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Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Alberto Bacchelli, Michele Lanza
REVEAL @ Faculty of Informatics
University of Lugano
Romain Robbes
PLEIAD @ DCC
University of Chile
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
E-mails are precious
for software engineering
0!
2000!
4000!
6000!
8000!
10000!
12000!
14000!
16000!
Jun-95!
Sep-95!
Dec-95!
Mar-96!
Jun-96!
Sep-96!
Dec-96!
Mar-97!
Jun-97!
Sep-97!
Dec-97!
Mar-98!
Jun-98!
Sep-98!
Dec-98!
Mar-99!
Jun-99!
Sep-99!
Dec-99!
Mar-00!
Jun-00!
Sep-00!
Dec-00!
Mar-01!
Jun-01!
Sep-01!
Dec-01!
Mar-02!
Jun-02!
Sep-02!
Dec-02!
Mar-03!
Jun-03!
Sep-03!
Dec-03!
Mar-04!
Jun-04!
Sep-04!
Dec-04!
Mar-05!
Jun-05!
Sep-05!
Dec-05!
Mar-06!
Jun-06!
Sep-06!
Dec-06!
Mar-07!
Jun-07!
Sep-07!
Dec-07!
Mar-08!
Jun-08!
Sep-08!
Dec-08!
Mar-09!
Jun-09!
Sep-09!
Dec-09!
Mar-10!
E-mails are the
“bread and butter of
project communication”
- Karl Fogel, creator of the Subversion project
Number of e-mails
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Maintaining mental models: a study of developer work habits
LaToza, Venolia, DeLine [ICSE 2006]
E-mails
Planned
Meetings
Unplanned
Meetings
Internal
Documents
Bug Database
External
Documents
Phone
Web
IM
Other
Effectiveness
Frequency of usage
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Maintaining mental models: a study of developer work habits
LaToza, Venolia, DeLine [ICSE 2006]
E-mails
Planned
Meetings
Unplanned
Meetings
Internal
Documents
Bug Database
External
Documents
Phone
Web
IM
Other
Effectiveness
Frequency of usage
E-mails are widely used
and highly effective
E-mails are
people-centric information
used to exchange knowledge
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Recovering Traceability Links - State of the Art
Vector Space Model
Probabilistic Model
Latent Semantic Indexing
Recovering Traceability Links - State of the Art
Vector Space Model
Probabilistic Model
Latent Semantic Indexing
Antoniol, Canfora,
Casazza, De Lucia, Merlo
TSE 2002
Recovering Traceability Links - State of the Art
Vector Space Model
Probabilistic Model
Latent Semantic Indexing
Marcus and Maletic
ICSE 2003
Recovering Traceability Links
Vector Space Model
Latent Semantic Indexing
Recovering Traceability Links
Vector Space Model
Latent Semantic Indexing
Recovering Traceability Links
Vector Space Model
Latent Semantic Indexing
Without robust, well-designed time-tested, and,
eventually well-established and accepted benchmarks,
research on application of IR methods to problems in
Software Engineering will not reach its full potential.
- Alex Dekhtyar and Jane Huffman Hayes, ICSM 2006
Without benchmarks,
Software Engineering will not reach its full potential.
Benchmarking the Link
System
ArgoUML
Augeas
Away3D
Freenet
Habari
JMeter
Benchmarking the Link
System Language
ArgoUML Java
Augeas
Away3D
Freenet Java
Habari
JMeter Java
Benchmarking the Link
System Language
ArgoUML Java
Augeas C
Away3D ActionScript
Freenet Java
Habari PHP5
JMeter Java
Benchmarking the Link
System Language Releases
ArgoUML Java 11
Augeas C 17
Away3D ActionScript 9
Freenet Java 30
Habari PHP5 12
JMeter Java 20
Benchmarking the Link
System Language Releases Entities
ArgoUML Java 11 18,252
Augeas C 17 8,042
Away3D ActionScript 9 2,351
Freenet Java 30 37,878
Habari PHP5 12 1,105
JMeter Java 20 11,105
Benchmarking the Link
System Language Releases Entities E-Mails
ArgoUML Java 11 18,252 355
Augeas C 17 8,042 281
Away3D ActionScript 9 2,351 370
Freenet Java 30 37,878 379
Habari PHP5 12 1,105 374
JMeter Java 20 11,105 380
Benchmarking the Link
System Language Releases Entities E-Mails
ArgoUML Java 11 18,252 355
Augeas C 17 8,042 281
Away3D ActionScript 9 2,351 370
Freenet Java 30 37,878 379
Habari PHP5 12 1,105 374
JMeter Java 20 11,105 380
The Miler Web Application
The Miler Web Application
The Miler Web Application
release history
The Miler Web Application
release history
The Miler Web Application
release history
The Miler Web Application
release history
The Miler Web Application
release history
The Miler Web Application
release history
The Miler Web Application
release history
System Language Releases Entities E-Mails
ArgoUML Java 11 18,252 355
Augeas C 17 8,042 281
Away3D ActionScript 9 2,351 370
Freenet Java 30 37,878 379
Habari PHP5 12 1,105 374
JMeter Java 20 11,105 380
Benchmarking the Link
System Language Releases Entities E-Mails
ArgoUML Java 11 18,252 355
Augeas C 17 8,042 281
Away3D ActionScript 9 2,351 370
Freenet Java 30 37,878 379
Habari PHP5 12 1,105 374
JMeter Java 20 11,105 380
Benchmarking the Link
System Language Releases Entities E-Mails
ArgoUML Java 11 18,252 355
Augeas C 17 8,042 281
Away3D ActionScript 9 2,351 370
Freenet Java 30 37,878 379
Habari PHP5 12 1,105 374
JMeter Java 20 11,105 380
Benchmarking the Link
System Language Releases Entities E-Mails
ArgoUML Java 11 18,252 355
Augeas C 17 8,042 281
Away3D ActionScript 9 2,351 370
Freenet Java 30 37,878 379
Habari PHP5 12 1,105 374
JMeter Java 20 11,105 380
Benchmarking the Link
http://miler.inf.usi.ch
Vector Space Model
Vector Space Model
D1 D2 D3 ... DN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 2 0
0 0 1 4
1 2 0 0
Vector Space Model
D1 D2 D3 ... DN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 2 0
0 0 1 4
1 2 0 0
Vector Space Model
D1 D2 D3 ... DN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 2 0
0 0 1 4
1 2 0 0
Vector Space Model
D1 D2 D3 ... DN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 2 0
0 0 1 4
1 2 0 0
Vector Space Model
D1 D2 D3 ... DN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 2 0
0 0 1 4
1 2 0 0
Vector Space Model
D1 D2 D3 ... DN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 2 0
0 0 1 4
1 2 0 0
Vector Space Model
E1 E2 E3 ... EN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 2 0
0 0 1 4
1 2 0 0
Vector Space Model
E1 E2 E3 ... EN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 2 0
0 0 1 4
1 2 0 0
term frequency
Vector Space Model
E1 E2 E3 ... EN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 0.3 0.3 0
0 0 0.01 0.5
0.02 0.4 0 0
term frequency
Vector Space Model
E1 E2 E3 ... EN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 0.3 0.3 0
0 0 0.01 0.5
0.02 0.4 0 0
term frequency
inverse document
frequency
Vector Space Model
term frequency
inverse document
frequency
E1 E2 E3 ... EN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 0.01 0.01 0
0 0 0.01 0.5
0.02 0.4 0 0
Vector Space Model
E1 E2 E3 ... EN Q
t1
t2
...
tC
0 0.01 0.01 0 0
0 0 0.01 0.5 0.2
0.02 0.4 0 0 0.01
E1 E2 E3 ... EN Q
t1
t2
...
tC
0 0.01 0.01 0 0
0 0 0.01 0.5 0.2
0.02 0.4 0 0 0.01
Vector Space Model
E1 E2 E3 ... EN Q
t1
t2
...
tC
0 0.01 0.01 0 0
0 0 0.01 0.5 0.2
0.02 0.4 0 0 0.01
Vector Space Model
E1
E1 E2 E3 ... EN Q
t1
t2
...
tC
0 0.01 0.01 0 0
0 0 0.01 0.5 0.2
0.02 0.4 0 0 0.01
Vector Space Model
E1
E1 E2 E3 ... EN Q
t1
t2
...
tC
0 0.01 0.01 0 0
0 0 0.01 0.5 0.2
0.02 0.4 0 0 0.01
Vector Space Model
E1
E1 E2 E3 ... EN Q
t1
t2
...
tC
0 0.01 0.01 0 0
0 0 0.01 0.5 0.2
0.02 0.4 0 0 0.01
Vector Space Model
E1
E3
E7
VSM on JMeter - Choosing query type and threshold
entire content classname&package classname
F-Measure
Threshold
VSM on JMeter - Choosing query type and threshold
entire content classname&package classname
F-Measure
Threshold0.01 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
VSM on JMeter - Choosing query type and threshold
entire content classname&package classname
F-Measure
Threshold0.01 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
VSM on JMeter - Choosing query type and threshold
entire content classname&package classname
F-Measure
Threshold0.01 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
VSM on JMeter - Best configuration results
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.01 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91
precision recall f-measure
Threshold
VSM - Best configuration results
ArgoUML Freenet JMeter Away3D Habari Augeas
Threshold
F-Measure
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.01 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91
VSM - Best configuration results
ArgoUML Freenet JMeter Away3D Habari Augeas
Threshold
F-Measure
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.01 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91
Latent Semantic Indexing
Latent Semantic Indexing
‣ Synonymy
Latent Semantic Indexing
‣ Synonymy
NSUML NSUMLModelFacade
Latent Semantic Indexing
‣ Synonymy
NSUML NSUMLModelFacade=
Latent Semantic Indexing
‣ Synonymy
NSUML NSUMLModelFacade
‣ Polysemy
=
Latent Semantic Indexing
‣ Synonymy
NSUML NSUMLModelFacade
‣ Polysemy
dialog Dialog
=
Latent Semantic Indexing
‣ Synonymy
NSUML NSUMLModelFacade
‣ Polysemy
dialog Dialog
=
=
Latent Semantic Indexing
E1 E2 ... EN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 0
0 0 4
1 2 0
Latent Semantic Indexing
E1 E2 ... EN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 0
0 0 4
1 2 0
Single Value
Decomposition
E1 E2 ... EN
tpc1
tpc2
...
tpcK
0 0.02 0
0 0 0.4
0.1 0.2 0
Latent Semantic Indexing
E1 E2 ... EN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 0
0 0 4
1 2 0
Single Value
Decomposition
E1 E2 ... EN
tpc1
tpc2
...
tpcK
0 0.02 0
0 0 0.4
0.1 0.2 0
Latent Semantic Indexing
E1 E2 ... EN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 0
0 0 4
1 2 0
Single Value
Decomposition
E1 E2 ... EN
tpc1
tpc2
...
tpcK
0 0.02 0
0 0 0.4
0.1 0.2 0
Latent Semantic Indexing
E1 E2 ... EN
t1
t2
...
tC
0 1 0
0 0 4
1 2 0
Single Value
Decomposition
LSI - Choosing the number of topics and query type
entire content classname&package classname
F-Measure
Number of topics
10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
LSI - Choosing the number of topics and query type
entire content classname&package classname
F-Measure
Number of topics
10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
LSI - Choosing the number of topics and query type
entire content classname&package classname
F-Measure
Number of topics
10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
LSI - Choosing the number of topics and query type
entire content classname&package classname
F-Measure
Number of topics
LSI on JMeter - Best configuration results
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.01 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91
precision recall f-measure
Threshold
0
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.01 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91
LSI - Best configuration results
ArgoUML Freenet JMeter Away3D Habari Augeas
Threshold
F-Measure
0
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.01 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91
LSI - Best configuration results
ArgoUML Freenet JMeter Away3D Habari Augeas
Threshold
F-Measure
What replaces PluggableImport and Generator2?
(and other language module questions)
Tom Morris tfmo...@gmail.com
September 23, 2006 - 13:12:51
We're trying to implement support in ArgoEclipse for reverse engineering which
means that we need to deal with the PluggableImport interface. It doesn't really
make sense to modify that interface because it is deprecated, but I can't figure
o u t w h a t r e p l a c e s i t . Th e c o m m e n t s s ay t o r e g i s t e r w i t h
org.argouml.uml.reveng.Import but that class has no registration method.
Additionally, it itself depends on the deprecated PluggableImport interface.
On the code generation side of things, Generator2 has been deprecated in favor
of CodeGenerator, but they don't appear to have equivalent functionality, so I
don't understand how this is meant to work.
Are there examples of modules which have been converted to the new structure?
Is there a design discussion somewhere which describes how to convert old style
modules to new style modules?
Who's working on this stuff? I'm happy to help if I can get an idea of what the
design direction is.
Tom
What replaces PluggableImport and Generator2?
(and other language module questions)
Tom Morris tfmo...@gmail.com
September 23, 2006 - 13:12:51
We're trying to implement support in ArgoEclipse for reverse engineering which
means that we need to deal with the PluggableImport interface. It doesn't really
make sense to modify that interface because it is deprecated, but I can't figure
o u t w h a t r e p l a c e s i t . Th e c o m m e n t s s ay t o r e g i s t e r w i t h
org.argouml.uml.reveng.Import but that class has no registration method.
Additionally, it itself depends on the deprecated PluggableImport interface.
On the code generation side of things, Generator2 has been deprecated in favor
of CodeGenerator, but they don't appear to have equivalent functionality, so I
don't understand how this is meant to work.
Are there examples of modules which have been converted to the new structure?
Is there a design discussion somewhere which describes how to convert old style
modules to new style modules?
Who's working on this stuff? I'm happy to help if I can get an idea of what the
design direction is.
Tom
Text Matching
Text Matching
Entity Name
Text Matching
Entity Name
dictionary word?
dictionary word?
Text Matching
Entity Name
no
Text Matching
Entity Name
no
Name case sensitive
dictionary word?
dictionary word?
Text Matching
Entity Name
Name case sensitive
yes
Regular Expression
no
dictionary word?
Text Matching
Entity Name
Name case sensitive Regular Expression
no yes
Text Matching - Regular Expression
Classname
Text Matching - Regular Expression
.
/ 
space Classname
Text Matching - Regular Expression
.
/ 
space Classname
space
Text Matching - Regular Expression
.
/ 
space Classname
.
/

space
Text Matching - Regular Expression
.
/ 
space Classname
.
/

space
Text Matching - Regular Expression
java
class
as
php
c
.
/ 
space Classname
.
/

space
package
Text Matching - Regular Expression
java
class
as
php
c
.
/ 
space Classname
.
/

space
.
/ 
space package
Text Matching - Regular Expression
java
class
as
php
c
dictionary word?
Text Matching
Entity Name
Name case sensitive Regular Expression
yesno
Text Matching
dictionary word?
Text Matching
Dialog DialogTree
dictionary word?
dictionary word?
Text Matching
Entity Name
Name case sensitive Regular Expression
yesno
CamelCase?
Text Matching
Entity Name
Name case sensitive Regular Expression
noyes
Text Matching
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Recall
Text Matching
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Precision
Recall
Text Matching
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Text Matching
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
P
R
Precision Recall F
ArgoUML
Freenet
JMeter
Away3D
Habari
Augeas
0.61 0.64 0.63
0.59 0.59 0.59
0.59 0.65 0.62
0.41 0.72 0.52
0.49 0.38 0.43
0.15 0.64 0.24
Text Matching
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
P
R
Precision Recall F
ArgoUML
Freenet
JMeter
Away3D
Habari
Augeas
0.61 0.64 0.63
0.59 0.59 0.59
0.59 0.65 0.62
0.41 0.72 0.52
0.49 0.38 0.43
0.15 0.64 0.24
Java
Text Matching
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Precision Recall F
ArgoUML
Freenet
JMeter
Away3D
Habari
Augeas
0.61 0.64 0.63
0.59 0.59 0.59
0.59 0.65 0.62
0.41 0.72 0.52
0.49 0.38 0.43
0.15 0.64 0.24
P
R
Text Matching
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Precision Recall F
ArgoUML
Freenet
JMeter
Away3D
Habari
Augeas
0.61 0.64 0.63
0.59 0.59 0.59
0.59 0.65 0.62
0.41 0.72 0.52
0.49 0.38 0.43
0.15 0.64 0.24
ActionScript
P
R
Text Matching
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Precision Recall F
ArgoUML
Freenet
JMeter
Away3D
Habari
Augeas
0.61 0.64 0.63
0.59 0.59 0.59
0.59 0.65 0.62
0.41 0.72 0.52
0.49 0.38 0.43
0.15 0.64 0.24
P
R
Text Matching
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Precision Recall F
ArgoUML
Freenet
JMeter
Away3D
Habari
Augeas
0.61 0.64 0.63
0.59 0.59 0.59
0.59 0.65 0.62
0.41 0.72 0.52
0.49 0.38 0.43
0.15 0.64 0.24
PHP5
P
R
Text Matching
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Precision Recall F
ArgoUML
Freenet
JMeter
Away3D
Habari
Augeas
0.61 0.64 0.63
0.59 0.59 0.59
0.59 0.65 0.62
0.41 0.72 0.52
0.49 0.38 0.43
0.15 0.64 0.24
P
R
Text Matching
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Precision Recall F
ArgoUML
Freenet
JMeter
Away3D
Habari
Augeas
0.61 0.64 0.63
0.59 0.59 0.59
0.59 0.65 0.62
0.41 0.72 0.52
0.49 0.38 0.43
0.15 0.64 0.24
C
P
R
Precision
Recall
Overall results
Precision
Recall
Overall results
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Freenet
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Freenet
Overall results
VSM Text MatchingLSI
Precision
Recall
VSM Text MatchingLSI
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
ArgoUML
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
JMeter
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Away3D
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Habari
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Augeas
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Freenet
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts
Linking E-Mails and Source Code Artifacts

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