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Organic Chemistry Alkanes and Alkenes
Pure Hydrocarbons  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Carbon: Organic Chemistry ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Alkanes ,[object Object],[object Object],hydrogen carbon C 4 H 10 Butane C 3 H 8 Propane C 2 H 6 Ethane  CH 4 Methane Structure Formula Hydrocarbon
Names of Alkanes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],pentane carbon hydrogen
Homologous Series ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],hydrogen carbon n= 1  n=2  n=3  n=4
[object Object],C 12 H 26 C 16 H 34 C 31 H 64 C 19 H 40 Activity 19 31 16  12 Formula Number of carbons
Formulae and Models of Alkanes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],methane,  CH 4 C H H H H
Alkanes C H H H H methane,  CH 4 C H H H C H H H ethane, C 2 H 6 C H H H C H H C H H H propane, C 3 H 8
butane, C 4 H 10 C H H H C H H C H H C H H H pentane, C 5 H 12 C H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H
and so on………… Notice  the carbon chain is not really  straight C H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H hexane, C 6 H 14
Isomerism Alkanes of the same formula can have different arrangements of atoms. Such different arrangments are known as  isomers. Two isomers of C 4 H 10  are shown Isomers of butane
Bonding in Alkanes: Methane, CH 4 Alkanes contain atoms held together by single covalent bonds.  In the formula displayed we show these bonds as a single line.  Each line is really a pair of shared electrons C H H H H C H H H H
Alkanes: Ethane, C 2 H 6 ,[object Object],C H H H C H H H C H H C H H H H
[object Object],Activity C H H C H H H H C H H Carbon electron Hydrogen electron
Combustion of Alkanes ,[object Object],[object Object],Methane + oxygen     water  + carbon dioxide CH 4   +  2O 2      2H 2 O  +  CO 2
Incomplete Combustion of Alkanes ,[object Object],[object Object],Methane + oxygen     water  + carbon monoxide 2CH 4   +  3O 2      4H 2 O  +  2CO A carbon monoxide detector
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Activity
Alkenes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Single covalent bond C C Double covalent bond C C
Alkenes  - homologous series ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],hydrogen carbon n= 1  n=2  n=3  n=4 Alkenes none = = =
[object Object],C 11 H 22 C 13 H 26 C 32 H 64 C 21 H 42 Activity 21 32 13  11 Formula Number of carbons
Ethene - formula ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],C H H C H H or
Ethene – electron structure ,[object Object],[object Object],C H H C H H
[object Object],[object Object],Activity C C C H H H H H H C C H H H C C H H H H H C C H H H C C H H H H H H H C
Saturated or Unsaturated? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],+ Br 2  Gas  red  colourless Bromine loses this red colour
[object Object],alkene C 5 H 10 alkane C 8 H 18 alkene C 4 H 8 alkane C 10 H 22 Activity Alkane or alkene decane butene octane pentene Name 10 4 8 5 Formula Number of carbons
Industrial manufacture and uses of Alkenes
Alkenes  Sources ,[object Object],[object Object],Big molecules Small molecules Medium molecules
Catalytic Cracking ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Big Molecules Smaller molecules Molecules break up Catalytic cracker Heat to vaporise Distillation tower pressure
Catalytic Cracking ,[object Object],C 8 H 18      C 6 H 14  + C 2 H 4 Ethene is used to make plastics Used as a fuel + ethene Octane hexane Heat  pressure catalyst
[object Object],Activity Heat  pressure catalyst H H C C H H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H decane + ethene H H C C H H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H C H H C H H octane
Poly(e)thene ,[object Object],And lots more.. This is called  addition polymerisation   and is written as: 1  2  3  4  5  thousands H H C C H H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H H C C H H Pressure high  temperature catalyst n n ethene poly(e)thene
Polypropene ,[object Object],Poly(propene) n n propene
PTFE ,[object Object],n tetrafluoroethene Poly(tetrafluoroethane) or PTFE n
[object Object],Activity pvc C C H H H Cl n n Vinyl chloride C C Cl H H H
Some uses of plastics Poly(e)thene Shopping bags Bottles Buckets Washing up bowls Polypropene Milk crates Rope Carpet fibres Polystyrene packing insulation Ball pens
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5) the different substances collected from distillation 9) full up: unable to add more atoms 6) used to test for unsaturated molecules. 4) breaking up a large molecules 8) joining of many small molecules 2) a series of molecules differing by a CH2 7) saturated hydrocarbon 1) Contain a double bond   3) separate substances with different boiling points Down Across
Answers 5) the different substances collected from distillation FRACTIONS 9) full up: unable to add more atoms SATURATED 6) used to test for unsaturated molecules. BROMINE 4) breaking up a large molecules CRACKING 8) joining of many small molecules POLYMERISE 2) a series of molecules differing by a CH2 HOMOLOGOUS 7) saturated hydrocarbon ALKANE ,[object Object],[object Object],  3) separate substances with different boiling points DISTILLATION Down Across
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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K4 Organic Chemistry Alkanes And Alkenes (Includes Polymers)

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9. Alkanes C H H H H methane, CH 4 C H H H C H H H ethane, C 2 H 6 C H H H C H H C H H H propane, C 3 H 8
  • 10. butane, C 4 H 10 C H H H C H H C H H C H H H pentane, C 5 H 12 C H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H
  • 11. and so on………… Notice the carbon chain is not really straight C H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H hexane, C 6 H 14
  • 12. Isomerism Alkanes of the same formula can have different arrangements of atoms. Such different arrangments are known as isomers. Two isomers of C 4 H 10 are shown Isomers of butane
  • 13. Bonding in Alkanes: Methane, CH 4 Alkanes contain atoms held together by single covalent bonds. In the formula displayed we show these bonds as a single line. Each line is really a pair of shared electrons C H H H H C H H H H
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28. Industrial manufacture and uses of Alkenes
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37. Some uses of plastics Poly(e)thene Shopping bags Bottles Buckets Washing up bowls Polypropene Milk crates Rope Carpet fibres Polystyrene packing insulation Ball pens
  • 38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5) the different substances collected from distillation 9) full up: unable to add more atoms 6) used to test for unsaturated molecules. 4) breaking up a large molecules 8) joining of many small molecules 2) a series of molecules differing by a CH2 7) saturated hydrocarbon 1) Contain a double bond   3) separate substances with different boiling points Down Across
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.