Hugo Grotius and Immanuel Kant and pierre

1. HUGO GROTIUS

2. Jurist and Diplomat in Dutch Republic

3. April 10, 1583,
Delft, Netherlands
: Leiden University
o he began writing skilful elegies in Latin.
o In 1598, at the tender age of fifteen, he accompanied the
leading Dutch politician of the day, Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
on an embassy to the royal court of France.
o“the miracle of Holland.”
o Latin historiographer to chronicle their history
over Dominicus Baudius,

4. :
- Law degree from the University of
Orléans
- The Dutch East India Company
(V.O.C.) and Prince Maurice of
Nassau.
- Attorney General of Holland

5. PHILOSOPHIE
S

6. De Indis and Mare
Liberum
De Imperio
Summarum
Potestatum circa
Sacra
On The Truth of the
Christian Religion

7. Concept of Natural
Law
Arminian controversy,
arrest and exile
Decretum pro pace
ecclesiarum (1613-14)
Governmental theory of
atonement

8. IMMANUEL KANT

9. April 22, 1724
Königsberg, East Prussia
oProtestant religious group of
Pietists
:
-Saint George's Hospital School
-Collegium Fredericianum
-University of Königsberg
•philosophy, mathematics, and the natural sciences.
IMPORTANT WORKS: "General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens" in
1755. Kant concluded the origin of the solar system was a result of the gravitational
(having to do with the force exerted between bodies of matter) connection of atoms
(the smallest pieces of matter).
He became a PRIVATE TUTOR.

10. PHILOSOPHIE
S

11. "General Natural
History and Theory of the
Critical
Heavens" in 1755
Philosophy
He is also a Lecturer.
He finally achieved a
professorship at moral philosophy
epistemolog
y
Königsberg
Non empiricist critique of
rationalist philosophy

14. Kant is also known for his three
formulation
of moral imperative and they are:
1. FIRST FORMULATION
(formula of
universal law)
This formulation in principle has as its
supreme law the creed "Always act according
to that maxim whose universality as a law
you can at the same time will" and is the
"only condition under which a will can never
come into conflict with itself

15. 2. SECOND
FORMULATION
(Formula of the End in
Itself)
•The principle dictates that you act with
reference to every rational being (whether
yourself or another) so that it is an end in itself
in your maxim", meaning that the rational
being is "the basis of all maxims of action"
and "must be treated never as a mere means
but as the supreme limiting condition in the
use of all means, as an end at the same time.

16. 3. THIRD
FORMULATION
(Formula of
Autonomy)
•is a synthesis of the first two and says "that
all maxims which stem from autonomous
legislation ought to harmonize with a possible
realm of ends as with a realm of nature”.

17. Kant and the Religion
Kant and the concept of Freedom
Kant and the concept of Freedom
Aesthetic philosophy of Kant
Political philosophy of Kant

18. •The reality of the idea of God can
only be proved by means of the idea
of freedom, and hence only with a
practical purpose and therefore there
is a god.

19. Kant and the Religion
•kant saw Christianity as natural and based on
reason and morality. He also saw that the Bible
should be seen as a source of natural morality
no matter whether there is/was any truth behind
the supernatural factor, meaning that it is not
necessary to know whether the supernatural
part of Christianity has any truth to abide by
and use the core Christian moral code.

20. •transcendental idea of freedom, which as a psychological concept is
"mainly empirical" and refers to "the question whether we must
admit a power of spontaneously beginning a series of successive
things or states" as a real ground of necessity in regard to causality
and and the practical concept of freedom as the independence of our
will from the "coercion" or "necessitation through sensuous
impulses".
Kant and the concept of Freedom
Kant and the concept of Freedom
He identify the 3 functions of freedom namely:
• a.) to be free
• b.) to be comprehensible as free
•c.) to be morally evaluated.

21. •He states that beauty is not a property of
an artwork or natural phenomenon, but is
instead a consciousness of the pleasure
that attends the 'free play' of the
imagination and the understanding.
Aesthetic philosophy of Kant

22. •Immanuel Kant believes in republican
government and international organization but
not in democracy (direct democracy) and he
stated that, , "...democracy is, properly
speaking, necessarily a despotism, because it
establishes an executive power in which 'all'
decide for or even against one who does not
agree; that is, 'all,' who are not quite all,
decide, and this is a contradiction of the
general will with itself and with freedom.
Political philosophy of Kant

23. PIERRE GASSENDI

24. Getting to know
Pierre Gassendi:
•
•
•
•
a French philosopher
a Priest
an Empiricist
Perhaps best known in history of philosophy
for his disputes with Descartes, his relations
with other major figures, including Kepler and
Galileo.

25. Three strands of
Gassendi's philosophy which are
quite notable:
•He was responsible for making
atomism respectable in European
intellectual circles of the 17th
century.
•Rejection of Aristotelian
philosophy.
•Advocated a moderate skepticism

26. Writing
s:
1624
- Publishes first part of
his crtitique of
Aristotelianism
Exercitationes
Paradoxicae
Adversus
Aristoteleos.
1644
- Publishes Disquisi
tio Metaphysica,
his answer to
Descartes.

27. UNIVERSITY
OF
MAKATI
PROF. TESSIE TAPIADOR
SAGADRACA

28. THANK YOU!
Prepared by:
Ambrocio, Russel John
Anareta, Jireh
Balatucan, Crystal
Ibanez, Marlon
Rosauro, Whillard
Suniel, Mercy