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2012 Webinar Series                                                                                       2/3/2012




                                                   SUSAN SCHOENIAN    (Shāy‐nē‐ŭn)
                                                   Sheep & Goat Specialist
                                                   Western Maryland Research & Education Center
                                                   sschoen@umd.edu  ‐ www.sheepandgoat.com
                                                   sschoen@umd edu   www sheepandgoat com




                        Nutrient -“a substance that provides nourishment”




                         1)   Water                 Livestock do not require specific feedstuffs; they 
                                                    require nutrients in certain quantities and ratios
                                                    require nutrients in certain quantities and ratios.

                         2)   Protein

                         3)   Energy

                         4)   Fat

                         5)   Vitamins 

                         6)   Minerals




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                           1
2012 Webinar Series                                     2/3/2012




                        Many (most) feedstuffs 
                        contain more than one of 
                        the essential six nutrients.

                        Feedstuffs vary 
                        considerably in  their 
                        content of the six essential 
                        nutrients.

                        No single feedstuff can 
                        supply all six essential 
                        nutrients that an animal 
                        needs to survive and thrive.




                         There are “linkages” or 
                         relationships between 
                         essential nutrients.
                         You have to “balance” the 
                         ratio of different feed 
                         ingredients to meet the 
                         individual animal’s needs.
                         The nutrient needs of an  
                         Th   t i t       d   f 
                         animal varies depending 
                         upon species, age, stage 
                         and level of production, 
                         and other factors.




Feeding and Nutrition                                         2
2012 Webinar Series                                                                                           2/3/2012




                               The most critical 
                               nutrient.

                               Has many important 
                               functions in the body.

                               Needs vary by species,  
                               N d         b       i
                               stage and level of 
                               production, and 
                               climate.                                           Quantity + Quality




                        Feedstuff                        % DM
                        Lettuce                        5 percent
                        Pumpkins                       10 percent
                        Orchardgrass  pasture         24 percent
                        Corn silage                    34 percent
                        Wet distiller’s grains         25 percent
                        Molasses, cane                 76 percent
                        Grass hay                     88 percent
                        Whole corn                    88 percent
                        Ground limestone              98 percent
                        Urea                          99 percent                           Pineapple

                          Feedstuffs contain water.  The amount of moisture in the feed must be considered 
                             when balancing rations. Rations are balanced on a dry matter (DM) basis.




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                               3
2012 Webinar Series                                                         2/3/2012




                                 Nutrient needed in the 
                                 greatest quantity.
                                 Building blocks for other 
                                 nutrients.
                                 Dietary excess is stored 
                                 as fat.
                                 Expressed as
                                 1.    TDN ‐ total digestible nutrients
                                 2.    ME ‐ metabolizable energy
                                 3.    NE ‐ net energy 
                                       [maintenance, gain, and lactation]




                        Feedstuff                           % TDN
                        Urea                              0 percent
                        Oat straw                         48 percent
                        Orchardgrass hay                  59 percent
                        Grass silage                      61 percent
                        Fescue pasture                    64 percent
                        Dry beet pulp                     75 percent
                        Barley
                           l                              84 percent
                        Corn                              88 percent
                        Bread by‐product                  91 percent
                        Distiller’s grains                92 percent
                        Fat                              195 percent




Feeding and Nutrition                                                             4
2012 Webinar Series                                                                                      2/3/2012




                                                                   Cheapest energy source.
                                                                                 h
                                                                   2.25x as much energy as 
                                                                   carbohydrates.
                                                                   Used to raise energy level 
                                                                   of feed, improve flavor, 
                                                                   texture, and palatability.
                                                                   Source of heat, insulation 
                                                                   and body protection.
                                                                   Essential fatty acids.

                                                                   Can manipulate to change 
                                                                   nutritional profile of meat.




                        Feedstuff                    % EE
                        Urea                       0 percent
                        Dry beet pulp             0.7 percent
                        Barley                    2.1 percent
                        Alfalfa hay, mid‐bloom    2.3 percent
                        Orchardgrass hay          3.3 percent
                        Corn                      4.3 percent
                        Fescue pasture            5.5 percent
                                                  5 5 percent
                        Corn distiller’s grains   10.5 percent
                        Whole cottonseed          17.8 percent
                        Whole soybeans            18.8 percent
                        Fat                       99 percent
                                                                 Ruminant diets are typically < 4% fat




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2012 Webinar Series                                                          2/3/2012




                                    Most expensive ingredient in 
                                    f d  ti
                                    feed ration.
                                    Need decreases as animal 
                                    matures.
                                    Source of essential amino 
                                    acids.
                                    Excess dietary protein is 
                                    converted to energy, fat.
                                    Expressed as
                                            d
                                      CP ‐ crude protein
                                       ▪ DIP – degradable intake protein
                                       ▪ UIP – undegradable intake protein
                                      MP ‐ metabolizable protein
                                      [microbial protein + UIP]




                        Feedstuff                                 % CP
                        Wheat straw                           3 percent
                        Corn grain                            9 percent
                        Bromegrass hay                       10 percent
                        Barley                               12 percent
                        Fescue pasture                       15 percent
                        Alfalfa hay, mid bloom               17 percent
                        Crystalyx ® protein tub              18 percent
                        Distiller’s grains                   29 percent
                        Soybean meal                         49 percent
                        Fish meal                            66 percent
                        Urea                                288 percent




Feeding and Nutrition                                                              6
2012 Webinar Series                                                                          2/3/2012




                                                     1)    Macro
                                                           Needed in gram amounts
                                                           Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S

                                                     2)    Micro
                                                           Needed in milligram amounts
                                                           Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn
                                                           C  C  F  I  M  M  S  Z

                                                          Multiple functions in body




                        Dry matter basis             Ca               P              Ca: P
                        Corn                     0.02 percent    0.30 percent        0.07
                        Barley                   0.06 percent    0.38 percent        0.16
                        Soybean meal             0.28 percent    0.71 percent        0.39
                        Orchardgrass hay         0.32 percent    0.30 percent        1.07
                        Fescue pasture           0.48 percent    0.37 percent        1.30
                        Soybean hulls            0.55 percent    0.17 percent        3.24
                        Alfalfa hay, mid‐bloom
                         lf lf h       d bl      1.4 percent     0.24 percent        5.83
                        Dried kelp               2.72 percent    0.31 percent        8.77
                        Dicalcium phosphate      22 percent     18.65 percent        1.18
                        Bone meal                 27 percent    12.74 percent        2.12
                        Ground limestone         34 percent      0.02 percent        1700




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                                                                1)    Water soluble
                                                                      B & C

                                                                2)    Fat soluble
                                                                      A, D, E , & K


                                                                     Multiple functions in body.
                                                                     Requirements increase  
                                                                     R    i      t  i
                                                                     with age.

                                                                     No dietary requirement for 
                                                                     vitamin K or B complex.




                         Vitamin                                Feedstuff
                        β‐caroteen
                        β caroteen               Green, pasture forage; dehydrated hay;
                         (vitamin A)                cured hay, vitamin supplements
                             D         Ultraviolet irradiation, sun‐cured hays, vitamin supplements
                             E                High quality legume hay, dehydrated alfalfa, 
                                                   wheat germ, vitamin supplements
                             K            Green, leafy feedstuffs (K1). K2 synthesized in rumen
                             B                      Not required in diets of ruminants




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                       8
2012 Webinar Series                                                                             2/3/2012




                                                           1)
                                                            )    Ca  ‐ Vitamin D

                                                           2)    P     ‐ Vitamin D

                                                           3)    Co   ‐ Vitamin B12

                                                           4)    Se   ‐ vitamin E

                                                           5)    Cu   ‐ Mo   ‐ S




                                                      1)   Acid detergent fiber 
                                                           (ADF)
                                                           Cellulose + Lignin
                                                                ADF   Forage quality

                                                      2)   Neutral detergent fiber 
                                                           (NDF)
                                                           Hemicellulose + Cellulose + Lignin



                                                                NDF             Intake
                        TDN is calculated from ADF.




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                 9
2012 Webinar Series                                                                                                          2/3/2012




                                                                                     Species 
                                                                                     Size (weight)
                                                                                     Sex
                                                                                     Age
                                                                                     Genetics 
                                                                                     Stage and level of 
                                                                                     production
                                                                                     Climate, environment, and 
                                                                                     activity.
                                                                                     Body condition




                                     5.0

                                     4.5
                      Lbs. per day




                                     4.0

                                     3.5

                                     3.0

                                     2.5

                                     2.0

                                     1.5

                                     1.0
                                            Maintenance           Early Gestation    Late gestation      Early lactation

                                           Dairy doe      Non-dairy doe        Ewe   Parlor-milked ewe   Parlor-milked doe

                                                                                                             NRC 2007




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                                             10
2012 Webinar Series                                                                                         2/3/2012




                                                                         Sheep have lower 
                                                                              p
                                                                         maintenance 
                                                                         requirements than goats.
                                                                         Dairy goats have higher 
                                                                         maintenance 
                                                                         requirements than meat 
                                                                         and fiber goats.
                                                                         Females with a higher 
                                                                         genetic potential for milk 
                                                                         production have higher 
                                                                         nutritional requirements.




                                     7.0
                                     6.5                                                  110-lb. ewe
                                     6.0
                                     5.5                                                  154-lb. ewe
                                     5.0
                                     4.5
                                                                                          198-lb. ewe
                      Lbs. per day




                                     4.0
                                     3.5
                                     3.0
                                     2.5
                                                                                    52%
                                     2.0
                                     1.5
                                     15
                                                                              66%
                                     1.0
                                     0.5                                66%
                                     0.0                                                    10% 10% 8.5%

                                           Dry matter intake   As fed   Energy (TDN)       Protein (CP)


                                                                                                NRC, 2007




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                            11
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                                     4.5                                                        66-lb. doe
                                     4.0                                                        110-lb.
                                                                                                110 doe
                                     3.5                                                        154-lb. doe
                                     3.0
                      Lbs. per day




                                     2.5

                                     2.0
                                                                                          66%
                                     1.5

                                     1.0                                            66%

                                     0.5                                      80%
                                                                                                     15% 13% 13%
                                     0.0
                                           Dry matter intake         As fed   Energy (TDN)           Protein (CP)


                                                                                                 NRC, 2007, Errata




                                      Bigger animals have lower 
                                      maintenance requirements 
                                      than smaller animals.
                                              % body weight

                                      Bigger animals need to eat 
                                      more and consume larger 
                                      quantities of nutrients.
                                              lbs. TDN and      lbs. CP
                                      However, smaller animals 
                                      need to consume a more 
                                      nutrient‐dense diet.
                                             %TDN and          %CP




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                                     12
2012 Webinar Series                                                                                                2/3/2012




                                                                                      176-lb. mature ewe (twins)
                                       5.0                                            132-lb. ewe lamb (twins)
                                       4.5                                            110-lb. ewe lamb (twins)
                                       4.0                                            110-lb. ewe lamb (single)
                      Lbs. per day




                                       3.5
                                       3.0

                                       2.5

                                       2.0                                       -- 79% --

                                       1.5

                                       1.0
                                                                                                        ~10%
                                       0.5                                 66%
                                       0.0
                                             DM intake            As fed   Energy (TDN)           Protein (CP)



                              NRC, 2007




                                                                                  176-lb. mature ewe (twins)
                                  12.0
                                                                                  132-lb. ewe lamb (twins)
                                                                                  110-lb. ewe lamb (twins)
                                  10.0
                                                                                  110-lb. ewe lamb (single)
                                      8.0
                      Grams per day




                                      6.0

                                      4.0

                                      2.0

                                      0.0
                                                   Calcium (Ca)                    Phosphorus (P)


                              NRC, 2007




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                                   13
2012 Webinar Series                                                                                                          2/3/2012




                                           Mature females are usually 
                                           bi      d     d     
                                           bigger and need to eat more.
                                             More lbs. of dry matter
                                             More lbs. of energy
                                             More lbs. of protein
                                             More grams of Ca and P
                                           However, young females 
                                           need a more nutrient‐dense 
                                           diet.
                                           di t
                                             Higher % of energy
                                             Higher % of Ca and P
                                             But NOT protein!




                                     5.5
                                     5.0
                                     50
                                     4.5
                                     4.0
                                     3.5
                      Lbs. per day




                                     3.0
                                                                                                  66%
                                     2.5
                                     2.0                                                    66%

                                     1.5
                                                                                      53%
                                     1.0
                                     0.5                                        53%
                                                                                                           7%   8% 10% 15%
                                     0.0
                                              DM intake             As fed      Energy (TDN)               Protein (CP)

                                               Maintenance   Early gestation   Late gestation           Early lactation

                          NRC 2007




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                                      10.0

                                       8.0
                      Grams per day




                                       6.0

                                       4.0

                                       2.0

                                       0.0
                                                         Calcium                            Phosphorus

                                              Maintenance      Early gestation   Late gestation   Early lactation

                      NRC, 2007




                                        Energy requirements during late 
                                        gestation are more than 50 percent 
                                        higher than for maintenance.
                                        Ewes require a more nutrient‐dense 
                                        diet during late gestation and 
                                        lactation.
                                        Protein requirements don’t 
                                        increase significantly until the 
                                                  g
                                        female begins to lactate.
                                        Calcium requirements are highest 
                                        during late gestation.
                                        Phosphorus requirements are 
                                        highest during lactation.




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                                    15
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                                       4.5
                                       4.0
                                       3.5
                                       3.0
                      Lbs. per day




                                       2.5
                                       2.0
                                       1.5                                                 ?
                                       1.0
                                       0.5
                                                                                                                  ?
                                       0.0
                                             DM intake             As fed       Energy (TDN)       Protein (CP)

                                             Maintenance     Early gestation   Late gestation   Early lactation

                                                                                                   NRC 2007, Errata




                                      10.0

                                       8.0
                      Grams per day




                                       6.0

                                       4.0

                                       2.0

                                       0.0
                                                         Calcium                          Phosphorus

                                             Maintenance     Early gestation   Late gestation   Early lactation

                      NRC, 2007




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                                      16
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                                     8.0
                                     7.0
                                     6.0
                                     5.0
                      Lbs. per day




                                     4.0
                                     3.0
                                     2.0
                                     1.0
                                     0.0
                                           DM intake          As fed        Energy (TDN)       Protein (CP)

                                           Maintenance   Early gestation   Late gestation   Early lactation

                                                                                               NRC 2007 Errata




                                     Energy requirements during late 
                                         gy q                  g
                                     gestation are more than 50 
                                     percent higher than for 
                                     maintenance.
                                     Calcium and Phosphorus 
                                     requirements are highest during 
                                     lactation.
                                     Females with a higher genetic 
                                     potential for milk production 
                                     have much higher nutritional 
                                     requirements during lactation.




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                                 17
2012 Webinar Series                                                                                              2/3/2012




                                       6.0
                                                                                            Single l b
                                                                                            Si l lamb
                                       5.0                                                  Twin lambs
                                                                                            Three or more
                                       4.0
                      Lbs. per day




                                       3.0
                                                                                     66%
                                       2.0
                                                                               66%
                                                                         53%
                                       1.0

                                       0.0                                                     8.3%   10
                                                                                                      %
                                                                                                           10%

                                             DM intake         As fed   Energy (TDN)         Protein (CP)




                          NRC, 2007




                                      12.0
                                                                               Single lamb
                                      10.0                                     Twin lambs
                                                                               Three or more
                                       8.0
                      Grams per day




                                       6.0

                                       4.0

                                       2.0
                                       20

                                       0.0
                                                     Calcium                         Phosphorus



                          NRC, 2007




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                                 18
2012 Webinar Series                                                                                           2/3/2012




                                      Ewes carrying twins and 
                                      triplets need to eat more.
                                         Dry matter
                                         Energy (TDN)
                                         Protein (CP)
                                         Calcium and phosphorus

                                      Ewes carrying twins and 
                                      triplets  need a more 
                                      nutrient‐dense diet. 
                                      A ewe carrying triplets needs 
                                      43% more energy than a ewe 
                                      carrying a single fetus.




                                                                                     Single lamb
                                     6.0                                             Twin lambs
                                                                                     Three or more
                                     5.0                                             Parlor milked

                                     4.0
                      Lbs. per day




                                                                                   80%
                                     3.0

                                     2.0                                     66%


                                     1.0                               53%
                                                                                                        19%
                                                                                                  15%
                                     0.0                                                    11%

                                           DM intake       As fed      Energy (TDN)        Protein (CP)




                          NRC, 2007




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2012 Webinar Series                                                                                       2/3/2012




                                                                                       Single kid
                                     8.0
                                     80                                                Twin kids
                                                                                       Three or more
                                     7.0                                               Parlor milked
                                     6.0
                      Lbs. per day




                                                                                                    79%
                                     5.0
                                                                                              66%
                                     4.0
                                                                                        53%
                                     3.0                                         53%
                                     2.0
                                     20
                                     1.0
                                     0.0
                                                DM intake               As fed   Energy (TDN)



                          NRC, 2007




                                      The more milk a female 
                                      produces the more nutrients she 
                                      p
                                      needs to consume.
                                           Energy
                                           Protein
                                           Minerals
                                      In some cases, animals can 
                                      simply be fed more, but in the 
                                      case of higher‐producing 
                                      animals, a more nutrient dense 
                                         i l              i  d         
                                      diet must be fed.
                                      Nutrient requirements are 
                                      significantly higher for dairy 
                                      does and ewes.




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                          20
2012 Webinar Series                                                                                                              2/3/2012




                                                                                               Their nutritional 
                                                                                                    i       t    
                                                                                               requirements are 
                                                                                               affected by many 
                                                                                               of the same factors.

                                                                                                   Age
                                                                                                   Species
                                                                                                   Size
                                                                                                   Genetic type and potential
                                                                                                   Level of performance
                                                                                                   Environment, activity




                                                         EARLY MATURING                               LATE MATURING
                                                  4 months old          8 months old         4 months old         8 months old
                                     4.0

                                     3.5                         5.5%

                                     3.0
                      Lbs. per day




                                                                                             79%
                                     2.5                  4.2%

                                                  3.4%
                                     2.0                                               79%

                                                                                 79%
                                     1.5
                                           2.9%

                                     1.0
                                                                           66%
                                     0.5
                                                                                                        18% 15%        12% 9%
                                     0.0
                                                     DM                            TDN                            CP


                              NRC, 2007




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                                     Assuming the same size 
                                     and rate of gain:
                                     and rate‐of‐gain:
                                           Young lambs convert feed 
                                           more efficiently, but need a 
                                           higher percentage of 
                                           protein in their diet.
                                           Older lambs need to eat 
                                           more and require a more 
                                           digestible diet to achieve 
                                           the same rate‐of‐gain.
                                           Later maturing lambs need 
                                           to eat more, but have lower 
                                           protein requirements.




                                     4.0
                                                                               Weight   % TDN      % CP
                                     3.5
                                                                                22      87.5%      16.5%
                                                                                44      67.1%      11.2%
                                     3.0
                                                                                66      67.0%      10.7%
                      Lbs. per day




                                     2.5                                        88      48.9%       7.6%

                                     2.0

                                     1.5

                                     1.0
                                     10

                                     0.5

                                     0.0
                                              AS FED          DM           TDN                    CP
                                                 22 lbs.       44 lbs.     66 lbs.              88 lbs.


                              NRC, 2007




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                           22
2012 Webinar Series                                                                                              2/3/2012




                                     Assuming the same rate 
                                     of gain (0 22 lbs/day):
                                     of gain (0.22 lbs/day):

                                           Smaller kids (weight) need 
                                           to consume a more 
                                           nutrient‐dense diet, both 
                                           energy and protein.

                                           Bigger kids need to 
                                           consume more quantity of 
                                           nutrients, but the diet does 
                                           not need to be as high               Weight
                                                                                 22
                                                                                            % TDN
                                                                                            87.5%
                                                                                                         % CP
                                                                                                         16.5%
                                           quality (% TDN, CP).                  44         67.1%        11.2%
                                                                                 66         67.0%        10.7%
                                                                                 88         48.9%         7.6%




                                     3.0                                          Type      % TDN    % CP
                                                                                  Dairy
                                                                                    a y     87.7%
                                                                                            87 7%    14.4%
                                                                                                      4 4%
                                                                                  Boer      66.3%    15.1%
                                     2.5                                       Indigenous   67.0%    13.0%

                                     2.0
                      Lbs. per day




                                     1.5

                                     1.0

                                     0.5

                                     0.0
                                                AS FED           DM          TDN                    CP
                                                         Dairy        Boer    Indigenous




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2012 Webinar Series                                                                                                               2/3/2012




                                                                                       Assuming the same rate of gain 
                                                                                       (     lb /d )
                                                                                       (0.44 lbs/day).

                                                                                         Dairy goat bucks don’t need to eat 
                                                                                         as much as Boer bucks, but their diet 
                                                                                         needs to be more energy‐dense.

                                                                                         Boer bucks need to eat the most, 
                                                                                         but their diet doesn’t need to be as 
                                                                                         energy‐dense.

                                                                                         Boer bucks have the highest 
                                                                                         requirements for protein: lbs. and %.

                                                                                         Indigenous (local) breed goats have 
                                              Type      % TDN    % CP                    lower requirements for protein than 
                                              Dairy     87.7%    14.4%                   improved breeds.
                                              Boer      66.3%    15.1%
                                           Indigenous   67.0%    13.0%




                                     2.5

                                     2.0
                      Lbs. per day




                                     1.5

                                     1.0

                                     0.5
                                     05

                                     0.0
                                                   As Fed                DM              TDN                CP
                                                                Doelings and wethers       Intact males




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                                                  24
2012 Webinar Series                                                                                                        2/3/2012




                                     Assuming the same rate of 
                                     gain (0.44 lbs/day).
                                     g       44       y

                                           Bucks need to eat more dry 
                                           matter and energy.

                                           Bucks and does require the 
                                           same amount of protein.

                                           But since does eat less, they 
                                           require a higher percentage of 
                                           protein in their diet.

                                           Realistically, the differences 
                                           will be larger as bucks will gain 
                                                                                           Sex           % TDN     % CP
                                           faster and you don’t want to              Doelings, wethers   65.8%     15.9%
                                           feed does to gain as fast.                  Intact males      66.3%     14.5%




                                     2.0



                                     1.5
                      Lbs. per day




                                     1.0



                                     0.5
                                     05



                                     0.0
                                               AS FED                DM                  TDN                  CP
                                               0 lbs/day   0.22 lbs/day   0.33/lbs/day    0.44 lbs/day     0.55 lbs/day


                              NRC, 2007




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                                           25
2012 Webinar Series                                                                                       2/3/2012




                         Assuming the same genetic 
                         potential for growth:

                             The more you feed a kid or lamb 
                             the more it will gain.

                             Better performance requires 
                             both more feed and better 
                             quality feed.

                             ▪ Hi h  % TDN
                               Higher % TDN
                             ▪ Higher % CP

                                                                            ADG        % TDN   % CP
                             The bigger question is: is better            0 lbs/day    49.7%    7.8%
                             performance economical?                    0.22 lbs/day   67.1%   13.8%
                                                                        0.33/lbs/day   87.9%   19.9%
                                                                        0.44 lbs/day   89.2%   21.7%
                                                                        0.55 lbs/day   88.6%   23.1%




                                                           Next webinar – Thursday, 1/26, 7:30 p.m. EST
                                                                 Topic:  Feedstuffs w/Jeff Semler




                        Thank you for your 
                           attention.

                         Any questions?




                         Susan Schoenian
                        sschoen@umd.edu
                      www.sheepandgoat.com




Feeding and Nutrition                                                                                          26

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Nutrients

  • 1. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 SUSAN SCHOENIAN    (Shāy‐nē‐ŭn) Sheep & Goat Specialist Western Maryland Research & Education Center sschoen@umd.edu  ‐ www.sheepandgoat.com sschoen@umd edu   www sheepandgoat com Nutrient -“a substance that provides nourishment” 1) Water Livestock do not require specific feedstuffs; they  require nutrients in certain quantities and ratios require nutrients in certain quantities and ratios. 2) Protein 3) Energy 4) Fat 5) Vitamins  6) Minerals Feeding and Nutrition 1
  • 2. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Many (most) feedstuffs  contain more than one of  the essential six nutrients. Feedstuffs vary  considerably in  their  content of the six essential  nutrients. No single feedstuff can  supply all six essential  nutrients that an animal  needs to survive and thrive. There are “linkages” or  relationships between  essential nutrients. You have to “balance” the  ratio of different feed  ingredients to meet the  individual animal’s needs. The nutrient needs of an   Th   t i t  d   f  animal varies depending  upon species, age, stage  and level of production,  and other factors. Feeding and Nutrition 2
  • 3. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 The most critical  nutrient. Has many important  functions in the body. Needs vary by species,   N d    b   i stage and level of  production, and  climate. Quantity + Quality Feedstuff % DM Lettuce 5 percent Pumpkins 10 percent Orchardgrass  pasture 24 percent Corn silage 34 percent Wet distiller’s grains 25 percent Molasses, cane 76 percent Grass hay 88 percent Whole corn 88 percent Ground limestone 98 percent Urea 99 percent Pineapple Feedstuffs contain water.  The amount of moisture in the feed must be considered  when balancing rations. Rations are balanced on a dry matter (DM) basis. Feeding and Nutrition 3
  • 4. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Nutrient needed in the  greatest quantity. Building blocks for other  nutrients. Dietary excess is stored  as fat. Expressed as 1. TDN ‐ total digestible nutrients 2. ME ‐ metabolizable energy 3. NE ‐ net energy  [maintenance, gain, and lactation] Feedstuff % TDN Urea 0 percent Oat straw 48 percent Orchardgrass hay 59 percent Grass silage 61 percent Fescue pasture 64 percent Dry beet pulp 75 percent Barley l 84 percent Corn 88 percent Bread by‐product 91 percent Distiller’s grains 92 percent Fat 195 percent Feeding and Nutrition 4
  • 5. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Cheapest energy source. h 2.25x as much energy as  carbohydrates. Used to raise energy level  of feed, improve flavor,  texture, and palatability. Source of heat, insulation  and body protection. Essential fatty acids. Can manipulate to change  nutritional profile of meat. Feedstuff % EE Urea 0 percent Dry beet pulp 0.7 percent Barley 2.1 percent Alfalfa hay, mid‐bloom 2.3 percent Orchardgrass hay 3.3 percent Corn 4.3 percent Fescue pasture 5.5 percent 5 5 percent Corn distiller’s grains 10.5 percent Whole cottonseed 17.8 percent Whole soybeans 18.8 percent Fat 99 percent Ruminant diets are typically < 4% fat Feeding and Nutrition 5
  • 6. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Most expensive ingredient in  f d  ti feed ration. Need decreases as animal  matures. Source of essential amino  acids. Excess dietary protein is  converted to energy, fat. Expressed as d CP ‐ crude protein ▪ DIP – degradable intake protein ▪ UIP – undegradable intake protein MP ‐ metabolizable protein [microbial protein + UIP] Feedstuff % CP Wheat straw 3 percent Corn grain 9 percent Bromegrass hay  10 percent Barley 12 percent Fescue pasture 15 percent Alfalfa hay, mid bloom 17 percent Crystalyx ® protein tub 18 percent Distiller’s grains  29 percent Soybean meal 49 percent Fish meal 66 percent Urea 288 percent Feeding and Nutrition 6
  • 7. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 1) Macro Needed in gram amounts Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S 2) Micro Needed in milligram amounts Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn C  C  F  I  M  M  S  Z Multiple functions in body Dry matter basis Ca P Ca: P Corn 0.02 percent 0.30 percent 0.07 Barley 0.06 percent 0.38 percent 0.16 Soybean meal 0.28 percent 0.71 percent 0.39 Orchardgrass hay 0.32 percent 0.30 percent 1.07 Fescue pasture 0.48 percent 0.37 percent 1.30 Soybean hulls 0.55 percent 0.17 percent 3.24 Alfalfa hay, mid‐bloom lf lf h d bl 1.4 percent 0.24 percent 5.83 Dried kelp 2.72 percent 0.31 percent 8.77 Dicalcium phosphate 22 percent 18.65 percent 1.18 Bone meal 27 percent 12.74 percent 2.12 Ground limestone 34 percent 0.02 percent 1700 Feeding and Nutrition 7
  • 8. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 1) Water soluble B & C 2) Fat soluble A, D, E , & K Multiple functions in body. Requirements increase   R i t  i with age. No dietary requirement for  vitamin K or B complex. Vitamin Feedstuff β‐caroteen β caroteen Green, pasture forage; dehydrated hay; (vitamin A) cured hay, vitamin supplements D Ultraviolet irradiation, sun‐cured hays, vitamin supplements E High quality legume hay, dehydrated alfalfa,  wheat germ, vitamin supplements K Green, leafy feedstuffs (K1). K2 synthesized in rumen B Not required in diets of ruminants Feeding and Nutrition 8
  • 9. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 1) ) Ca  ‐ Vitamin D 2) P     ‐ Vitamin D 3) Co   ‐ Vitamin B12 4) Se   ‐ vitamin E 5) Cu   ‐ Mo   ‐ S 1) Acid detergent fiber  (ADF) Cellulose + Lignin ADF   Forage quality 2) Neutral detergent fiber  (NDF) Hemicellulose + Cellulose + Lignin NDF  Intake TDN is calculated from ADF. Feeding and Nutrition 9
  • 10. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Species  Size (weight) Sex Age Genetics  Stage and level of  production Climate, environment, and  activity. Body condition 5.0 4.5 Lbs. per day 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 Maintenance Early Gestation Late gestation Early lactation Dairy doe Non-dairy doe Ewe Parlor-milked ewe Parlor-milked doe NRC 2007 Feeding and Nutrition 10
  • 11. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Sheep have lower  p maintenance  requirements than goats. Dairy goats have higher  maintenance  requirements than meat  and fiber goats. Females with a higher  genetic potential for milk  production have higher  nutritional requirements. 7.0 6.5 110-lb. ewe 6.0 5.5 154-lb. ewe 5.0 4.5 198-lb. ewe Lbs. per day 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 52% 2.0 1.5 15 66% 1.0 0.5 66% 0.0 10% 10% 8.5% Dry matter intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP) NRC, 2007 Feeding and Nutrition 11
  • 12. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 4.5 66-lb. doe 4.0 110-lb. 110 doe 3.5 154-lb. doe 3.0 Lbs. per day 2.5 2.0 66% 1.5 1.0 66% 0.5 80% 15% 13% 13% 0.0 Dry matter intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP) NRC, 2007, Errata Bigger animals have lower  maintenance requirements  than smaller animals. % body weight Bigger animals need to eat  more and consume larger  quantities of nutrients. lbs. TDN and   lbs. CP However, smaller animals  need to consume a more  nutrient‐dense diet. %TDN and   %CP Feeding and Nutrition 12
  • 13. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 176-lb. mature ewe (twins) 5.0 132-lb. ewe lamb (twins) 4.5 110-lb. ewe lamb (twins) 4.0 110-lb. ewe lamb (single) Lbs. per day 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 -- 79% -- 1.5 1.0 ~10% 0.5 66% 0.0 DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP) NRC, 2007 176-lb. mature ewe (twins) 12.0 132-lb. ewe lamb (twins) 110-lb. ewe lamb (twins) 10.0 110-lb. ewe lamb (single) 8.0 Grams per day 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) NRC, 2007 Feeding and Nutrition 13
  • 14. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Mature females are usually  bi   d  d      bigger and need to eat more. More lbs. of dry matter More lbs. of energy More lbs. of protein More grams of Ca and P However, young females  need a more nutrient‐dense  diet. di t Higher % of energy Higher % of Ca and P But NOT protein! 5.5 5.0 50 4.5 4.0 3.5 Lbs. per day 3.0 66% 2.5 2.0 66% 1.5 53% 1.0 0.5 53% 7% 8% 10% 15% 0.0 DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP) Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation NRC 2007 Feeding and Nutrition 14
  • 15. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 10.0 8.0 Grams per day 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 Calcium Phosphorus Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation NRC, 2007 Energy requirements during late  gestation are more than 50 percent  higher than for maintenance. Ewes require a more nutrient‐dense  diet during late gestation and  lactation. Protein requirements don’t  increase significantly until the  g female begins to lactate. Calcium requirements are highest  during late gestation. Phosphorus requirements are  highest during lactation. Feeding and Nutrition 15
  • 16. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 Lbs. per day 2.5 2.0 1.5 ? 1.0 0.5 ? 0.0 DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP) Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation NRC 2007, Errata 10.0 8.0 Grams per day 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 Calcium Phosphorus Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation NRC, 2007 Feeding and Nutrition 16
  • 17. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 Lbs. per day 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP) Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation NRC 2007 Errata Energy requirements during late  gy q g gestation are more than 50  percent higher than for  maintenance. Calcium and Phosphorus  requirements are highest during  lactation. Females with a higher genetic  potential for milk production  have much higher nutritional  requirements during lactation. Feeding and Nutrition 17
  • 18. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 6.0 Single l b Si l lamb 5.0 Twin lambs Three or more 4.0 Lbs. per day 3.0 66% 2.0 66% 53% 1.0 0.0 8.3% 10 % 10% DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP) NRC, 2007 12.0 Single lamb 10.0 Twin lambs Three or more 8.0 Grams per day 6.0 4.0 2.0 20 0.0 Calcium Phosphorus NRC, 2007 Feeding and Nutrition 18
  • 19. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Ewes carrying twins and  triplets need to eat more. Dry matter Energy (TDN) Protein (CP) Calcium and phosphorus Ewes carrying twins and  triplets  need a more  nutrient‐dense diet.  A ewe carrying triplets needs  43% more energy than a ewe  carrying a single fetus. Single lamb 6.0 Twin lambs Three or more 5.0 Parlor milked 4.0 Lbs. per day 80% 3.0 2.0 66% 1.0 53% 19% 15% 0.0 11% DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP) NRC, 2007 Feeding and Nutrition 19
  • 20. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Single kid 8.0 80 Twin kids Three or more 7.0 Parlor milked 6.0 Lbs. per day 79% 5.0 66% 4.0 53% 3.0 53% 2.0 20 1.0 0.0 DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) NRC, 2007 The more milk a female  produces the more nutrients she  p needs to consume. Energy Protein Minerals In some cases, animals can  simply be fed more, but in the  case of higher‐producing  animals, a more nutrient dense  i l       i  d   diet must be fed. Nutrient requirements are  significantly higher for dairy  does and ewes. Feeding and Nutrition 20
  • 21. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Their nutritional  i t     requirements are  affected by many  of the same factors. Age Species Size Genetic type and potential Level of performance Environment, activity EARLY MATURING LATE MATURING 4 months old 8 months old 4 months old 8 months old 4.0 3.5 5.5% 3.0 Lbs. per day 79% 2.5 4.2% 3.4% 2.0 79% 79% 1.5 2.9% 1.0 66% 0.5 18% 15% 12% 9% 0.0 DM TDN CP NRC, 2007 Feeding and Nutrition 21
  • 22. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Assuming the same size  and rate of gain: and rate‐of‐gain: Young lambs convert feed  more efficiently, but need a  higher percentage of  protein in their diet. Older lambs need to eat  more and require a more  digestible diet to achieve  the same rate‐of‐gain. Later maturing lambs need  to eat more, but have lower  protein requirements. 4.0 Weight % TDN % CP 3.5 22 87.5% 16.5% 44 67.1% 11.2% 3.0 66 67.0% 10.7% Lbs. per day 2.5 88 48.9% 7.6% 2.0 1.5 1.0 10 0.5 0.0 AS FED DM TDN CP 22 lbs. 44 lbs. 66 lbs. 88 lbs. NRC, 2007 Feeding and Nutrition 22
  • 23. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Assuming the same rate  of gain (0 22 lbs/day): of gain (0.22 lbs/day): Smaller kids (weight) need  to consume a more  nutrient‐dense diet, both  energy and protein. Bigger kids need to  consume more quantity of  nutrients, but the diet does  not need to be as high  Weight 22 % TDN 87.5% % CP 16.5% quality (% TDN, CP). 44 67.1% 11.2% 66 67.0% 10.7% 88 48.9% 7.6% 3.0 Type % TDN % CP Dairy a y 87.7% 87 7% 14.4% 4 4% Boer 66.3% 15.1% 2.5 Indigenous 67.0% 13.0% 2.0 Lbs. per day 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 AS FED DM TDN CP Dairy Boer Indigenous Feeding and Nutrition 23
  • 24. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Assuming the same rate of gain  (  lb /d ) (0.44 lbs/day). Dairy goat bucks don’t need to eat  as much as Boer bucks, but their diet  needs to be more energy‐dense. Boer bucks need to eat the most,  but their diet doesn’t need to be as  energy‐dense. Boer bucks have the highest  requirements for protein: lbs. and %. Indigenous (local) breed goats have  Type % TDN % CP lower requirements for protein than  Dairy 87.7% 14.4% improved breeds. Boer 66.3% 15.1% Indigenous 67.0% 13.0% 2.5 2.0 Lbs. per day 1.5 1.0 0.5 05 0.0 As Fed DM TDN CP Doelings and wethers Intact males Feeding and Nutrition 24
  • 25. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Assuming the same rate of  gain (0.44 lbs/day). g 44 y Bucks need to eat more dry  matter and energy. Bucks and does require the  same amount of protein. But since does eat less, they  require a higher percentage of  protein in their diet. Realistically, the differences  will be larger as bucks will gain  Sex % TDN % CP faster and you don’t want to  Doelings, wethers 65.8% 15.9% feed does to gain as fast. Intact males 66.3% 14.5% 2.0 1.5 Lbs. per day 1.0 0.5 05 0.0 AS FED DM TDN CP 0 lbs/day 0.22 lbs/day 0.33/lbs/day 0.44 lbs/day 0.55 lbs/day NRC, 2007 Feeding and Nutrition 25
  • 26. 2012 Webinar Series 2/3/2012 Assuming the same genetic  potential for growth: The more you feed a kid or lamb  the more it will gain. Better performance requires  both more feed and better  quality feed. ▪ Hi h  % TDN Higher % TDN ▪ Higher % CP ADG % TDN % CP The bigger question is: is better  0 lbs/day 49.7% 7.8% performance economical? 0.22 lbs/day 67.1% 13.8% 0.33/lbs/day 87.9% 19.9% 0.44 lbs/day 89.2% 21.7% 0.55 lbs/day 88.6% 23.1% Next webinar – Thursday, 1/26, 7:30 p.m. EST Topic:  Feedstuffs w/Jeff Semler Thank you for your  attention. Any questions? Susan Schoenian sschoen@umd.edu www.sheepandgoat.com Feeding and Nutrition 26