left middle school.（以过去为依据） 我离开中学到那
时已经有五年了。
By the end of last month they had already made 25 million dollars. 到上月底他们已
经挣了两千五百万美元了。
The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema. 电影已经开始几分
钟了他才到电影院。
注意：动词 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think 的过去完成时表示过去未曾
实现的想法、希望、打算或意图。例如：
They had hoped to be able to come and see me. 他们本希望能来看我的。
I had thought to meet her there. 我想过（或我本想）在那里见她。
6、时态的呼应
时态的呼应也叫时态的一致，是指在复合句中，某些从句（主要是宾语从句等
名词性从句）的时态常受主句时态的影响，因而要注意主从句两部分的时态呼
应。
（1）主句是现在时态或将来时时，从句可以用任何所需要的时态。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他说他父亲是（过去是，将来要做）一
个教师。
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai. 他们会告
诉你他们正住在上海/在上海住过/将住在上海/一直住在上海。
（2）主句是过去时态时，从句的时态要注意下列几点：
34. A. 从句与主句动作同时发生，从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。
I thought he studied hard. 我认为他学习努力。
He told me his son was watching TV. 他告诉我他儿子在看电视。
B. 从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句须用过去将来时。例如：
He said he would post the letter. 他说他将要寄这封信。
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他们不知道什么时候去参
观长城。
C. 从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句须用过去完成时。例如：
He said he had posted the letter。 他说已经把信发了。
They asked me whether I had been there before. 他们问我以前去没去过那里。
但是，如果从句有具体的过去时间状语，尽管从句动作发生在主句动作之前，
有时仍用一般过去时。例如：
She told me her brother died in 1960. 她告诉我她哥哥 1960 年去世的。
They said they checked everything yesterday. 他们说昨天他们全部检查过了。
另外，从句说的是一般真理或客观事实，即使主句用过去时态，从句仍用一般
现在时。例如：
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round. 老师告诉学生们地球是圆的。
Somebody told me you are a writer. 有人告诉我你是个作家。
除了宾语从句外，其他名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）一般也
要遵守这种时态呼应的规律。而状语从句和定语从句则是根据本身意思的需要选
用适当的时态。例如：
He saw the boy whose mother is our teacher. 他见过那个他妈妈是我们老师的男孩。
35. It was not so hot yesterday as it is today. 昨天没有今天这样热。
三、几个常用时态的比较
1、一般现在时与现在进行时
（1）一般现在时用以说明客观事实，或用于强调动作的永久性、经常或反复性。
而现在进行时强调动作正在进行，因此它表示动作含有暂时性（即动作的持续
时间是有限的）和未完成性。
The writer writes children’s stories. 那位作家是写儿童小说的。（说明客观事实）
The writer is now writing a story. 那位作家现在正在编写一个故事。
She is kind. 她很善良。（指她一贯心地善良）
She is being kind. 她现在显得很善良。（表示暂时性，平时她并不善良）
Tom types his own letters. 汤姆自己用打印机打信。（说明经常性）
Tom is typing his own letters today. 汤姆今天自己正在用打印机打信（表示暂时性、
未完成）
（2）有些动词，如：like, hate, believe, guess, know, mean, remember, hear, see,
sound, seem 等，不能用于进行时，即使表示说话时正在进行的动作也通常用一
般现在时。如：
I know him. 我认识他。（不说：I am knowing him.）
Jenny likes this green coat. 珍妮喜欢这件绿大衣。（不说：Jenny is liking…）
某些动词既可用于一般现在时，又可用于现在进行时，但意义有所不同。试比较
I feel (=think, believe) you are right/there’s something wrong. 我觉得（=认为、相
36. 信）你是对的/有点不对头。（这个意思不用进行时 ）
I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。
What are you thinking about? 你在想些什么。
What do you think of the idea? 你认为这个主意怎样？
I think you’re right. 我认为你是正确的。
He is smelling the meat. 他正在闻肉。
The meat smells bad. 这肉有臭味了。
I see (=understand) what you mean. 我明白你的意思。
I see the fish now. 我看见那条鱼了。
I’m seeing (=consulting ) a doctor. 我正在看医生（即看病）。
I’m seeing (=visiting) a friend of mine. 我正在看一个朋友。
某些表示身体感觉的词（如 hurt, ache, feel 等），用一般现在时和现在进行时没
有多大差别，只是进行时更生动、更有感情色彩。例如：
How do you feel today? (or: How are you feeling today?) 你今天的感觉怎样。
My head is aching. (or: My head aches.) 我头疼。
I feel cold.=I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。
（3）一般现在时说明事实，一般不带感情色彩；现在进行时与 always, often,
frequently 等词连用时带有感情色彩。例如：
He always asks questions. 他总是提问题。（无感情色彩）
He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。（表示强烈的感情色彩）
Don’t be complaining all the time. 别老是抱怨个不停。
She’s always blaming others. 她总是在埋怨别人。
37. 2、一般过去时与现在完成时
（1）一般过去时只是单纯说明过去的情况，和现在不发生联系，它可以确定的
表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响
或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和具体的表示过去的时间状语连用。
如：
We have visited a power station. 我们参观了发电站。（现在对电站有所了解）
We visited a power station last week. 上周我们参观了发电站。（只说明事实）
I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。（还没有找到）
She lost her pen yesterday. 她昨天把钢笔丢了。（现在找到与否，没有说明）
（2）有些时间状语，如 this morning, tonight, this month 等，既可以用于一般过
去时，也可以用于完成时，但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括
“现在 ”而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。例如：
I have read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。（讲话时仍是四月）
I read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。（讲话时四月已过）
I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。（讲话时仍是上
午）
I wrote two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。（讲话时是下午或晚
上）
3、一般过去时与过去进行时
一般过去时表示过去发生的事情，往往表示动作已结束；而过去进行时侧重动
作正在进行、未完成。试比较：
38. Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。（信写
完了）
Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚在给她的朋友写信。（信
不一定写完）
I read a novel last night. 昨天晚上我看了一本小说。（指已经看完了）
I was reading a novel last night. 昨天晚上我在看小说。（指看了一些）
I often went swimming while I was living in Qingdao. 我住在青岛的时候经常去游
泳。
I was running downstairs when I saw her. 我正往楼下跑的时候看见了她。
I ran downstairs and found her gone. 我跑下楼梯，发现她走了。
4、一般过去时和过去完成时
（1）一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时表示在过去
某一动作发生在另一动作之前。试比较：
The class had already begun when I came to school. 我来到学校时，已经开始上课。
He had gone home before I got to his office. 我到他办公室以前，他已回家了。
（2）有 after 或 before 引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从句动作和主句
动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时：
He called on me soon after he had returned. 他回来不久便拜访我。也可以说：He
called on me soon after he returned.
The train had left before I got to the station. 我到车站时,火车已经开走了。也可以说：
The train left before I got to the station。
39. （3）描述一连串的过去动作，无需用过去完成时，例如：
He stood up, took his bag, put on his hat, left the room and went away. 他站起来，拿
起书包，戴上帽子，离开房间走了。
She looked around but saw nothing. 她环顾四周，但是什么也没有看见。
He came in and said hello to everyone. 他进来向每一个人问好。
由于汉语与英语表达时态的方式不同，中国人在学习和应用英语时经常犯时态
错误，尤其是在写信、写电子邮件、写记叙文时。常见的时态错误类型有：时态不
对应；通篇须用几种时态时用一种时态；时态混用或串用（如在描写过去的经
历时，有时用现在时）；不用进行时。我们如果在日常口头交际中犯点时态错误
这在所难免，也可以理解。但是，在正式场合，如正式写作中，就不能允许出现
时态错误，因为这是英语语法的基础。我们学习时态的目的，主要在于应用。因
此，在使用英语，尤其是在写作时，一定要有时态意识，长此以往就能养成正
确使用时态的习惯。
四.、助动词和情态动词
第一部分 助动词
汉语中只有助词，而没有助动词。这又是英汉两种语言的一大差别。英语的助动
词，就是起辅助作用的动词，本身没有独立的词义，不能单独做谓语，在句子
中只起语法作用，和实意动词一起构成谓语（叫复合谓语），表达否定，疑问，
时态，语态和其他语法关系。其基本形式和作用如下表：
原形 现在式 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 作用
Be Am, is, are Was, were Been Being 构成各种进行时态和被动语态
40. Have Has, have Had —— —— 构成各种完成时态
do Does, do Did —— —— 构成疑问句和否定句、加强语气，代替前面相同的动
词
Shall —— Should —— —— 构成各种将来时态
Will —— would —— ——
（一）助动词 be 的用法
1、跟现在分词构成各种进行时态：
They are playing war games with toy guns and toy tanks. 他们正在用玩具枪和玩具
坦克玩战争游戏。
We were playing video games on TV last night. 昨晚我们在电视上玩电子游戏。
2、跟过去分词构成被动语态：
He’s not respected by the press. 他们不受报界的尊重。
We were taught how to use a computer last year. 去年教过我们怎样用计算机。
（二）助动词 have 的用法
have 后面跟过去分词构成各种完成时态:
We’ve known each other since three years ago. 我们从三年前就认识了。
He’s been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
（三）助动词 do 的用法
1、帮助构成实意动词一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问式和否定式：
Do you know John? 你认识约翰吗？
41. Mary didn’t come to see me yesterday. 玛丽昨天没来看我。
You like this picture, don’t you? 你喜欢这张画，不是吗？
2、代替前面已经提到过的动词，避免重复：
Do you smoke? ？Yes, I do. 你抽烟吗？-是的，我抽。
I smoke. So does he. 我抽烟。他也抽。
He doesn’t like it. Neither do I. 他不喜欢，我也不。
They went swimming yesterday. So did we. 他们昨天去游泳了。我们也去了。
3、帮助加强谓语动词的语气：
I do like you. 我真的喜欢你。
She/He does like you. 她/他确实喜欢你。
She/They/We did go swimming yesterday. 她/他们/我们昨天确实去游泳了。
If you do know, answer me in a loud voice so that all may hear. 如果你的确知道，就
大声回答我，以便大家都能听见。
be, have, do 都能做实意动词用：
These are computers. 这些是计算机。
We’re having breakfast. 我们正在吃早饭。
I did some washing last night. 我昨晚洗了衣服。
（四）助动词 shall 和 will 的用法
1、助动词 shall/will 构成一般将来时；should/would 构成过去将来时
We shall/will be rich, if we succeed. 我们将很富有，如果我们成功的话。
42. They will be rich, if they succeed. 他们将很富有，如果他们成功的话。
They said they would be rich, if they succeeded. 他们说他们将很富有，如果他们成
功的话。
2、shall 用在第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中，来征求意见，表示“要不要……”
Shall I go now? 要我现在就走吗？
Shall we invite her, too? 我们也邀请她吗？
Shall the house be insured against fire? 要给房子保火险吗？
Shall the reporters wait outside or what? 要记者们在外面等还是怎样？
3、shall 用于所有人称，表示说话人的决心、保证、许诺、威胁、警告、命令等强烈
的感情。例如：
You shall have an answer by tomorrow. 到了明天，你会得到答复的。
If he’s good, he shall have a new watch for Christmas. 如果他表现好，在圣诞节就
会得到一块新表。
You shall suffer for this. 你会为这事吃苦头/付出代价的！
I don’t want to be hard on them; they shan’t be pressed. 我不想难为他们；不会过于
逼迫他们的。
They hope to undermine our unity; they shall fail. 他们希望破坏我们的团结：他们
不会成功的。
If you children don’t do as I tell you, you shan’t go to the party. 你们小孩要是不听话，
就不让你们参加晚会。
As a man sows, so he shall reap. 善有善报，恶有恶报。（谚语）
Then you shall come; and you will come too, Ruth, won’t you? 那你得来；Ruth，你
43. 也来好吗？
4、would 可以表示过去的习惯，类似 used to:
He would come to see me on Sunday when he was here. 他在这里的时候，星期天
就来看我。
The dog would lie there in the sun all afternoon. 那只狗常常整个下午躺在那里的太
阳底下。
When we were children, we would go skating every winter. 小的时候，每年冬天我
们都去滑冰。
5、will 可以表示“愿意、肯、会、固执”等意义，而非将来:
I meant to reason with you, but you won’t reason. 我打算和你讲理，但是你就是不
讲理。
I will pay you for it. 我会付给你钱买下它的。
Go where you will. 到你愿意去的地方。
She won’t so much as look at David. 她连看都不看一眼大卫。
We’re going on a climbing trip. Come if you will. 我们要去爬山。你愿意的话就跟我
们一起来。
6、will 可以表示倾向、习惯（总是会，老是等意思），在否定句中可以表示“不肯
不能”等意思:
Boys will be boys. 男孩子总归是男孩子。
A wise man changes his mind; a fool never will. 聪明人会改变自己的思想，而傻子
却不会。
Sometimes the cat will lie there all morning. 有时候猫会整个下午躺在那里。
44. Oil and water will not mix. 油和水是不会混合在一起的。
She will sit there for hours, waiting for her son to come back. 她总是在那里坐上好
几个小时，等她儿子回来。
This machine won’t work. 这台机器不工作了/坏了。
These things will happen. 这样的事情总是会发生的。
第二部分 情态动词
情态动词有一定的意义，表示人的看法和态度，不表示动作或状态，因而不能
单独做谓语，必须和实意动词或系动词的原形一起构成谓语，没有人称和数的
变化。把情态动词放在句首、句尾用问号便构成疑问句；在其后加上 not 或 never
等否定词就构成否定句。如：
My mother can drive. 我妈会开车。
My mother can’t drive. 我妈不会开车。
Can your mother drive? 你妈会开车吗？
Can’t your mother drive? 你妈不会开车吗？
You needn’t look at me like that. 你不必那样瞧着我。
常用的情态动词有 can, could; may, might; must; should; need; dare; ought to 等。
（一）can/could 的用法
1、表示具备某种“能力”，但不一定做事情。仅仅表示有能力而已。can 表示现在；
could 表示过去。如：
The nine-year old boy can swim across the river. 那个九岁的男孩能游过那条河。
Can you swim across the river? 你能游过那条河吗？
45. I could do such things then, but I can’t now. 我那时候能做这样的事情，但现在不
能了。
We couldn’t get the truck to start. 我们发动不了那辆卡车。
2、表示“请求”（疑问句中）、“允许”。Could 比 Can 委婉；两者都指现在。回答一
律用 can 或 cannot, 也可以用 mustn’t. 如：
Can /could I smoke here? 我可以在这里抽烟吗？
Yes, you can. 是的，你可以。
No, you cannot smoke here. 你不能在这里抽烟。
You can go now. 你现在可以走了。
Could you lend me $55? 你能借给我 55 美圆吗？
Yes, of course. 当然可以。
No, I cannot/I’m sorry I cannot. 不，不行/对不起，恐怕不行。
Could you tell me where John is? 你能告诉我约翰在哪儿吗？
3、表示“可能性”。但是并不牵涉到是否真会发生：都可以表示现在和将来，只是
could 的语气更加不肯定。如
That can/could be very awkward. 那可就太尴尬了。
Can/Could it be true? 那会/可能是真的。
That can’t/couldn’t be true. 那不可能是真的。
Will you answer the phone? It could be your mother. 你去接电话好吗？可能是你妈
妈。
What can/could they be doing? 他们可能会在干吗呢？
Could/Can they be chatting in his office? 他们可能在他办公室里聊天吗？
46. No, they can’t/couldn’t be doing that now. 不， 现在他们不可能在做那事。
（二）may/might 的用法
1、表示允许或请求允许；might 语气更礼貌：
May I turn on the TV? 我可以把电视打开吗？
You may go home now. 你现在可以回家了。
She asked if she might have my bike. 她问是否可以借用我的自行车。
He told me I might go and see him any time. 他和我说我可在任何时候去见他。
can/could 和 may/might 都可以表示允许和请求允许。can 最直截了当；could 礼貌
客气；may 既尊重又婉转礼貌；might 带者太多的虚礼，所以很少使用。如：
直截了当 Can I Ask you for help?
礼貌客气 Could i
尊重婉转 May i
（虚礼）尊重婉转 Might i
对所有这些问句的肯定回答：
Yes, of course. Yes, you can/may.
对所有这些问句的否定回答：
No, you can’t/may not /mustn’t /I’m afraid not.
2、表示可能性，是“也许”之意。这时 may 和 might 无时间上的差别，只是 might
在语气上更不肯定一些。如：
You may/might have some fever. 你也许发烧了。He said that the news might be true.
他说这消息可能是真的。
They may/might be having a bath. 他们也许正在洗澡。
47. We may be buying a new house. 我们也许要买个新房子。
表示可能性时，may/might 不用于疑问句，可用 can/could 或别的说法。如：
Is it likely to rain, do you think? 会下雨吗，你认为？（不说 May it rain?）
Can/could they be having a bath? 他们可能正在洗澡吗？
（三）must 的用法
1、表示义务、命令或劝告，是“必须”之意。对自己、对别人均可：
We must take this seriously. 我们必须严肃对待这事。
You must tell me the truth. 你必须和我说实话。
Patients must use medicine according to the doctor’s orders. 病人用药必须遵医嘱。
在回答由 must 引起的问题时，如果是否定回答，多用 needn’t 或 don’t have to，
表示“不必、没必要”；而 mustn’t 表示“绝对不行、不可以”的意思，有时用来回答
can 或 may 开头的问句，表示口气很强的不允许：
Must the ladies wear dresses? No, they don’t have to/they needn’t. 女士们必须着连
衣裙吗？不，不必。
Can/May I come in? No, you can’t/mustn’t. 可以进来吗？不行/绝对不行。
must 仅用于表示现在和未来。其他时态用 have to。但在间接引语中可用 must 表
示过去:
I had to leave early because I wasn’t feeling well. 我不得不早点离开，因为我觉得
不舒服。
You’ll have to take care of the child. 你将不得不照顾这个孩子。
She has had to work over ten hours a day. 她一直不得不每天工作十几个小时。
48. They decided they must stop smoking. 他们决定他们必须戒烟。
He asked me if he must leave at once and I told him he didn’t have to. 他问我是否他
必须马上离开，我告诉他不必。
2、表示推测，是“肯定、一定”之意。此时，must 只用于肯定句。在否定句或疑问句
中，用 can/could：
There must be a mistake. 准是弄错了。
Can/Could there be a mistake 可能会有错吗？
There can’t/couldn’t be a mistake. 不可能会有错吗？
He must be over sixty now. 他肯定六十多岁了。
He can’t/couldn’t be sixty now. 他现在不会是六十岁。
Can/Could he be over sixty now? 他现在会有六十多岁吗？
They must be watching the news now. 他们这会儿肯定在看新闻。
They can’t/couldn’t be watching the news now. 他们这会儿不可能在看新闻。
Can/Could they be watching the news now? 他们这会儿可能在看新闻吗？
我们先对表示“推测”的表达法作一个总结：
（1）表示对现在和将来状况的推测：must 一定，may 可能，might 也许，can’t
不可能。从“一定”到“不可能”，可能性逐渐降低。
（2）对已经过去的情况的推测：must, may, might, can’t/couldn’t 这些词后面分别
加上 have + 过去分词，表示“一定…”，“可能…”， “也许…”，“不可能…”。从“一
定”到“不可能”，可能性逐渐降低。
（四）need 的用法
49. 作为情态动词，need 一般只用于否定句和疑问句中。
You needn’t try to explain. 你不需要解释。
She needn’t come tomorrow. 她明天不必来。
Need we stay here this evening? 今晚我们需要在这儿住下来吗？
Need 作为实意动词比作为情态动词常用的多。实意动词 need 可用在所有句型中。
She needs to come tomorrow. 明天她需要来。
You don’t need any help from others. 你不需要别人的任何帮助。
He doesn’t need to borrow money. 他不需要借钱。
Do they need this? 他们需要这个吗？
Plants need sun light in order to grow. 植物需要阳光才能生长。
You don’t need to work so hard. 你不需要这么样地努力工作。
Your shoes need cleaning/to be cleaned. 你的鞋子需要清洁。
The job doesn’t need much attention or time. 这份工作很省心省事。
What he needs is a good beating. He needs a good beating. 需要好好揍他一顿。
（五）dare 的用法
情态动词 dare 通常用于疑问句，否定句和条件状语从句中，表示“敢”的意思：
Dare he swim across the river? 他敢游过这条河吗？
He dare not come to see me. 他不敢来见我。
I dare not say so. 我不敢这样说。
She dare not go out of the house. 她不敢走出房间。
How dare you be so rude! 你竟敢如此无礼！
50. If you dare speak to me like this again, you’ll be sorry. 如果你胆敢再和我那样说话，
你会感到遗憾的。
实际上，在现代英语中，dare 往往用做实意动词：
Do you dare to ask her? 你敢问她吗？
He didn’t dare to go. 他不敢去。
I would never dare to jump down from the wall. 我永远也不敢从那堵墙上跳下来。
Does anyone dare to call me a liar? 有谁敢说我是个说谎者吗？
（六）should/ought to 的用法
两者大多数情况下可以互换。
1、表示道义上的责任，义务或要求，有时表示劝告。ought to 的否定式为 ought
not to /oughtn’t to。如：
You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says. 你应该更多的注
意你律师的话。
They shouldn’t allow parking here. The street is too narrow. 这里不应该允许停车，
街道太窄了。
This word is spelt wrongly. There should be another “s”.
这个词拼写错了，还应该有一个 “s”。
I should go slowly here. It’s a built-up area. 这里我应该慢点儿走。这个地区建筑物
多。
2. 表示推测和可能性，是“应该”之意。 表示对现在和将来的推测。
You ought not to/shouldn’t be sleeping now. It’s already eight o’clock. 你不该还在睡
51. 觉，都已经八点了。
This pen ought to /should be yours. 这支笔应该是你的。
If the train is up to time, John should/ought to be here any minute now. 如果火车晚
点的话，JOHN 现在马上就应该到了。
3、“should/ought to have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，意 思 是“应该已经”。有时
表示“应该做而没有做”，是“本应该”的意思；“should not/ought not to have+过去
分词”表示“做了不应该做的事情”，是“本不该”的意思，因而它们都含有责备的
语气：
He began two hours ago. He ought to have finished filling in the forms now. 两个钟
头前他就开始了，现在应该填完那些表格了。
One should have been asleep and the other on watch. 本应该一个睡觉，另一个站
岗。.
You should not have asked him for help. 你本不应该向他求助。
4、表示讲话人惊奇，失望，愤怒等感情：
What’s happened to that money? How should I know? 那些钱怎么了？－我怎么知
道？
It’s strange that he should have lost his temper for such trivial things as that. 真奇怪，
他竟然为这么小的事情发脾气。
Why should I believe you? 我为什么要相信你？
第三部分“情态动词＋have+ done”的含义
1、Must have done 的含义。“must have＋过去分词”表示对过去的推测，意思是“一
52. 定已经，想必已经，准是已经….”，只用于肯定句中。例如：
The streets are wet. It must have rained. 街道是湿的，准是下雨了。
He must have been drinking beer. 他肯定一直喝啤酒来着。
若要表示否定，要用“can’t/couldn’t+ have+过去分词”，意 思 是“不可能”：
The money can’t have been lost there. 钱不可能是在那儿丢的。
2、May/might have done 的含义。“may/might have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，
意思是“也许已经┅，可能已经…”。用于肯定或否定句中。疑问句中用 can 或
could. “might(不是 may)have+过去分词”也表示“本来可以…”的意思，含有责备的
口气，用来批评人。例如：
He may have gone to bed. 他可能已经上床睡觉了。
She might not have settled the problem. 她可能尚未解决那个问题。
You might have told me earlier. 你本可以早点告诉我的。（埋怨责备）
Don’t do that again. You might have been fired. 别那么干了，会把你解雇的。（责
备，警告）
You might have succeeded if you had tried. 假如你尝试过，或许已经成功了。（虚
拟语气，不满）
3、needn’t have done 的含义。“needn’t+ have+过去分词”表示“作了不必做或不需
要做的事”。 可译成“大可不必”，“本来不需要”。例如：
I needn’t have borrowed the money yesterday. 昨天我根本不需要借钱的。（实际上
已经借了）
You needn't have come so early. 你不必那么早来嘛。
4、can/could have done：用来谈过去的情况
53. （1）在疑问句、否定句中，表示怀疑和不可能，这时它们没有时间上的差别，
只是 could 的语气更弱一些：
Who could have taken them? 谁会把它们拿走了呢？
Where can he have gone? 他可能到哪儿去了呢？
He can’t have taken it home. 他不可能是带回家去了。
She couldn’t have left so soon. 她不可能这么快就走了。
I don’t see how I could have done otherwise. 我看不出我当时还有别的做法。
Who could have supposed you were going to do such a thing? 谁会想到你会做出这
样的事情。
Nobody could have foreseen such a calamity. 这样的灾祸谁也不会预想到。
（2）could have done(但不是 can)在肯定句中，表示“那时本来可以…；差点就
要…”，有时用来进行婉转地批评（与 might 同意，但语气更强一些）：
We could have solved the problem in a more reasonable fashion. 这个问题我们本来
是可以更合理得解决的。
He could have told her, but he did not choose to. 他本来可以告诉她的，但他不愿
这样做。
When she heard the news, she could have cried. 听了这消息，她简直要哭出来了。
I could have died laughing. 我简直要笑死了。
You could have been more considerate. 你其实可以想的更周到一些。
We could have started a little earlier. 我们其实可以更早一些动身的。
The result could have been better. 结果本可以更好一些。
5、should/ought to have done 的含义。“should/ought to have＋过去分词”表示“过去
54. 应该做谋事却没有做”；“should not/ought not to have＋过去分词”表示“做了不应
该做的事”。含有责备或遗憾的意思。例如：
You shouldn’t /oughtn’t to have come here alone at such a late hour. 你这么晚的时候
本不一该一个人来这里的。（实际是一个人来的）
She should/ought to have gone there alone. 她本该一个人去那里的。（实际上不
是）
You should have come here ten minutes earlier. 你本应该早１０分钟来才是。
The boy shouldn’t have been playing the piano. 那孩子不应该一直在弹钢琴。
6、might, may, must 表示推测时的区别: may，might, must 可表示 推 测“可能”.根
据表示可能性的大小，我们把这三个词排列为：might<may<must（或许→可能→
肯定）。例如：
It might rain tomorrow. (将来)明天可能下雨。
They might be watching TV now. (现在)他们可能正在看电视。
Jane might have visited the Summer Palace last year. (过去)去年珍妮可能去过颐和
园。
He may have something important to do. (现在)他可能有更重要的事要做。
They may have been to Shanghai last summer. (过去)去年夏天他们可能去过上海。
There must be something wrong with him. (现在)他肯定出问题了。
He must have made a mistake. (过去)他一定是犯了个错误。
第四部分 几个用法的区别
1、can 和 be able to 的区别。can 在表示“能力”时与 be able to 同义。但是 can 的时态
55. 形式不如 be able to 多。在一般将来时和现在完成时中只能用 be able to。如：
She will be able to dance in a week. 她再过一星期就会跳舞了。
Nobody has ever been able to do it. 从来没有人能够做这事。
在过去时中，could 表示具备某种能力，但不一定做事；而 was able to 表示努力
设法去做谋事，成功后说明有能力，相当 managed to do 或 succeeded in doing。
这时，could 和 was able to 是不能互换的。例如：
When he was a boy, he could swim across the river in fifteen minutes. 他小时侯，15
分钟就能游过那河。（could 表示能力，但不一定这么做）
He was able to swim across the river in fifteen minutes last week.
=He managed to swim across the river in fifteen minutes last week.
=He succeeded in swimming across the river in fifteen minutes last week.
上周他 15 分钟就游过了那河。（was able to 表示真这样做了，而且成功了。这里
不能用 could）
2、must 与 have to 的比较。Must 强调主观意志，也就是说，必要性来自说话者的
主观意志。 have to 强调客观因素。例如：
He must stop smoking. 他必须戒烟。（说话人认为他必须）
This is an awful film. ？We really must go. 这部电影糟透了-我们一定要离开这里。
（说话人认为必须）
You have to go and see the boss. 你一定得去见见老板。（客观因素）
Catholics have to go to church on Sundays. 天主教徒星期天必须去做礼拜。（客观
因素，如教规等 ）
注意：must not 表示“绝对不可”; don’t have to（或 haven’t got to ）表示“不必，没
必要”，两者意思极为不同。英国英语中常用 needn’t 来代替 haven’t got to 或 don’t
56. have to,如：
You mustn’t tell Jenny. =Don’t tell Jenny. 你一定不要告诉珍妮。
You don’t have to tell Jenny. =You can if you like but it isn’t necessary. 你不必非要告
诉珍妮。
3、need 作为情态动词与行为动词的区别。作为情态动词，need 无过去式和将来
时，故用 had to, will have to 替代，主要用在否定句、疑问句、条件句中，意思是
“有必要”。例如：
He need not come at once. 他不必马上就来。
If you need go there, please tell me now. 如果你需要去那儿，请告诉我。
Need he come at once? 他必须马上回来吗？
（回答要用 must, have to, ought to, should 等。例如：Need he come at once? Yes,
he must/ought to /should/has to. No, he needn’t /doesn’t have to /mustn’t.）needn’t
have done 表示“本来不必做某事而实际上已经做了”。例如：
We needn’t have waited for him. 我们本来不必等他的。（实际上已等他了）
用作实义动词时，need 可用于肯定句、 否定句和疑问句，是“需要”之意。如：
You need to wash your hands. 你需要洗手。
Does he need to take the medicine four times a day? 他需要每日服药四次吗？
We didn’t need to see him at all. 我们根本不必要看他(实际上也没去看他，请比较
needn’t have done 的用法)
need 做实义动词时，后面的宾语如果是动名词，用主动形式表示被动意义，如
果是不定式的被动形式，来表示被动意义。类似 need 的这种用法，还有 require,
57. want 等。例如：
The dinning room needs cleaning every day. =The dinning room needs to be cleaned
every day. 食堂需要天天打扫。
My shoes need repairing. = My shoes need to be repaired. 我的鞋需要修理。
4、would 与 used to 的区别 .would 可表示反复发生的动作或某种倾向。used to 表
示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。例如：
She used to work into the night. 过去她常工作到深夜。（现在不了）
She would work into the might. 以前她常工作到深夜。（不表示现在不了）
People used to think that the sun went round the earth. 以前人们总认为太阳是围绕
地球转的。（现在不这样认为了）
I used to smoke quite a lot, but I have given it up. 我过去抽烟很凶，现在戒了。
情态动词的重点和难点是：情态动词之间的区别；表示“推测”的表达方式；以
及“情态动词+have+过去分词”的含义。
五、被动语态
（一）简介
在英语中，语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语
态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态(active voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者；
被动语态（passive voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
Saddam is being tried. 萨达姆正在接受审判。
The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. 伊拉克政府正在审判萨达姆。
More and more people use computers now.（主动语态）
Computers are more and more widely used now.（被动语态）
58. English is spoken all over the world. (被动语态)
（二）英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异
汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了，用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示，如“被捕”、“被杀”、
“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂，用“助动词 be+动词的过去分词”
表示。其中助动词 be 有人称、数量和时态的变化，而这正是英语被动语态的难点。
（三）被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去
分词，因为不及物动词不能带宾语，也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有
16 个时态；被动语态常用的有 8 个，以 give 为例说明如下：
时态 动词形式
一般现在时 Am/is/are given
一般过去时 Was/were given
一般将来时 Shall/will be given
现在进行时 Am/is/are being given
过去进行时 Was/were being given
过去将来时 Should/would be given
现在完成时 Has/have been given
过去完成时 Had been given
被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号；否定式是在第
一个助动词后加 not 或 never 等其他否定词、句末用句号。如：
59. “During the interview, were you asked questions in English?” “No, I wasn’t asked
questions in English.” “面试的时候，用英语问你问题了吗？”“没有，没有用英语
问我问题。”
The origin of the universe will probably never be explained. 宇宙的起源大概永远也
不会被解释清楚。
Is the restaurant being decorated? 那家餐馆正在装修吗？
The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been
decorated。 那家餐馆没有在装修。实际上，那家餐馆从来没有装修过。
（四）被动语态的用法
1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法，有一件事情不知道是谁干的
或者不想说出是谁干的，这时就用被动语态。例如：
I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed. 我接受面试的时候，有点紧张。
These fighters are imported from Russia. 这些战斗机是从俄国进口的。
That place has been turned into a swimming pool. 那个地方已被变成游泳池。
2、说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态
He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。
还有下列常用句型（that 后面跟句子）：
It is said that……. 据说
It is reported that……. 据报道
It is hoped that……. 希望
It is believed that……. 人们相信
60. It is announced that……. 据宣布
it is (well) known that……. 众所周知
It has been decided that……. 已经决定
It is supposed that……. 人们认为
It is suggested that……. 有人建议
It must be remembered that……. 务必记住
It is taken for granted that……. 被视为当然
（五）主动句变被动句的注意事项
一是时态不能改变；二是变为被动语态后，谓语动词要和被动语态的主语在人
称、数上保持一致。还要作如下变动：把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语；
主动语态的主语放在 by 的后面，组成介词短语，再把这个介词短语放在被动语
态的谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时，by 短语可以省
略。例如：
They will open a new supermarket there soon. 他们很快将在那里开办个新超市。
A new supermarket will be opened there soon. 一个新超市不久将在那里开办。
The doctor gave two lectures in English. 那位医生用英语讲了两次课。
Two lectures were given by the doctor in English. 由那位医生用英语讲了两次课。
Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats. 有人警告我们要当心老鼠。
We have been warned to be careful of rats. 我们受到警告，要当心老鼠。
如果主动语态有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），变为被动语态时，可将其
中任何一个宾语变为主语，另一个不变。但较常见的是将间接宾语变为被动语态
61. 的主语。
The reporters asked the president some questions. 记者们问了总统一些问题。
The president was asked some questions by the reporters. （ 变间接宾语为主语）
Some questions were asked the president by the reporters. （变直接宾语为主语）
We have given him a job. 我们已给了他一个工作。
He has been given a job. （变间接宾语为主语）
A job has been given (to) him. （变直接宾语为主语）
（六）含有情态动词的被动语态
句中含有情态动词时，其被动语态的结构是：情态动词+be+过去分词：
The timetable can be changed any time. 时间表随时可以改变。
This book may not be taken out of the reading room. 这本书不允许带出阅览室。
This dictionary must be taken good care of. 这本词典必须保管好。
（七）不能用于被动语态的动词
1、不及物动词不能用于被动语态，因为它们没有宾语。
2、表示状态而不是动作的及物动词，如 break out, belong to, cost, deserve, fit,
have ( 有、使)，hold (盛下、装下)，lack, resemble, suit, take part in, take place,
want, wish 等动词不能变为被动语态。例如：
Everybody wanted Doris to be the manager. 大家都想让多里斯来当经理.
We like everybody to say what they think. 我们喜欢让人人都说出他们的看法。
Do you wish me to stay？ 你希望我留下吗？
Will you help me (to) do the work? 你可以帮助我做干活吗？
62. The war broke out in 1937. 战争爆发在 1937 年。
This car belongs to me. 这车是属于我的。
He has a good job. 他有个好工作。（不说 A good job is had by him.）
They have a large house. 他们有所大房子。
I’ll have him come early. 我要让他早来。
Though I like the dress, it doesn’t fit me. 尽管我喜欢那件连衣裙，但穿着不合适。
（不说 Though the dress is liked by me, I’m not fitted by the dress.）
We lack manpower at the moment. 我们现在缺少人手。(不说 Manpower is lacked by
us at the moment.)
My computer cost me seven hundred and ninety dollars. 我花了 790 美元买这台计
算机。
She resembles her father. 她像她父亲。（不说 her father is resembled by her.）
3、短语动词中有些用于被动结构，有些不可以。但没有规律可循，只能个别掌握
I was very well looked after when I was working there. 我在那里工作的时候，得到
很好的照顾。
An overpass is being put up at the corner of the street. 在那条街的拐角处正在建起
一个过街天桥。
Everybody agreed with me. 大家都同意我的意见。（不能说 I was agreed with by
everybody.）
I walked into the house. 我走进房子。（不能说 The house was walked into.）
I broke into the house. 我破门而入那栋房子。（却可以说 The house was broken
into by me.）
63. 4、反身代词和 each other, one another 作宾语时不能变为被动。例如：
They acknowledged themselves to be defeated. 他们承认他们自己被击败了。
She praised herself. 她自我表扬。
He ruined himself. 他毁了自己。
5、下列及物动词有特殊的宾语，也不能变为被动语态：
The police officer shouted his loudest to stop the car. 警官用最大的声音喊叫，想叫
住那辆车。
The famous actress breathed her last. 那位著名的女影星咽气了。
She nodded her approval. 她点头同意。
I smiled my thanks. 我微笑致谢。
He wishes to be somebody. 他想成个人物。
He enjoys taking pictures. 他喜欢摄影。
Keep silence, please. 请保持安静。
They usually take a walk after supper. 他们通常晚饭后散步。
（八）关于被动语态的几点说明
1、有些动词形式上是主动，意义上是被动。例如:
School begins in September. 学校九月份开学。
The library doesn’t open on Sunday. 图书馆星期天不开放。
The machine runs well. 这台机器容易操作。
My pen writes well. 我的钢笔好使。
The cloth washes well. 这料子耐洗。
The dictionary sells well. 这词典销路很好。
64. The book hardly sells. 这书买不出去。
The door will not shut/lock. 门关/锁不上。
Am I to blame? 我该受责备吗？
The house is to let. 房子要出租。
The story is interesting to read. 这故事读起来很有趣。
The film is worth seeing. 这片子值得一看。
Your shirt needs washing. 你的衬衫该洗了。
2、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel 等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不
带 to 的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中，不定式符号 to 必须补上。例如：
They made him go. 他们让他去。
He was made to go. 他被要求去了。
I heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我听见他向他的朋友说再见。
He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。
3、除助动词 be 外，动词 get 有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态，是比较口语化
的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用 by 短语。例如:
I got lost in the huge market. 在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。
You might get killed/hurt. 你会送命/受伤的。
In the end this story got translated into English. 这故事最后被译成了英文。
His car got damaged in a road accident. 他的车在交通事故中被毁了。
4、“have/get+宾语+过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。如：
I’ll have the bike repaired in no time. 我一会就把自行车修好。
I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping. 上星期天买东西的时
65. 候我的钱夹被盗。
He got his leg broken when playing football. 踢足球的时候他把腿弄断了。
I bought these books at a discount and had two hundred dollars saved. 我打折买了这
些书，省了两百美元。
5、在 need, want, require 后面，主动的-ing 形式表达被动的意思：
My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned) 我的表需要清洗。
Your garden needs watering. (=…to be watered) 你的花园需要浇水。
Does your suit require pressing, sir? 先生，您的衣服要烫吗？
The car wants servicing. 这汽车要检修。
（九）练习
1、将下列句子变成被动语态：[主要步骤是：把原句的宾语变成主语（代词宾格
要变成主格）；把原句的谓语动词变成被动形式（注意：时态不变，新谓语动
词与新主语要一致，疑问句要注意助动词的转换）。复合句中如有可能主句和从
句都要变成被动语态。]
1）He gave me a present.
I was given a present by him.
2）My sister made the soup.
The soup was made by my sister.
3）The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory.
The manager could not be found anywhere in the factory by the workers.
4）The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river.
A bridge has been built over the river by the army engineers and soldiers.
5）The police will surely arrest the thieves.
The thieves will surely be arrested by the police.
66. 6）My brother will repair my bike for me.
My bike will be repaired by my brother.
7）You must clean your watch once a year.
Your watch must be cleaned once a year.
8）I didn’t tell you Xiao Wang could do the job.
You were not told (that) the job could be done by Xiao Wang.
9）I cannot find my dictionary. Someone has taken it.
My dictionary cannot be found. It has been taken by someone.
10）She cannot find her bag. Someone must have taken it.
Her bag cannot be found. It must have been taken by someone.
11）The pupils asked the teacher to tell a story.
The teacher was asked by the pupils to tell a story.
12）The Association asked Mr. Green to make a speech.
Mr. Green was asked by the Association to make a speech.
13）The government is sending him abroad.
He is being sent abroad by the government.
14）He told me to wait here for him.
I was told to wait here for him.
15）Mr. Hopkins has found his wallet.
Mr. Hopkins’ wallet has been found.
16）The workers themselves invented the new machine.
The new machine was invented by the workers themselves.
17）They set up this hospital in 1950.
This hospital was set up in 1950.
18）Tom broke the window.
The window was broken by Tom.
19）Did you write the letter?
Was the letter written by you?
67. 20）They do not make this kind of watches in Beijing.
This kind of watches are not made in Beijing.
21）People call him Little Old Man.
He is called Little Old Man.
22）John answered all the questions.
All the questions were answered by John.
23）The farmer was ploughing the field.
The field was being ploughed by the farmer.
24）People speak English in almost all the countries of the world.
English is spoken in almost all the countries of the world.
25）The wind blew the clouds away.
The clouds were blown away by the wind.
26）We shall paint the room.
The room will be painted.
27）Must I do all the exercises on my own?
Must all the exercises be done?
28）I am going to ring Tom up.
Tom is going to be rung up.
29）Everyone expects that he will win.
It is expected that he will win.
He is expected to win.
30）Did you finish your composition in class?
Was your composition finished in class?
31）Do you wash your clothes very often?
Are your clothes washed very often?
32）Have they paid you the money?
Have you been paid the money?
Has the money been paid to you?
33）Mr. Wang gave us an English lesson.
We were given an English lesson by Mr. Wang.
68. An English lesson was given to us by Mr. Wang.
34）He told his brother the news.
His brother was told the news.
2、将下列句子变成主动语态：
1）What were you told to do?
What did they tell you to do?
2）They were made to learn the poem by heart.
The professor made them learn the poem by heart.
3）The house was being cleaned while the dinner was being cooked.
He was cleaning the house while she was cooking the dinner.
4）It must have been done by an artist.
An artist must have done it.
5）The business has been taken over by his competitors.
His competitors have taken over the business.
6）Such customs should be done away with.
We should do away with such customs.
7）Why haven't the letters been written?
Why haven't you written the letters?
8）It must be done at once.
You must do it at once.
9）I ought to have been told sooner.
You ought to have told me sooner.
10）I wasn't told that he had been dismissed.
They didn't tell me that they had dismissed him.
3、用被动语态翻译以下句子（做翻译时，首先要看用什么句型和结构，再看用
什么谓语动词，然后看用什么时态。这些是汉译英的关键。）
1）没有人强迫你去做那项工作。
You are not forced/compelled to do the work.
69. 2）这个班由布朗先生教英语。
The class is taught English by Mr. Brown.
3）那棵大树被风刮倒了。
That big tree was blown down by the wind.
4）这间教室靠两个火炉取暖。
This classroom is heated by two stoves.
5）这篇文章是汤姆写的吗？
Was the article written by Tom?
6）你会得到老师们的帮助。
You will be helped by the teachers.
7）恐怕你要挨批评了。
I am afraid you will be criticized.
8）那封信已由王林写好。
The letter has been written by Wang Lin.
9）电影放映之前，票已全部售出。
All the tickets had been sold out before the film began.
10）试卷上所有的题目都必须做吗？
Must all the questions on the paper be answered?
11）我们学校正在修建一个新的化学实验室。
A new chemistry lab is being built in our school.
12）电视机关上了。
The television has been turned off.
13）在生产中可以很好地利用原子能。
Atomic/Nuclear energy can be made good use of in production.
14）大家知道，物质是在不断运动和变化的。
It is well known that matter is in constant motion and constant change.
15）有人看见他和李红在一起。
He was seen with Li Hong.
16）据报道，一两天内有大雨。
70. It is reported that there will be a heavy rain in a day or two.
17）林肯在竞选参议员失败后两年，当选为美国总统。
Two years after he was defeated in the Senate race, Abraham Lincoln was elected
president of the United States.
18）他父亲被派到南京出差去了。
His father has been sent to Nanjing on business.
19）-新方案实行了吗？
-没有，还在计划中。听说还在提出各种建议。
-新方案完成时就要采取下一个步骤了。
-Has the new program been started yet?
-No, it is still being planned. It is said that suggestions are still being made.
-The next step will be taken when the new program is worked out.
20）-那个电话是什么时候打的？
-我想是昨天晚上打的。
-When was the telephone call made?
-I think it was made last night.
六．虚拟语气
多数中国人对虚拟语气的理解是：虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望，是假设的，虚
构的，与事实相反的，或者是不太可能的。这种理解固然是对的，但并不全面。
在英语中，虚拟语气是个广义的概念，包括好几种句型和结构。假设，意愿等只
是虚拟语气的两个方面。
英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异：
而在英语中，虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证
明动词在英语中的核心地位，又一次证明要学好英语语法，就要学好英语动词。
由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的，因此，掌握虚拟语
气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键，这也是虚拟语气
