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1. 5.0 : INCIDENTS PREVENTION

2. Incident ?
• An abnormal event, not wanted, that result from
an abrupt, unexpected and accidental form that
interrupts the normal continuity of the work
(Baselga 1984).
• Standard UNE 81900 explains an incident as
undesired or unwanted that given rise to losses
in the health of injuries of the worker.
• An incident could have resulted in a serious
accident or injury (Senecal & Burke).
• An incident could result in damage to property or
equipment and it could result in an employee
needing first aid.

3. INCIDENTS
ACCIDENTS

4. • Krause & Hidley (1992) found that the difference
between inccident and accident:
1. needing only first aid verses a major medical
intervention.
2. owed in a certain way, to the factor of luck ‘near
miss’.
• Conclusion : Incident is a fact or event not planned
nor wanted that will occasionally result in an
unintentional injury or health related problems, will
occasionally result in damages to property, products
or to the enviroment, loss of production and/or an
increase in legal responsibilities.

5. Types Of Incident
Type 5
• The incident can be handled with one or two
single resources with up to six personnel.
• Command and General Staff positions (other
than the Incident Commander) are not activated.
• No written Incident Action Plan (IAP) is required.
• The incident is contained within the first
operational period and often within an hour to a
few hours after resources arrive on scene.
• Examples include a vehicle fire, an injured
person, or a police traffic stop.

6. Type 4
• Command staff and general staff functions are
activated only if needed.
• Several resources are required to mitigate the
incident.
• The incident is usually limited to one operational
period in the control phase.
• The agency administrator may have briefings, and
ensure the complexity analysis and delegation of
authority are updated.
• No written Incident Action Plan (IAP) is required but
a documented operational
• briefing will be completed for all incoming resources.
• The role of the agency administrator includes
operational plans including objectives and priorities.

7. Type 3
• When capabilities exceed initial attack, the appropriate
ICS positions should be added to match the complexity
of the incident.
• Some or all of the Command and General Staff
positions may be activated, as well as Division/Group
Supervisor and/or Unit Leader level positions.
• A Type 3 Incident Management Team (IMT) or incident
command organization manages initial action incidents
with a significant number of resources, an extended
attack incident until containment/control is achieved, or
an expanding incident until transition to a Type 1 or 2
team.
• The incident may extend into multiple operational
periods.
• A written IAP may be required for each operational
period.

8. Type 2
• This type of incident extends beyond the capabilities for
local control and is expected to go into multiple
operational periods. A Type 2 incident may require the
response of resources out of area, including regional
and/or national resources, to effectively manage the
operations, command, and general staffing.
• Most or all of the Command and General Staff positions
are filled.
• A written IAP is required for each operational period.
• Many of the functional units are needed and staffed.
• Operations personnel normally do not exceed 200 per
operational period and total
• incident personnel do not exceed 500 (guidelines only).
• The agency administrator is responsible for the incident
complexity analysis, agency administrator briefings, and
the written delegation of authority.

9. Type 1
• This type of incident is the most complex, requiring
national resources to safely and effectively manage and
operate.
• All Command and General Staff positions are activated.
• Operations personnel often exceed 500 per operational
period and total personnel will usually exceed 1,000.
• Branches need to be established.
• The agency administrator will have briefings, and ensure
that the complexity analysis and delegation of authority
are updated.
• Use of resource advisors at the incident base is
recommended.
• There is a high impact on the local jurisdiction, requiring
additional staff for office administrative and support
functions.

10. Unsafe Act
Performance of a task or other activity that is
conducted in a manner that may threaten the health
and/or safety of workers. Examples are :
• Operating without qualification or authorization.
• Operating equipment at unsafe .
• Failure to warn.
• Using defective equipment
• Working in hazardous locations without adequate
protection or warning.
• Wearing unsafe clothing.
• Taking an unsafe position.

11. Unsafe Conditions
A condition in the work place that is likely to cause
property damage or injury. Examples are :
• Defective tools, equipment, or supplies.
• Fire and explosion hazards.
• Inadequate supports or guards.
• Poor housekeeping.
• Hazardous atmospheric condition.
• Excessive noise.
• Poor ventilation.

12. Hazard ?
• Hazard
A source or a situation with a potential for harm to
humans, property and damage of environment or a
combination of these.
• Danger
Relative exposure to hazard.
• Risk
A combination of likelihood of occurrence and severity
of injury or damage.

13. Classification & Potential Sources
of Hazards
Classification Example of Hazards
• Mechanical - Sharp points & edges, overload.
• Electrical - Insulation damaged or cover broken
• Biological - Exposed, airborne/blood borne
• microorganism.
• Chemical - Expose to carcinogens chemical
• Ergonomics - Expose to unnatural postures
• Psychological- Stress or violent at workplace.

14. Hazard Identification
• To keep workplace safe and healthy.
-employers should make sure there are no hazards to
which employees could be exposed.
• Employers should look for hazards in advance
as part of their risk management plan to prevent
potential hazards.

15. The Process of Risk
Management
Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services)
Identify Hazard
Assess The Risk
Risk Control
Review Risk Control

16. Identify Hazards
1. Walk around your workplace and look at what could
reasonably be expected to cause harm.
2. Ask your employees or their representatives what they
think. They may have noticed things that are not
immediately obvious to you.
3. Check manufacturers’ instructions or data sheets for
chemicals and equipment as they can be very helpful in
spelling out the hazards and putting them in their true
perspective.
4. Have a look back at your accident and ill-health
records – these often help to identify the less obvious
hazards.
5. Remember to think about long-term hazards to
health (eg high levels of noise or exposure to harmful
substances) as well as safety hazards.

17. Risk Assessment
• Is the process of evaluating the risk to safety &
health from hazards at work
Types
• Qualitative
• Semi-quantitative
• Quantitative

18. How To Assess Risk
1) Look for the Hazards
2) Decide who might be harmed & how
3) Evaluate the risk and check what is
done to prevent it from happening
• 4) Record finding
• 5) Review assessment and revise it if necessary

19. Types of Risk Assessment
• Qualitative - (Use Risk Matrix)
-table scales for likelihood and severity
• Fatality
• Major injuries
• Minor injuries
• First aid or near misses

20. Types of Risk Assessment
• Based on statistic
Likelihood
• Very likely
• Likely
• Unlikely
• Highly Unlikely

21. Qualitative Risk Table
Likelihood
Severity
V/Likely Likely Unlikely H/Unlikely
Fatality High High High Medium
Major High High Medium Medium
Injuries
Minor High Medium Medium Low
Injuries
First Aid/ Medium Medium Low Low
N/misses

22. Semi-Quantitative Risk
Assessment
• Severity Categories
1. First Aid
2. Less than 4 days M/C
3. More than 4 days M/C
4. Fatality & Permanent Disability

23. Semi-Quantitative Risk
Assessment
• Likelihood Occurrence
1. Yearly
2. Monthly
3. Weekly
4. Daily

24. Semi-Quantitative Risk Table
LIKELIHOOD
S Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
E 1 2 3 4
V First Aid 1 1 2 3 4
E
R < 4 Days MC 2 2 4 6 8
I
> 4 Days MC 3 3 6 9 12
T
y Fatality & 4 4 8 12 16
Permanent
Disability

25. Quantitative Risk
Assessment
• In cases where hazards are numerous and
complex
eg; Chemical process plant
Should have Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• describe job in less than 10 steps
• List things that can go wrong
o eg; Changing a Car Wheel

26. Actions & Recommendations
• EL- Eliminate
• SL- Substitute
• IS- Isolation
• EC- Engineering Control
• AC - Administration Control
• PPE- Personal Protection Equipment

27. Actions & Recommendations
Eg;
EL - stop work, cover hazard…
SL - use other route, other material..
IS - put up temporary barrier,…
EC - construct permanent wall,..
AC - put up notice, job rotation,…
PPE - gloves, respirator,……