4. (m ha)
Geographical area
Gross cultivable area
Gross irrigated area
Net irrigated area
329
190
76
56
Ratio
Kharif Rabi
Net Sown area to operational land (%)
87
57
Irrigated Land to Net Sown Area (%)
42
67
5.
6. Micro irrigation area in different states (2010)
Micro irrigation area in different states (2010)
Source : Proceedings of national seminar on advances in micro irrigation, 2011
8.
Delivery of water at low flow rates through various types
of water applicators by a distribution system located on
the soil surface, beneath the surface or suspended above
the ground
Apply water in precise:
◦
◦
◦
Time
Location
Quantity
9. Advantages of micro irrigation
Water & fertilizer operating cost savings
Ability to apply saline water
Operate on steep slopes and rough terrain
Reduced evaporation & soil water near FC
Easy to automate
Adaptable for chemigation
Reduced weed growth and disease problems
10.
High initial cost
Susceptible to clogging
Ponding & runoff on heavy soils
May require better management
Restricted root development
14. Types of micro-irrigation
Drip irrigation
Surface drip & Subsurface drip
Sprinkler irrigation
Rotating head system
Perforated pipe system
Based on portability
Portable & Semi portable system
Solid set system & Permanent system
LEPA (Low- elevation precision applicators)
LESA (Low energy spray applicators)
17. Surface drip
Water applied through small emitter openings
(<3 gal/hr/emitter)
Most prevalent type of micro irrigation
Can inspect, check wetting patterns and
measure emitter discharges
18. Subsurface drip
Water applied through small emitter openings below
the soil surface
Basically a surface system that's been buried
(few inches to a couple feet)
Permanent installation
19. SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION
Advantages
High & uniform water application
Lower pressure & power requirements
No dry corners
Adaptable to automation
Disadvantages
High initial cost
Water filtration required
Complex maintenance requirements
Flushing, Chlorination and Acid injection
22. Point source system-online drippers
The emitters are inserted on the outside of the distribution line
Here the emitters work under a pressure of 0.5 to 1.5 kg/cm2
with a flow rate of 2 to 8 lph
23. LINE SOURCE SYSTEM/INLINE
DRIPPERS
Drippers are inserted into the tube at the time of
manufacturing the lateral tubes in the factory
The drippers are inserted at desired intervals as per the
crop and soil requirements
Line source emitters are suitable for close grown row
crops and in gardens
The dripper spacing is more with a discharge ranging
from less than 1 to 4 lph
Its major disadvantage is the difficulty in de clogging
27. Economic comparison of drip and furrow
irrigation methods
Economic activity
evaluated for each
scenario
Drip Irrigated Percentage as
Compared to the Same FurrowIrrigated Farm Model, 2000
Yield
+25%
Chemicals
-18%
Fertilizer
-26%
Capital
+47%
Fixed costs
+19%
Net operating profit
+12%
Jerry, 2010
28. EFFECT OF DRIP FERTIGATION ON YIELD
AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE
Coimbatore
Ponnuswamy and Santhi (2008)
29. Grain yield and Water use efficiency (WUE) of
Green gram under drip irrigation
Treatment
WUE
Grain yield Straw yield Quantity of
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
water (mm) (kg/ha mm)
IW/CPE
ratio
I1: 0.30
545
1794
130
4.61
I2: 0.45
695
2231
180
4.52
I3: 0.60
962
3076
280
4.36
I4: 0.75
1102
3423
330
4.34
CD at 5%
92.08
295.72
-
-
Gujara
t
Patel et al. (1996)
30. Effect of drip irrigation on yield, oil content and WUE
of Sunflower
Seed yield
(q/ha)
Stover
yield
(q/ha)
Total water
used (mm)
Oil content
(%)
WUE
(kg/ha-mm)
Drip at 0.5
Epan
35.25
35.00
412.85
42.19
8.54
Drip at 0.6
Epan
35.84
38.09
457.68
41.70
7.81
Drip at 0.8
Epan
30.87
34.70
548.64
40.96
5.62
Weekly
surface
irrigation at
0.8 Epan
31.75
33.40
548.64
41.37
5.79
CD at 5%
1.29
NS
-
0.78
0.260
Treatment
Bangalore
Shivakumar et al. (2000)
31. Effect of irrigation methods on quality parameters,
water-use efficiency and yield of Cotton
WUE
(kg/hamm)
Total
water
applied
(mm)
Saving
of water
surface
method
(%)
Seed
index
(%)
Lint
index
(g)
Oil
content
(%)
Seed
cotton
yield
(kg/ha)
Drip
0.4 CPE
5.39
3.52
18.8
1096
3.01
364
46.2
Drip
0.6 CPE
5.79
3.76
19.8
1431
3.05
471
30.9
Drip
0.8 CPE
6.10
3.83
20.0
1535
2.67
578
14.5
Alternate
furrow
5.75
3.65
19.0
1348
3.33
413
38.9
Surface
irrigation
5.83
3.67
19.1
1375
2.02
675
-
CD at 5%
0.39
0.12
0.16
92
0.20
-
-
Treatment
Sagarka et al., 2002
34. Micro spray/ micro jets
Discharge: 1gal/min/spray applicator
Low operating pressure requirements of from 0.8 to 1.5
kg/cm2, low water application rates and suitability for stony
or very coarse sandy soils
Objective: To emit water in the form of small droplets
without causing any misting
35. • These
are highly useful for high discharge requirements in case
of orchards and also where the crop canopy as well as the root
zone spread is more
• They are normally, designed to spray water to cover an area of
1 to 6 meters with a flow rate varying from 20 lph to 120 lph
36. RAIN GUN
Most suitable for a variety of climates like tropical,
temperate and humid climates as in India
Light in weight and easy to install
Uniform distribution profile with adjustable jet
Long life span and low maintenance
Better pattern coverage & good performance in windy
conditions
37. Effect of micro sprinkler irrigation on yield and
water productivity of Groundnut
Treatments
Surface method
Micro sprinkler 100% PE
Micro sprinkler 80% PE
Micro sprinkler 60% PE
Micro sprinkler 40% PE
Micro sprinkler 100%
ETc
Micro sprinkler 80% ETc
Micro sprinkler 60% ETc
Micro sprinkler 40% ETc
CD at 5%
Bhavanisagar (TN)
Yield
(kg/ha)
2797
2860
3823
3407
2992
Total water used
(mm)
409.2
558.1
510.7
467.6
412
WUE
(kg/ha-mm)
6.8
5.12
7.48
7.29
7.26
3324
502.28
6.62
3130
3047
2770
153
462.46
426.26
379.55
6.77
7.15
5.85
Krishnamurthi et al., 2003
38. Growth and yield attributes of Chilli as influenced by
micro- irrigation systems
Plant height
at harvest
(cm)
No. of
branches/pla
nt at harvest
Yield of chilli
(t/ha)
T1-Control
78.5
11.9
8.19
T2-Rotary
micro-sprinkler
87.9
15.8
11.05
T3- Stationary
micro-sprinkler
80.4
15.2
10.60
T4-Strip tape
77.5
13.9
9.90
T5-Turbokey
79.2
15.0
10.21
T6- Micro-tube
78.8
12.5
9.86
S.E. ±
2.99
0.51
0.08
CD at 5%
8.87
1.50
0.25
Treatments
Shinde et al.,1999
39. Average cotton yields and water application
comparisons
Irrigation
system
Cotton yields Water
lint (lb/acre) applied
(Inches)
Yield to water
use ratio
(lb/inch)
Furrow
1350
65
20.0
Sprinkler
1200
42
29.0
Drip
1890
32
59.0
Howard Wuertz, 2010
41. Depth of soil-water content at different irrigation
regimes and in different micro-irrigation methods
Medium-low Elevation Spray Application
Low- Elevation Spray Application
Low –Elevation precision Application
Sub- Surface Drip Irrigation
45. Possibilities of adapting micro irrigation
Drip irrigation
All type of crops
except some close
spaced crops
Well and tank
irrigation
Suitable for all types
of soils – sandy, clay
and saline
Sprinkler irrigation
Close spaced crops
Well, tank and canal
irrigation
Suitable for all types
of soils – coarse
sandy soils
46. Salt movement under irrigation with saline water
Subsurface Drip
Salt accumulation leached
radially outward from drip
tubing
Sprinkler/Flood
Salt accumulation leached
downward by successive water
applications
47. Comparative efficiency of irrigation systems
Surface
Sprinkler
Drip
irrigation
30 - 40%
60 - 70%
80 - 90%
51. DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT
ISSUES
Clogging
Physical (mineral particles)
Chemical (precipitation)
Biological (slimes, algae, etc.)
Chlorination
When the source of irrigation water is a dam, river,
irrigation channel, etc., chlorination is recommended which
kills bacteria, algae and other organic matter.
Acidification
Injection of 30% HCl is recommended for removal of
precipitated calcium salts on the inner surface of the drip
system.
54. Dublin Principles (ICWE, 1992)
Freshwater is a finite vulnerable resource, essential to
sustain life, development and environment
Water development and management should be based on
a participatory approach involving users, planners and
policy makers at all levels
Women play a central part in the provision, management
and safeguarding of water
Water has an economic value in all its competing uses
and should be recognized as an economic good
55. Future line of work
Creating awareness about importance of improving
water productivity through micro irrigation is need of
the hour
Need for development of low cost micro irrigation
systems for wider adaptability
Optimization of level of nutrients and irrigation water
through micro irrigation in different crops
Microirrigation (drip, trickle, mist, bubbler, etc) supplies water in precise amounts at low flow rates to soil at the base of the irrigated plants. Systems may be “point source” systems, where the plants are widely separated in widely spaced rows. Here the inter-row areas are left dry for improved weed control. This is the most common type of emission system for orchards and landscape irrigation.
Drip irrigation Maharashtra-1.54 lakh ha .India-3.55 lakh ha . Sprinkler irrigation. Madhya Pradesh-1.49 lakh ha .India-6.58 lakh ha
Area under micro irrigation has been increased almost six folds during last 20 years-from 1.1 mha in 1986 to 6.1 mha at present
Some other general uses of microirrigation
Drip irrigation is defined as the precise, slow and frequent application of water through point or line source emitters on or below the soil surface at a small operating pressure (20-200 Kpa) and at a low discharge rate (1 to 8 LPH), resulting in partial wetting of the soil surface”.
Depending upon the placement of the emitters in the plastic/polyethylene distribution line, the drip system can be broadly categorized as
yield was estimated to be 25% greater when employing drip irrigation. The results (table 1) indicated that even with increased fixed and capital expenditures, drip irrigation would produce a greater net operating profit (approximately12%) than the furrow-irrigated model. Note that economics are not the only parameters considered when contemplating changing irrigation method.
When rainfall does not meet the crop water requirement, the gap is the irrigation water requirement. When the irrigation water requirement is supplied indeed, growing conditions are optimal (provided that other factors like nutrient availability are optimal as well). If the irrigation requirement is not met or only partly, the yield is likely to be lower than optimal. The yield reduction depends on the volumes and timing of the water shortages.
Water applied (spray, jet, fog, mist) to the soil surface at low pressure (normally less than about 1 gal/min per spray applicator)
experiment indicated that we could reduce water use by half and, more importantly, increase yields from the 1,350 lb lint/acre plateau for furrow irrigation to more than 1,800 lb lint/acre with drip (table 1). By burying the drip lines 8-10 inches under each row, we discovered that crops could be watered up with the
system and still have adequate clearance to run tractor