2. What Is Plagiarism?
Definition: Using another person’s ideas
or words without giving proper credit by
citing
Different cultures view intellectual
property in different ways
In the U.S., especially in academics,
journalism, etc., plagiarism is viewed very
negatively
3. What Can Happen If I Get
Caught Plagiarizing?
You will be reported to the Dean of
Students who will investigate the issue
Failure of Assignment
Failure of Class
Suspension or Expulsion
Loss of your own ethos
4. What Counts as Plagiarism?
An entire essay written by someone else,
including those bought online, shared by a
friend, etc.
“Cutting and pasting” from the internet or
copying from a print source - using whole
paragraphs, sentences, phrases written by
someone else
Paraphrasing without providing a citation
5. What Counts as Plagiarism?
A paraphrase that is too close to the
original source
Not using quotation marks and an in-text,
parenthetical citation for direct quotes
Misquoting someone
Giving credit for a quote or idea to the
wrong person/ source
Not including enough citation information
so the reader can find the original source
6. What Needs to Be Cited?
Direct Quotations
Facts Not Widely Known
Arguable Statements
Judgments, Opinions, Claims of Others
Images, Statistics, Charts, Tables, Graphs,
Numbers
Results of Studies
Collaboration with Others
7. What Does Not Need to Be
Cited?
Common Knowledge
Facts Available from a Wide Variety of
Sources
Your Own Findings from Field Research
8. Direct Quotes
People own both their original ideas AND the
expression of those ideas, the way those ideas
are written down.
You MUST use quotation marks to indicate a
direct quote, even if the information in the quote
is “common knowledge” as well as provide a
parenthetical citation.
A direct quote is 3 or more words in a row taken
directly from the source (does not include terms
that are more than 3 words, such as “The United
States of America.”)
9. Paraphrasing or Summarizing
If information that needs to be cited (the
results of a study, for example) is put into
your own words, that is called
paraphrasing or summarizing, and you do
not need to use quotation marks.
However, you DO need to include a
parenthetical citation.
10. Tips for Avoiding Plagiarism
Let the sources support YOUR ideas, instead
of the other way around
Make sure you completely understand what
the source is saying
Take notes from the sources, extracting only
the essential information
If you must copy an entire sentence, put it in
quotation marks immediately and be sure to
copy it exactly as it appears in the original
source
Indicate in your notes which source the
information came from (author, title, page
number)
11. Summarizing
This is when you write the main idea of
the source in your own words.
12. Paraphrasing
This is when you include the details and
examples of the original source, but
rewrite them in your own words and
sentence structures
Be careful not to change the meaning
intended by the author
Be sure to cite with a parenthetical citation
13. Direct Quotes
This is when you copy the exact words of
the author.
You need to include quotation marks
around the quoted words AND a
parenthetical citation
14. When to Use Direct Quotes
If the quote can not be paraphrased
effectively
If the author said it “just right”
If it is a specific definition
If quoting the author (say, your
interviewees) can help your ethos
15. How to Use Direct Quotes
Effectively
Make the quote as short as possible
Only include the elements you need; you often
do not need to include the whole sentence
Introduce the quote with your own language
Be sure to include a parenthetical citation with
author’s last name, year, and page number
For quotes over 40 words long, use the block
quote format (on Purdue OWL, under “In-text
Citations: The Basics,” entry “Long Quotations”)
16. Avoid “Floating Quotes”
Do not just drop a quote into your paper
You should ALWAYS introduce the quote
with your own words
Oftentimes, you will need to explain or
interpret the quote for your audience,
explaining how it supports your points
17. Use Signal Phrases
Best to use when you know the author’s name
Always use the author’s full name the first time
you use it; then, use only the last name each time
afterwards
Make sure to use a verb that accurately describes
what the author is doing in the quote
In academic writing, the signal phrase usually
comes at the beginning of the sentence
In APA style, verbs in a signal phrase should be
in the past tense (-ed)
18. Example Signal Phrases
Smith (2008) noted
Jones (2010) asserted
Gomez (2011) contended
Baker (2009) suggested
You can often use a “that” after the verb:
Smith (2008) noted that “poverty is a
global problem” (p. 28).
19. Introduce Quotes with a Whole
Sentence
Another way to introduce quotes is with
an entire sentence of your own, followed
by a colon (:)
A number of side effects make HIV
especially painful: “fatigue, nausea, and
dehydration can cause patients with HIV
considerable pain and discomfort” (Smith,
2008, p. 12).
20. Integrating Quotes into Your
Own Sentence
You can add or change words in the quote
that help to make the sentence
grammatically correct or to clarify
pronouns, but do not make changes that
change the meaning of the quote.
Use brackets [ ] around words that are
added or changed in any way
21. Examples
Original Quote: “They often suffer from
dehydration as a result of their disease” (Smith,
2008, p. 12).
Your sentence: Smith (2008) pointed out that
“[children with HIV] often suffer from
dehydration as a result of their disease” (p. 12).
Original Quote: “The problem is that HIV causes
many serious side effects” (Smith, 2008, p. 12).
Your sentence: HIV can “[cause] many negative
side effects” (Smith, 2008, p. 12).
22. Integrating Quotes into Your
Own Sentence
You can also omit words that are
unnecessary, but do not take out words
that are important to the meaning of the
quote
Use ellipses (three periods in a row . . .) to
indicate space where words have been
omitted
23. Example
Original Quote: “Dehydration, or a severe
depletion of fluids in the human body, is
one serious side effect of HIV” (Smith,
2008, p. 12)
Your Sentence: Smith (2008) explained
that “dehydration . . . is one serious side
effect of HIV” (p. 12).
24. Using Sources Summary
Avoid plagiarism and its negative consequences
Remember what does and does not need to be
cited
Direct Quotes are 3 or more words in a row
taken directly from a source and need both
quotation marks and a parenthetical citation
Be sure paraphrases are different enough from
the original
You can change or omit words from a quote, but
be sure not to change the meaning of the quote
Use signal phrases to introduce quotes