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ANOTHER DEVELOPMENT FOR BURMA
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Priorities in Transition
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Report on a seminar organised by
NDF and UNLD–LA in collaboration with
the National Reconciliation Programme, and
the Dag Hammarskjold Foundation,
Chiang Mai, 2004

2. Available from:
UNLD-LA
P. O. Box - 49
Chiang Mai University
Chiang Mai, 50202
Thailand
and
Dag Hammarskjold Foundation
Ovre Slottsgatan 2
SE-753 10 UPPSALA, Sweden
Fax: +46-18-12 20 72
Email: secretariat@dhf.uu.se
Web site: www.dhf.uu.se
Layout & design: Sai Mawn
Cover: Mattias Lasson
Published by: NDF, UNLD-LA and
the Dag Hammarskjold Foundation
ISBN: 91-85214-41-8
Printed by: UNLD Press, Chiang Mai, 2004

3. rmwdum
contents
trSmpum; .............................................................................................. 5
ed'ge;f ....................................................................................................... 9
“'uf[rfrm;&_d;azmifa';&Sif;ESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf
tjcm;enf;vrf; a[majymwifjycsursm;.tusO;f csKyf” ......................... 13
f
“toGiful;ajymif;a&;wGif OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh
toGiful;ajymif;jyD;aemuf awG@}uHK&rnfh jyempdrfac:csufrsm;” ......... 17
“EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHabmifausmfaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;ESifh
*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;/ tem*wfjyempdefac:csufrsm;ESifh
tjcm;tjrif&a'girsm;” ......................................................................... 33
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“'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJwGif; rD'D,m.tcef;u¾/
toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif; rD'D,m. tcef;u¾ESifh
jynfovx. owif;rsm;&&Syici” ...................................................... 55
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“zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&; r[mAsL[mrsm;/ ta&S@warmtawG@t}uHK”................ 75
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“EdiiwumrS zdw=f um;a[majymapaomynm&Sirsm;” ............................ 05
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Preface ............................................................................................... 95
Introduction ..................................................................................... 97
The Dag Hammarskjold Foundation and Another
Development" ................................................................................ 99
Kjell-Ake Nordquist: "Priorities in Transition and
Post-Transitional Challenges" ..................................................... 130
Walden Bello: "International Institutions, Transnational
Corporations and Globalisation: Future Challenges and
Alternative Perspectives" ............................................................. 130
Sheila Coronel: "The Role of Media in the Struggle for
Democracy, the Role of Media during Transition and
the Right to Know" ..................................................................... 130
Emilia Pires: "Strategies for DevelopmentExperiences from East Timor" ............................................... 137
International Resource Persons ................................................ 149

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9

10. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
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Sheila Coronel: " The Role of Media in the Struggle for
Democracy", The Role of Media During Transition" and "The
Right to Know"
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10

11. ed'gef;
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onf? T&Jabmfrsm;wGif pdwf"mwf}uHhcdkifr_jrifhrm;aomfvnf; yHkrSefb0
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_
f
aomvkyom;rsm; r[kw=f u? yHreb0ESihf rpyfr[yf jzpfaeEdionf? T
f
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tiftm;pkrsm;onf ulnaxmufyr_ r&&dygu jyemjzpfvmEdionf?
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olw@kd tzd@k aemufxyfwzef jyefvnfvufeufpui&ef 0efav;rnf r[kwf
JG kd f
=uay?
27

27. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
- wm0ef,r/_ wm0efcrqi&mjyem
l
H _ kd f
txufuazmfjycsursm;Y yÉdyuQ. a,bl,stpdytydi;f (3) ck jzpfaom
f
f k
yÉdyuQjzpfapaomjyemrsm;/ yÉdyuQqi&m vlrsm;.tjyKtrlrsm;ESihf
kd f
yÉdyuQqi&mvlw@kd . oabmxm;rsm;ta=umif;udk azmfjycJ+h yD;jzpf onf?
kd f
Tt&mud p P r sm;ud k ajz&S i f ; &mY yÉd y uQ a jz&S i f ; enf ; trsd K ;rd s K;jzif h
vnf;aumif;/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;.tpdytydi;f rsm;tm;vk;H twGi;f Y wnf+idrf
f k
vk+H cKH r_&apatmif pDruiw,jf cif;jzifvnf;aumif;/ vlra&;t& ,k=H unfr_
H kd f G
h
_
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jzpfygonf? Ediia&;pepf toGiu;l ajymif;a&;umvtwGi;f ESihf toGiu;l
kfH
f
f
ajymif;a&;umv+yD;onfh aemufyi;f wGif vlra&;t&,k=H unfr_ &ap&ef
kd
_
twGuf rdrdwdk@ rjzpfraeajzqdk=u&rnfh ar;cGef;rSm “rnfonfhudpPrsm;
jzpfcoenf;” qdaomudpP jzpfonf? “jrefrmEdii.ordi;opfukd rnfol
hJ
k
kfH
kf
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(od@k r[kw) tjcm; jynfe,frsm;rS jynfotoD;oD;twGuf tm;vk;u
f
l
H
vufcHEdkifaom ordkif;pmtkyfwtkyf jzpfay:vmEdkifrnfvm;” qdkonfh
ar;cGe;f rsm;yif jzpfonf?
ay:ayguvmEdiaom tcufcq;Hk jyemrSm wm0efcr/_ wm0ef,r_
f
kf
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twGuf wpkwOD;ay:rSmom wm0ef&ygovm; [laomar;cGe;f rsK;d jzpfonf?
H
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wm0ef&rEiywfoufI Ediiwum tjyifzufu jrifaomtjrifrsm; &SEif
dS _ S hf
kfH
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ovd/k jynfwi;f vlxrsm;u jrifaomtjrifrsm;vnf;&SEiygonf? Tod@k
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l _ S hf f
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P
Edkifygonf?
28

28. &Sv=atmfum aemh'upf
J f
f G
vl@usifh0wf
tajcjyK
edrhf
jrihf
w&m;Oya'tajcjyKyHkpH
edrhf
jrifh
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh (Oyrm- vlr_a&;t&n‡mwmcsrf;om
vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;) cGifhay;jcif; (Oyrm-rdkZrfbpf)
ppf&mZ0wfc&;kH rsm;
kH
(Oyrm-,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;
EdkifiHa[mif;)
trSew&m;ay:aygua&;
f
f
aumfr&Sif (Oyrmawmiftmz&du)
- vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh
vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;wGif vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhrsm; azmazm
oDoay;cJ=h uonf? tpd;k &a[mif;u tm%mrv$tyfrtcseY wm0ef&dS
D
J
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h l
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f
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k f kfH
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f
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29

29. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
jzpf+yD;/ vlrusi0wfyi;f qdi&mpHt& aqmif&ujf cif;rsK;d r[kway? vlra&;
_ hf
kd k f
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kfH G
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H
k_S
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ay;jcif;rS oufomuif;vGwcijhf yKrnfypjH zpfonf”?
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kfH
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wm0ef&rEihf ygwoufI &Si;f vif;aom oabmxm;rsK;d csrway;Edi&ef
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rxdcdkufap&ef udkifwG,f ajz&Sif;oGm;&efrSm ydkIta&;}uD;aomudpPjzpf
ygonf? rnfonfuprqdk ajz&Si;f =u&mY tay;t,l&&dS aphpyfaqG;aEG;
h d P
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pum;w&yf&ygonf? ‚if;rSm toGiu;l ajymif;a&;qdi&m w&m;r#wr_
dS
f
kf
(Transitional justice) yifjzpfygonf? 'Drdkua&pDonf yifrtajccH
jyem jzpfygonf? xktwGua=umifh rnfo@kd aom tjcm;jyemrsm;
d
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30

30. &Sv=atmfum aemh'upf
J f
f G
tkyfpkaqG;aEG;yGJ&vm'frsm;. tESpfcsKyf
twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vkH;u vufcHEdkifaom ppftm%m&Sif
qef@usia&; bkr[mAsL[mwckukd a&;qG&efvtyfa=umif;/ tpkwpku
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H
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kd
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h
k
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hf
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kfH
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31

31. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
'Dru&ufwpfjrefrmEdiiawmfopfwif pD;yGm;a&;b0tajctae ykref
kd
kfH
G
HS
jyefjzpfvma&;twGuf tajz&SmpOfpm;=uaomtcg trsm;pku jrefrmEdiiH
kf
. pD;yGm;a&;tajccHonf v,f,mpduysKd ;a&;udom tajccHI a&S@quf
k f
k
oGm;&efvdktyfonf[k jrif=uygonf? obm0ygwf0ef;usif rysufpD;ap
aom c&D;oGm;vkyief;udvnf; zGiay;oif+h yD;/ EdiijH cm;&if;ES;D jrKwfErrsm;udk
f
k
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kf
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0ifaiGonfvnf; TtajccHay:u &&SdEdkifao;onf[k jrif=uygonf?
jrefrmEdiitzd@k Ediitcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSeacs;aiGEihf axmufyaiGrsm;udk
kfH
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twGuf EdiijH cm;rS u|r;f usioy*Kd~ vfrsm;/ EdiijH cm;tpd;k &t&m&Srsm;udk
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32

32. EdiiwumtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/
kfH
Ediiabmifausmaumfya&;&Si;f }uD;rsm;ESihf *vdb,fvuaZ;&Si;f ?
kfH
f
kd
k
kd f
tem*gwfprac:r+rsm;ESitjcm;tjrif&a'gifrsm;
df
hf
+ h
a'gufwm a0:vf'ef bJvvkd
f
Focus on Global South

33. a0:vf'efb,fvkd
EdiiwumtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/
kfH
Ediiabmifausmaumfya&;&Si;f }uD;rsm;ESihf *vdb,fvuaZ;&Si;f ?
kfH
f
kd
k
kd f
tem*gwfprac:r+rsm;ESitjcm;tjrif&a'gifrsm;
df
hf
+ h
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Focus on Global South
wifjycsuyxrydi;f wGif urBmvk;H qdi&mpD;yGm;a&;pepfEifh urBmw0Sr;f quf
f
k
kf
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pyfaeaompD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;wd@k ukd wifjyxm;ygonf? 'kw,ydi;f wGif
d k
t"duEdkifiHwumaiGa=u;b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom EdkifiH
wumaiGa=u;&HyaiGtzG@J / urBm@b%f ESihf urBm@ueo,a&;tzG@J / ta&S@
Hk
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kd f H
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t=urf;zsO;f wifjyxm;ygonf? aemufq;Hk tydi;f wGirl tkypvuaqGaEG;r_
k
f
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f
urBmvk;H qdi&mpD;yGm;a&;pepf - t"du xl;jcm;csuvuQ%mrsm;ESihf
kf
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tm;jzifh ppfat;acwfEihf 1989 ckEpaemufyi;f rSpI ppfat;vGeacwf
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kd
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tjrift&qdv#if ,if;umvudyif vGecaom 1940 ckEprsm; rS 1980
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cGjJ cm;owfrwEiygonf? *vkyb,fvuaZ;&Si;f t}udKacwf. a,bl,s
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trsdK;om;t&if;&Sifpepfacwf jzpfygonf? urBmhajrmufjcrf;&Sd EdkifiHrsm;
(odk@r[kwf) zGH@+zdK;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;. *vkdb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;t}udKacwf
pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk jyefavhvm=unfhygu atmufygxljcm;csuf
vuQ%mrsm;udk awG@&rnfjzpfonf?
35

34. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
• vuf0g;}uD;tkyt&if;. v$r;f rd;k r_/
f
• A[dktpdk;&. cdkifrmaomaps;uGuftay: xdef;csKyfxm;onfh
pnf;rsO;f rsm;ESihf aps;uGutay:tpd;k &rS 0ifa&mufpuzufvyuif
f
G f
k f kd
aer_/
• vkytm;ESihf t&if;t=um;&Sd vlra&;t&tjyeftvSef tay;t,l
f
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jyKr_ ponftcsursm;jzpfonf?
h
f
zG@H +zdK;qJEiirsm;ud=k unfygu xdEiirsm;udk wDxixm;aom a0g[m&
kd f H
h
k kd f H
Gf
t& “EdkifiHawmfu taxmuftyH@jyKxm;aom t&if;&Siftpdk;&rsm;”
owfrwaz: jyavh&=dS uygonf? TEdiirsm;. t"duxljcm;csuvuQ%m
S f
kfH
f
rsm;rSm • vltzG@J tpnf;wGif t"duv$r;rd;xm;aom vlwef;pm;rSm ajrydif
f k
k
&Sif}uD;rsm;/ urBmhajrmufjcrf; (zGH@+zdK;+yD;) EdkifiHrsm;. t&if;ESifh
r[mrdwf zG@J xm;=uaom b¾mt&if;&Si/f ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
vkyief;&Sif vlwef;pm;rsm;omjzpfonf?
f
• ,if;pD;yGm;a&;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;rSoGif;ukefudktpm;xdk;Edkif&ef
twGuf pufrxaxmifa&;udvyaqmif=uonf? jynfwi;f 0,fvkd
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tm; (aps;uGu) udk jznfqnf;ay;&ef&nf&,onfh xkwvya&;
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G f
f k f
pepfrsK;d jzpfonf? oGi;f uketay: tcGetaumufukd tqrwef
f
f
jr‡ifhxm;um oGif;ukefyrm% (udkwm) uef@owfaompepfudk
toHk;jyKavh&Sd=uonf?
• Ediia&; ta&miftaoG;rnfo@kd yif&onfjzpfap/ Ediiawmf (tpd;k &)
kfH
dS
kfH
. tcef;u¾onf pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tvGefta&;ygcJh
onf? ukexwvyjf cif;rSonf ukepnfzvS,jf cif;/ ukepnfjzef@jzL;
f k f k
f
f
jcif;txd pD;yGm;a&;b0. e,fy,freor#wif tpd;k &u0ifa&muf
S f
G
pGufzufonf?
1980 0ef;usirpI aemufyi;f *vdb,fvuaZ;&Si;f acwfukd ajymif;
fS
kd
k
kd f
vmaomtcg t"duusaom xl;jcm;csuvuQ%mrsm;ajymif;vmonf
f
udk awG@=u&onf? ‚if;wd@k rm —
S
36

35. a0:vf'efb,fvkd
• Ediiwumukeo,rtwGuf t}uD;tus,csKyfuirrsm; avsmh
kfH
f G f _
f
kd f _
_ k f
csay;jcif; (wHcg;zGiay;jcif;) 1 ESihf trdsK;om;pufrvyief;rsm;udk
hf
umuG,ay;onfh ud,usKd ;pD;yGm;umuG,a&;eH&rsm; +ydKusom;
f
k f
f
H
G
jcif;/
• b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_ t}u;D tus,csKyfuirrsm;avsmcsI vGwvyf
f
kd f _
h
f
vmjcif;2/ b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_ukd tuef@towfjzpfapaom twm;
tqD;rsm;udk z,f&m;ypfvmjcif;f /
S
• Ediiwum wdu&u&ifE;jrKwfErrsm; vGwvyfpm pD;qif;cGi&
kfH
k f kd f DS
HS _
f
G
fh
vmjcif;/
• odk@aomfvnf; vkyftm;rsm;a&G@ajymif;r_tay: wif;=uyfonfh
uef@owfcsursm; qufvufwnf&aejcif; wd@k jzpfygonf?
f
dS
txl;ojzifh zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m
(EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ Oya'a&;&m) jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpD
tpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) [kac:onfh tpDtpOf
rsm;atmufwif ,if;ok@d aom ukeo,a&;vGwvyfr/_ b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_
G
f G f
f
vGwvyfvmjcif;ESihf &if;ES;D jrKwfEr_ vGwvyfvmjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vm=u
f
HS
f
jcif;jzpfonf? “tajccHtaqmuftODqi&mjyefvnf zG@J pnf;wnfaqmuf
kd f
a&;tpDtpOf” udk ajrmufurBmjcrf;Ediirsm;rSma&m/ awmifurBmjcrf;EdiiH
kfH
kf
rsm;rSmyg aqmif&uc=hJ uonf? ajrmufurBmjcrf;Ediirsm;wGif Tjyefvnf
G f
kfH
zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufr_ tpDtpOfudk (a&*if0g'§oufcsm0g') [kac:=u
onf? Tt,ltqt& tpd;k &uvlrzva&; udprsm;wGif aqmif&uay;
_ l kH
P
G f
aer_ &yfqdkif;ap&efjzpf+yD;/ aps;uGuftwGif; tpdk;&u0ifa&mufpGufzuf
aer_ukd z,f&m;&efjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif vkytm;ESihf t&if;t=um; tjyef
S
f
tvSef ndEi;f r_utqk;H owfap&efEihf t&if;&Sozufu tompD;&ap&ef
‡ _d
kd
S
d l
jzpfonf?
awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl EdkifiHawmfuaxmufyHhxm;aom
pDrue;f vkyief;rsm; 1980 ckEprsm;tapmydi;f umvwGif aºuG;+rDtusyf
H d
f
S f
k
wnf; ESihf &ifqivm&aomtcg acs;aiGEihf taxmuftyHrsm;&&eftwGuf
kd f
S
h
“tajccHtaqmuftODqi&mjyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”
kd f
(Structural Adjustment Program) udk vduemvkyaqmifc=hJ ujcif;
k f
f
37

36. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
jzpfEiz,&ygonf? ,if;Ediitawmfrsm;rsm;onf 1980 ckEpf apmapm
kd f G f dS
kfH
S
ydi;f rwdicifu tqrwefacs;,lxm;cJ=h uaom olw@kd . aºuG;+rDrsm;udk jyef
k
kf
ray;qyfEdkif=uawmhay? xdktcg +rD&Sifb¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
jyefvnfay;qyfEdkif&eftwGuf wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm EdkifiHwum
b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS &vrf;omjzpfawmhonf? acs;aiGopfrsm;
&&SEiz@kd qv#if ,if;Ediirsm;wGif xda&mufonfh pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_
d kd f kd
kfH
rsm;vkyf=u&ef EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@/ urBmhb%frsm;rSaeI
awmif;qdkcJhonf? jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rvkyfygu aiGacs;&efrjzpfEdkif? T
urBmhb%fESifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzGJ@wdk@.wGef;tm;aemufwGif
tar&duefjynfaxmifp. oabmxm;ygonf? Tod@k awmif;qdcaom
k
k hJ
“tajccHtaqmuftODqif &mjyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”
kd
(Structural Adjustment Program) wGif tydi; (3) ydi; yg&onf?
kf
k f dS
• ukeo,a&;pepfukd xda&mufpmxde;csKyfrrsm; avsmcsay;jcif;ESihf
f G f
G
f
_
h
wHcg;zGifhvGwfvyfr_ay;jcif;/
• ukexwvyr/_ ukepnfzvS,rEihf ukepnfjzef@jzL;r_w@kd wif EdiiH
f k f k f
f
f _ S
f
G kf
awmf. yg0ifpuzufaer_tcef;u¾udk odoomom av#mcsEif
G f
d
h kd
apjcif;/ xdef;csKyfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk y,fzsuf
ay;jcif;/
• Ediiawmfyif pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;udk zsuor;+yD;/ ,cifu EdiiH
kfH
kd
f
f d f
kf
awmfyiu¾rsm;udk yk*vuyditjzpfvajymif;ay;tyfjcif;/ Ediiyif
kd f
~ d kf
J$
k f H kd
pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk zsufodrf;apjcif; paomudpPrsm;
yg0ifonf?
xdktcsdefu tm;tenf;qkH;a'orsm;rSm awmifurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiH
rsm;jzpfonf? tmz&duwdu&Eiirsm;ESihf vufwiftar&duEdiirsm;wGif
k f dS kd f H
kfH
“tajccHtaqmuftODqi&mjyefvnfz@JG pnf; wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”
kd f
(Structural Adjustment Program) udk vduemaqmif&uc=hJ u&+yD;/
k f
G f
T'%fukd tqd;k qk;H cHc=hJ u&onf? tmz&duwduEihf vufwiftar&duwd@k
k fS
wGif ,cktcsdeftxd pD;yGm;a&;xdkif;rd_if;aejcif;/ pD;yGm;a&; (vlwef;pm;)
rnDr#r_ tvsitjref}uD;xGm;vmjcif;/ qif;&JcsKd @wrowfrwrsO;f atmuf
f
hJ _
S f
usa&mufonfh vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;}uD;rm;vmaejcif;wdk@u xdkjyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&; tpDtpOfrsm;. qd;kf arGa=umif[k owfrwazmfjycJ=h uonf?
h
S f
38

37. a0:vf'efb,fvkd
TjzpfpOfY urBmay:wGif c|i;f csuxm;&rnfh a'owckawmh&conf?
f
dS hJ
‚if;rSm ta&S@tm&SEihf ta&S@awmiftm&SEiirsm; jzpf=u+yD;/ “pD;yGm;a&;
S
kd f H
usm;Ediirsm;” [kwifpm; ac:qdc=hJ uonf? ,if;a'oEdiirsm;. pD;yGg;a&;
kfH
k
kfH
pepf zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufxm;ykrm vufwiftar&duESihf cyfqifqifw+l yD;/
HS
tpd;k &. yg0ifpuzufra&m/ ud,usKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf umuG,ay;xm;r_
G f
_
k f
f
oabmvuQ%mrsm;yg qifw=l uonf? od@k aomfvnf; usm;Ediirsm;u
kfH
yd@k uewify@kd a&;udk wGe;f tm;ay;vkyaqmif=u+yD;/ tpd;k &rsm;u Tyd@k uef
k f
f
k
wify@kd a&;twGuf pufrvyief;rsm;udk axmufyusm;uefyy;kd ay;=uonf?
_ kf
hH
hH
usm;Ediirsm;onf vkytm;aps;aygayg& aoma=umifh vkytm;tajcjyK
kfH
f
f
xkwfvkyf&aom xkwfukefrsm;udkxkwfum wifydk@a&;udk xufxufoef
oefvyaqmif=uonf? aemufyi;f wGif vkytm;tajcjyKpepfrS tqifjh rifh
kf
kd
f
onfh t&if;tESD;tajcjyKxkwfvkyfaom ukefpnfrsm;udkxkwfvkyfvm
Edionf? xdxuuersm;udk ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;aps;uGursm;od@k wify@kd
kf
k G f k f
f
=uonf? ajrmufurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;u ta&S@ESifh ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiH
rsm;rS wifoi;f ukersm;tay:uef@owfrrsm; wke@f jyefc=hJ uaomtcg usm;
G
f
_
Ediirsm;tcuf}uHK&awmhonf? usm;Ediirsm;u (1980) ckEpumvrsm;
kfH
kfH
S f
twGi;f u vGwvyfaomaps;uGujf yKjyifajymif;vJrrsm;vky&ef Ediiwum
f
_
f kfH
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS ay;vm onfh zdtm;rsm;udk tmcHEiconfta=umif;rSm
kd f hJ h
*syefEiirS t&if;tES;D rsm;pD;0ifvmaejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
kd f H
tar&duefESifh Oa&myukefoG,fzufrsm;u (*syefEdkifiHrSukefoG,fr_
&Si;f wrf; tqrwefyaiGjyaeonftay: zdtm;ay;&eftwGu) ,ef;aiG
kd
h
f
wefb;dk jyefvnfowfrw&ef zdtm;ay;cJ=h uonf? Tod@k jzifh 1985 ckEpf
S f
S
wGif wd;k jrifvmaom *syef,ef;aiG.wefb;kd u *syefur%rsm;twGuf
h
k ` D
jynfwGif;Yukefxkwfvkyf&ef tukeftusrsm;apcJhonf? *syefukr`%Drsm;
taejzifh Edi;f ,SOcsut&qdv#if vkytm;coufomaom w&kwjf ynf/
_
f f
k
f
wdi0rfEihf awmifu&;D ,m;Ediirsm;od@k xkwuevyief;rsm; oGm;a&muf
kf S
kd
kfH
f k f k f
xkwvy&ef ta=umif;jzpfapcJonf?
f k f
h
1990 ckESpfwGif *syefwdk@.&if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_twdkif;twm wajz;ajz;
avsmenf;usqif;vmcJonf? od@k aomfvnf; xdtcsewif a&*if§oufcsm
h
h
k df G
acwftwGif;jzpfay:ajymif;vJr_rsm;a=umifh ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiH
rsm;wGif tjcm;ae&mrsm;od@k p;D qif;&ef aiGa=u;t&if;tES;D rsm; apmifqi;f
h kd
39

38. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
aecJ=h uonf? xdaiGa=u;t&if;tES;D rsm;u tcsejf refjrefEihf a&wdtwGi;f
k
d
S
k
tjrwfrsm;rsm; &&Sa&;twGuf &if;ES;D jrKwfEEirnfh ae&mud&mvm=uonf?
d
HS kd f
kS
avmif;upm;qefaom aiGa=u;udaps;upm;onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;
k
f
(Speculative Funds) &Sdvm=uonf? tqdkyg pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;.
zdtm;a=umifh tar&duefb¾ma&;0ef}uD;XmeESifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;
&HyaiGtzG@J / ta&S@awmiftm&SEiirsm;&Sd tpd;k &rsm;taejzifh jyKjyifajymif;vJ
Hk
kd f H
r_rsm;vkyfaqmifvm=u&onf? pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfu
yg0ifpGufzufxdef;csKyfr_udkavsmhcsvm=u&+yD;/ aiGa=u;t&if;pD;qif;r_ESifh
ygwoufI xde;f csKyfxm;aompnf;rsO;f rsm;udk z,f&m;ay;cJ=h u&onf?
f
S
1994 ckEpEihf 199& ckEpumvt=um;rSmyif aiGa=u;aps;upm;onfh
SfS
Sf
t&if;aiG (tar&duefa':vm bDv,H 100) cef@ ta&S@tm&SEihf ta&S@
D
S
awmiftm&S a'orsm;ok@d p;D 0ifc+hJ yD; tdr,majrvkyief;/ pawmhaps;uGuEihf
f
f
fS
ajra&mif;0,fa&;aps;uGuf wdk@uJhodk@aom aiGjzpfvG,faomvkyfief;
u¾rsm;wGif &if;ES;D jrKwfEc=hJ uonf? vkyief;u¾tenf;i,fwif pk+yHKI
HS
f
G
aiGv;kH aiG&if;jzifh &if;ES;D jrKwfEaeaomtcg a&mif;vdtm;enf;I 0,fvtm;
HS
k
kd
rsm;+yD; aps;uGuysuawmhonf? ,if;vkyief;u¾rsm;udyg +ydKvJysup;D
f f
f
k
f
apcJygonf? pD;yGm;a&;tajcysuom;jcif;ESitwl &if;ES;D jrKwfEorsm;u
h
f G
hf
HS l
txdwwvef@jzpfc=hJ uonf? 1997 ckEpf aEG&moDwif aiGa=u;upm;onfh
f
S
G
pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;u TtajctaeudtcGitaumif;,lI tjrwfxwf
k hf
k
Edi&efqufvuf vkyaqmifc=hJ uygonf? (tar&duefa':vm bDv,H 100)
kf
f
D
udk ,if;a'orS &kwfw&ufjyefvnfxkwf,lum tjcm;ae&mrsm;odk@
a&$@ajymif;xm; vdkufonf? xdktcg xdkEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;bHk;bHk; vJ
awmhonf? +rDpm;aºuG;,lxm;olur%rsm;u xdaºuG;aiGrsm;udk jyefrqyf
k` D
k
Ediawmhojzifh aemufq;kH enf;vrf;rSm tpd;k &rsm;u xdp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;
kf
k
f
rsm;udk EdkifiHydkifodrf;cJh=u&+yD;/ olwdk@.taºuG;rsm;udk vufv$Jajymif;,l
vdu=f u&awmhonf? tpd;k &rsm;taejzifvnf; xdo@aqmuf&uEi&ef
k
h
k kd
G f kd f
twGuf "etiftm;vnf;rvHkavmufaoma=umifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;
kH
k
&HyaiGtzG@J (IMF) u ay;vmrnfh “u,fq,fa&;&HyaiG” rsm;udapmifh
Hk
qdkif; =u&awmhonf? T “u,fq,fa&;&HyHkaiG” rsm;ESifhtwl ,cif
apmapmydkif;u tmz&duESifhvufwiftar&duwdkuf&Sd EdkifiHrsm;wGif
aqmif&uc=hJ u&aom “tajccHtaqmuftODqi&m jyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnf
G f
kd f
40

39. a0:vf'efb,fvkd
aqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) udvuem
k kd f
aqmif&Guf =u&awmhonf? “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m jyefvnf
zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program)
rsm;rS vGwfajrmufaecJhonf urBm.wckwnf;aoma'ojzpfaom T
a'oonfvnf; trsm;enf;wl Tvrf;a=umif;ay: vdu=f u&jyefawmh
k
onf?
*vdb,fvuaZ;&Si;f ESihf vpfb&,fvuaZ;&Si;f ac: wcg;zGionfh
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kd f
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pD;yGm;a&;pepfw@kd u pD;yGg;a&;bmom&yfjzifygwouf+yD; ‚if;wd@k . aumif;
h f
uGuuaxmufjyjiif;ckef avh&=dS uygonf? aps;uGuukd vGwvwvyfvyf
f kd
f
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tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuftusKd;aqmifay;aeaom oabmw&m;jzpfa=umif;
oabmayguem;vnfxm;&ef rsm;pGmta&;}uD;ygonf?
f
41

40. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
EdiiwumaiGa=u;b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;rsm; —
kfH
‚if;wdk@. vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ESifh awmifurBmbufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;
tay:tusKd;oufa&mufapr_?
EdiiwumaiGa=u;&HyaiGtzG@J (tdi-trf-tufz)/
kfH
kH
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h
h k f G f
k
ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif; (tmqD,H)
EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@ (tdkif-trf-tufzf)
'kw,urBmppf+yD;umvwGif tdi-trf-tufzf tzG@J ukd zG@J cpOfumvu
d
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f _ _
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f _ dS
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d f
(odk@jzifhtar&duefa':vmonf urBmht&HaiGa=u;jzpfoGm;apcJhygonf?)
1972 ckEpwif tar&dueforRw &pfcswepfqifvufxufY a':vmESihf
S f G
f
a&$wefzdk;csdwfqufxm;jcif;udk jzwfawmufvdkuf+yD;/ aiGa=u;wefzdk;udk
vGwvwvyfvyfar#mxm;aom aiGa=u;avmuudk pwifcygonf? tdif G f
hJ
kf
trf-tufzf onf ‚if;. rlvwm0efr&Sd awmhaomfvnf;/ wm0eftopf
tcef;u¾opfwckukd &cJygonf? rdrw@kd . xkwuewefb;kd xuf ydrI
h
d
f k f
k kd
EdiijH cm;rSwifoi;f ae=u&aom Ediirsm;taejzifh aiGpm&if;&Si;f wrf;wGif
kf
G
kfH
vkaiGpm&if;jy vmcJ=h uygonf? TvdaiGuay;qyf&eftwGuf jyifyb%f
d
k
kd
rsm; od@k r[kwf EdiiwumpD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS aiGacs;,lIay;cJ=h u&
kfH
ygonf ? td k i f - trf - tuf z f tzG @ J t aejzif h xd k z G H @ +zd K ;qJ E d k i f i H r sm;.
ukefoG,fa&;wGif rwefwqukefoG,fwifoGif;jcif;rjyKap&ef/ wenf;
aiGa=u;pm&if; &Si;f wrf;rsm;ESiygwoufI vdaiGjyr_ rrsm;ap&ef/ paom
hf f
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csrSwfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufem-rvdkufemonfudk
apmif h = unf h & aom wm0ef u d k , l & ygawmh o nf ? td k i f - trf - tuf z f
tzG@J taejzifh Twm0efu,chJ &jcif;rSm pD;yGm;tajcrysuapa&;twGuf
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ta&;ay:acs;aiGrsm; xkway; Edipr;f &Saoma=umifvnf; jzpfonf?
f
kf G d
h
42

41. a0:vf'efb,fvkd
1980 ckEprsm;twGi;f u tdi-trf-tufzf tzG@J . vkyief;aqmifwm
Sf
kf
f
rsm;udk wdk;csJ@cJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;t&vGwfvyfr_&Sda&;/ xdef;csKyfuef@owf
r_rsm;udk avsmhcsay;a&;ESifh zufpHkvkyfief;rsm;yk*~vduydkifjyKvkyfa&;wdk@udk
wGef;aqmfaom wpHkvHk;t&qdkv#if “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjyef
vnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment
Program) udk t"dutaumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Guf&ef armif;ESifae
onfh ud,pm;vS,Xme jzpfvmonf? T “tajccHtaqmuftODqi&m
k f
f
kd f
jyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” taejzifh rdrw@kd .vlaer_pepf
d
vnfygwaqmif&uaeyHk yHp.twGi;f usustxd 0ifa&mufI ajymif;vJr_
f
G f
kH
rsm; jzpfaponf? tajccHusaom rduu&dp;D yGm;a&;ESihf rufu&dp;D yGm;a&;
k f k
k
ay:vpDrsm;ajymif;vJa&;udk awmif;qdv#uf vlrtzG@J tpnf;twGi;f rsm;pGm
k
_
ajymif;vJ&ucwfrrsm; jzpfapcJonf?
kd f
_
h
1990 ckESpfrsm;wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpktpdk;&. zdtm;ay;
awmif;qdkcsufa=umifh/ tdkif-trf-tufzftzGJ@wGif aemufxyft"du
aqmif&Guf&rnfh vkyfief;wm0ef&vmcJhonf? ,if;vkyfief;rSm aiGa=u;
t&if;tESD;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;r_rS uif;vGwfapa&;twGuf
wGe;f tm;ay; a&;jzpfonf? Oyrm — aiGa=u;t&if;tES;D rsm;tm; vk;H 0
OkH vGwvyfpm pD;qif;cGiay;a&;/ t&if;tES;D aiGa=u;rsm;.b%fpm&if;
f
G
hf
(Account) ESifh oufqdkifaomudpPrsm;wGif vkH;0vGwfvyfapa&;ESifh
t&if;pD;qif;r_ukd uef@owfxm;r_rsm;z,f&m;ypfa&;wd@k jzpfonf?
S
43

42. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
urBmb%f (World Bank)
h
1950 ckESpfrsm;wGif ppf'%fcHcJh&aom Oa&myjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
&nf&,csujf zifh zG@J pnf;cJaom tzG@J r&nf&,csuajymif;vJum urBmb%f
G f
h
S
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jzpfay:vmcJonf? ‚if;.&nf&,csurm ajrmufurBmjcrf;rS t&if;tjrpf
h
G f f S
rsm; awmifurBmjcrf;Ediirsm;od@k pD;qif;apa&;ESifh zG@H +zdK;a&;tultnDrsm;
kfH
ay;onfh tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf aqmif&ua&;jzpfonf? urBm@b%fwif
G f
G
ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;onf t"duusaomEdkifiHrsm;jzpf+yD;/
ta=umif;rSm t&if;xnfh0ifa=u;pepft& trsm;pkxnfh0ifxm;aom
a=umifh jzpfonf? urBmb%fwif tqH;k tjzwfjyKvkyonftcg rJay;Edif
h
G
f h
k
onfh tiftm;onf xnf0ifonft&if;tay:tajccHxm;I qH;k jzwfcsuf
h
h
ay;ydici&onf?
k f G hf dS
1960 ckESpfrsm;aESmif;ydkif;ESifh 1970 ckESpfrsm;a&mufaomtcg
urBmb%f. axmufya&;bwf*suaiGyrm% tqrwef }uD;rm;vmcJh
h
hH
f
onf? zufpz@HG +zdK;a&;pDrue;f rsm;udk wm0ef,aqmif&u&aom yifrtzG@J
kH
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l
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tpnf;}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? urBmhb%f. taxmuftyHhtrsm;pkonf
tpdk;&rsm;rSwqifh jzwfoef;oGm;=u&onf? 1980 ckESpfrsm;twGif;
a&mufvmaomtcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif tm%m&vmonfh
vufsm*dk%f;/ vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfudk axmufcHtm;ay;
olrsm;u urBmhb%ftay: a0zefar;cGef;xkwfvmcJh=uonf? wcsKd@u
qdv#if urBmb%fuzsuor;f ypf&efyif aqG;aEG;cJ=h uonf? ta=umif;rSm
k
h
kd f d
urBmhb%ftaejzifh tpdk;&rsm;rSwqifh tultnDay;aoma=umifh
cdkifrmaom A[dktpdk;&rsm;jzpfvmap&ef zefwD;ay;ae+yD; qdk&S,fvpf0g'
usio;kH &eftwGuf tajctaeESitcGitvrf;rsm;udk zefw;D ay;aeonf[k
hf
hf hf
jrifvm=uaom a=umifhjzpfonf? aemufqkH;Y urBmhb%ftaejzifh
“tajccHtaqmuftOD qdi&mjyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”
kf
rsm;udk ‚if;.vkyfief;pOfwGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;apjcif;jzifh/ ‚if;.vkyfief;
wm0efrsm;udk ajymif;vJapv#uf urBmb%fukd zsuor;f rcH&apa&;twGuf
h
f d
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kd f kd
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h
44

43. a0:vf'efb,fvkd
urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@
(WTO)
urBmueo,a&;tzG@J onf 1948 ckEpuxJu ay:ayguvmcJ&ef&aomf
h k f G f
S f
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vnf;/ aemuftESpf (50) t=um 1995 ckEpusrom wu,ftaumif
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txnfay:vmcJonf? TumvtawmtwGi;f *wf (GATT)3 ac:
h
oGi;f ukeqi&m taumufceEihf ukeo,a&;qdi&mtaxGaxG oabm
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kf
wlnDcsuftzGJ@ taejzifh&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ vufawG@taumiftxnfaz:
aqmif&uEir_ rsm;pGmtm;enf; cJonf? 1980 ckEprsm; tapmydi;f wGif
G f kd f
h
S f
k
tar&duefjynfaxmifp. pD;yGm;a&;onf ukeo,rtay:ydrkd rSwnfvm
k
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k f
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urBmhtzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&Sd&rnfqdkonfh t,ltqjyefvnftouf0if
vmcJonf? &SpEp=f um ndEi;f aqG;aEG;cJ=h u+y;D aemuf O&ka*G;pm;yG0i;f tpnf;
h
fS
‡ _d
J kd
ta0;t+yD;wGi/f urBmueo,a&;tzG@J }uD; ('AvsL-wD-td) udk zG@J pnf;cJh
h k f G f
k
=uonf ? urB m h u k e f o G , f a &;tzG J @ }uD ; . oabmwl n D c suf r sm;t&
ukefoG,fr_wGif ta&twGuft&uef@owfr_rsm;udk w&m;r0ifa=umif;
owfrwjf yXmef;cJ+h y;D jzpfovd/k ,if;wd@k tpm; oGi;f uketay:pnf;=uyfonfh
S
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tcGepepftjzpfom ajymif;vJowfrwEi=f uawmhonf?
f
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h k f G f
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ukeo,rvyief;rsm;ESihf 0efaqmifrvyief;qdi&mukeo,r_ (a&&&Sa&;
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45

44. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
xlaxmifa&;twGuf (rdrvyief;tusK;d pD;yGg;udumuG,ay;aom) udpP
d k f
k
f
rsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Gufjcif;jyKEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay? ukefoG,fa&;ESifh
oufqdkifaom enf;ynmqdkif&m rlydkifcGifhqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;
(TRIPs) onf enf;ynmjyef@ygG ;r_ukd umuG,&ef&nf&,onfh vky&yfrsK;
f
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f d
jzpfonf? (txl;ojzifh tm&SEdkifiHrsm;twGuf xdef;csKyf&ef&nf&G,fjcif;
jzpfonf) wif;usyfonfh enf;ynmrlydkifcGifhqdkif&m rSwfykHwifpnf;rsOf;
rsm;jyXmef;jcif;jzifh enf;ynmrsm;jyef@ESHaer_udkwm;qD;onf? (TRIPs)
onf pufrenf;ynmrsm;wkyI pufrvyief;xlaxmifjcif;rsK;d udk Oya'
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46

45. a0:vf'efb,fvkd
tmqD,HtzGJ@ (ASEAN)
tmqD,HtzGJ@.tjzpfqdk;rSm pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;ut+rJwap EdkifiHa&;
udpPrsm;. vufatmufa&mufoGm;wwfjcif; jzpfonf? tmqD,Hudk
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47

46. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
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48

47. a0:vf'efb,fvkd
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kd f _ G
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NOTES:
1. Liberalization of International Trade.
2. Liberalization of Financial flows.
3. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
4. Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
5. Trade Related Property Rights (TRIPs)
6. Asian Free Trade Area (AFTA)
53

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56. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
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60

57. &Stvmudve,f
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61

58. jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;
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62

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63