Balkan Workshop BW2013 Beyond the Standard Models 25 – 29 April, 2013, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia

1. L. Perivolaropoulos
http://leandros.physics.uoi.gr
Department of Physics
University of Ioannina
Open page
Collaborators:
I. Antoniou (Ioannina)
J. Bueno-Sanchez (Madrid)
J. Grande (Barcelona)
S. Nesseris (Madrid)
A. Mariano (Lecce)

2. The consistency level of ΛCDM with geometrical data probes has been
increasing with time during the last decade.
There are some puzzling conflicts between ΛCDM predictions and
dynamical data probes
(bulk flows, alignment and magnitude of low CMB multipoles,
Fine Structure Constant Dipole, Dark energy Dipole)
Most of these puzzles are related to the existence of preferred anisotropy axes
which appear to be surprisingly close to each other!
The simplest mechanism that can give rise to a
cosmological preferred axis is based on an off-center observer
in a spherical energy inhomogeneity (dark matter or dark energy)
Topological Quintessence is a simple physical mechanism that can give
rise to a Hubble scale dark energy inhomogeneity.

3. Good Agreement with Geometric Probes!
0 0 28m . 0 1( )
1
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SNLS ESSENCE GOLD06 UNION
CONSTITUTION WMAP5+SDSS5 WMAP7+SDSS7
0w
1w
0w
1w
UNION2
0w0w0w
0w 0w 0w
J. C. Bueno Sanchez, S. Nesseris, LP,
JCAP 0911:029,2009, 0908.2636

4. Large Scale Velocity Flows
- Predicted: On scale larger than 50 h-1Mpc Dipole Flows of 110km/sec or less.
- Observed: Dipole Flows of more than 400km/sec on scales 50 h-1Mpc or larger.
- Probability of Consistency: 1%
Anisotropy of Cosmic Accelerating Expansion
- Predicted: Isotropic Rate of Accelerating Expansion
- Observed: SnIa data show hints for an anisotropic acceleration fit by a Dipole
- Probability of Consistency: 5%
From LP, 0811.4684,
I. Antoniou, LP, JCAP 1012:012,
2010, arxiv:1007.4347
R. Watkins et. al. , Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc.392:743-756,2009, 0809.4041.
A. Kashlinsky et. al. Astrophys.J.686:L49-L52,2009 arXiv:0809.3734
A. Mariano, LP, , Phys.Rev. D86 (2012) 083517,
Alignment of Low CMB Spectrum Multipoles
- Predicted: Multipole components of CMB map should be uncorrelated.
- Observed: l=2 and l=3 CMB map components are unlikely planar and close to each other.
- Probability of Consistency: 1%
Cosmic Spatial Dependence of the Fine Structure Constant
- Predicted: The value of the Fine Structure Constant is Space-Time Independent.
- Observed: There is a cosmic spatial dependence well fit by a Dipole with δα/α~10-5
- Probability of Consistency: 0.01%
Webb et. al.. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 107,
191101 (2011)
M. Tegmark et. al., PRD 68, 123523 (2003),
Copi et. al. Adv.Astron.2010:847541,2010.

5. Quasar Absorption Spectra:
From absorption lines we can find both the absorber redshift and the
value of the fine structure constant α=e2/hc at the time of absorption.
KEK+VLT data: Webb et. al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 191101 (2011)

6. King et. al. , MNRAS,422, 3370, (2012)
Dipole+Monopole Maximum Likelihood Fit:
295 absorbers
4 parameters
l= 320o, b=-11o
larger α
A. Mariano, LP, , Phys.Rev. D86 (2012) 083517,

7. brighter SnIa
smaller μ
l= 309o, b=-15o

8. Maximize Temperature Difference between
opposite pixels at various resolutions:
Maximum Temperature Asymmetry Axis
Correlation with the Quadrupole-Octopole Plane
WMAP7 ILC Maps
A. Mariano, L.P., arxiv:arXiv:1211.5915
Resolution 15o
Resolution 7o
Resolution 3.5o

9. Dark Flow Direction (3σ)
Watkins et. al. MNRAS (2009) (COMPOSITE dataset)
(407±81km/sec at r<107Mpc
towards (l,b)=(287o±9o,8o±6o),
WMAP7 CMB Map –
Maximum Temperature Asymmetry (1.5 σ)
(A. Mariano, LP, arXiv:1211.5915
Phys. Rev. D. 87, 043511 (2013))
α Dipole (4σ)
Webb et. al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 191101 (2011)
Q1: How anomalous is this coincidence? Q2: Is there a physical model that can predict this
coincidence
Dark Energy Dipole (2σ)
A. Mariano, LP, , Phys.Rev. D86 (2012) 083517.

10. Dark Flow Direction (3σ)
Kashlinsky et. al. ApJL (2010) (kSZ effct on CMB)
(800±200km/sec at r<600Mpc
towards (l,b)=(296o±13o,14o±13o),
WMAP7 CMB Map –
Maximum Temperature Asymmetry (1.5 σ)
(A. Mariano, LP, arXiv:1211.5915
Phys. Rev. D. 87, 043511 (2013))
α Dipole (4σ)
Webb et. al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 191101 (2011)
Q1: How anomalous is this coincidence? Q2: Is there a physical model that can predict this
coincidence
Dark Energy Dipole (2σ)
A. Mariano, LP, , Phys.Rev. D86 (2012) 083517.

11. Dark Flow Direction (2σ)
Turnbull et. al. Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 420 (2012)
(249±76km/sec at r<190Mpc
towards (l,b)=(319o±18o,7o±14o), (245 SneIa)
WMAP7 CMB Map –
Maximum Temperature Asymmetry (1.5 σ)
(A. Mariano, LP, arXiv:1211.5915
Phys. Rev. D. 87, 043511 (2013))
α Dipole (4σ)
Webb et. al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 191101 (2011)
Q1: How anomalous is this coincidence? Q2: Is there a physical model that can predict this
coincidence
Dark Energy Dipole (2σ)
A. Mariano, LP, , Phys.Rev. D86 (2012) 083517.

12. A: The probability that the combined quasar absorber and SnIa data are
obtained in the context of a homogeneous and isotropic cosmology is less
than one part in 106.
Q: What is the probability to produce the observed combination of just
the two dipoles in a homogeneous-isotropic cosmological model?

13. Probability to obtain as large (or larger) dipole magnitudes with the
observed alignment in an isotropic cosmological model:
The fraction of isotropic Monte Carlo
Keck+VLT datasets that can reproduce the
obverved dipole magnitude is less than 0.01%
The fraction of isotropic Monte Carlo Union2 datasets that
can reproduce the obverved dipole magnitude and the
observed alignment with Keck+VLT dipole is less than 1%
0.01% x 1% =
0.0001%
0.01%
1%
Monte-Carlo of Isotropic quasar absorber datasets (quasar positions fixed)
Monte-Carlo of Isotropic SnIa Uniot2 datasets (SnIa positions fixed)

14. 1. The data are flawed due to systematics.
2. The data are unlikely statistical fluctuations in the context of
isotropic ΛCDM.
3. The data are correct and a new theoretical model is needed.
Assume case 3
A: There is a simple physical model based on a Hubble scale topological defect
(inhomogeneous dark energy) non-minimally coupled to electromagnetism that
has the potential to explain the observed aligned dipoles.
Q: What physical model has the potential to predict the existence of the
above combined dipoles?
Most probable but
also most boring
Least probable but also most
interesting

15. Coincidence Problem:
Why Now? Time Dependent Dark Energy
Alternatively:
Why Here? Inhomogeneous Dark Energy
Standard Model (ΛCDM):
1. Homogeneous - Isotropic Dark and Baryonic Matter.
2. Homogeneous-Isotropic-Constant Dark Energy
(Cosmological Constant)
3. General Relativity
Consider Because:
1. New generic generalization of ΛCDM (breaks
homogeneity of dark energy). Includes ΛCDM as
special case.
2. Natural emergence of preferred axis (off –
center observers)
3. Well defined physical mechanism (topological
quintessence with Hubble scale global
monopoles).
J. Grande, L.P., Phys. Rev. D 84, 023514 (2011).
J. B. Sanchez, LP, Phys.Rev. D84 (2011) 123516

16. Global Monopole with Hubble scale Core
0
General Metric with Spherical Symmetry:
Energy – Momentum Tensor:
V
2
S

17. Global Monopole: Field Direction in Space and Energy Density
Off-center Observer
Variation of expansion rate due to dark
energy density variation
Variation of α?

18. Global Monopole Configuration:
Non-minimally coupled scalar field
Fine Structure Constant:
Fine Structure Constant Spatial Variation:

19. Global Monopole: Field Direction in Space and Energy Density
Off-center Observer
Variation of α due to field variation Great Repulser
Variation of expansion rate due to dark
energy density variation

20. Initial-Boundary ConditionsEnergy-Momentum Conservation
Static Monopole Profile
(Φ=f(r) )
Homogeneous, Flat Matter
Dominated (A=B=1)

21. 1. Monopole energy density slowly shrinks
and dominates at late times in the core.
2. Matter develops underdensity at the core.

22. η=0.1 Mpl
η=0.6 Mpl
η=0.1 Mpl
η=0.6 Mpl
Accelerating Expansion at the core.
r=0
r=0.5
r=5

23. Early hints for deviation from the cosmological principle and statistical
isotropy are being accumulated. This appears to be one of the most likely
directions which may lead to new fundamental physics in the coming years.
A simple mechanism that can give rise to a
cosmological preferred axis is based on an off-center observer
in a spherical energy dark energy inhomogeneity.
Such a mechanism can also give rise to a Dark Energy Dipole, Large
Scale Velocity Flows, Fine Structure Constant Dipole and a CMB
Temperature Asymmetry. Other interesting effects may occur (quasar
polarization alignment etc).
Topological Quintessence constitutes a physical mechanism to produce
Hubble scale dark energy inhomogeneities.