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ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
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ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
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သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္) -...
သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္) -...
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
လူထုဦးလွ လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
လူထုဦးလွ လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
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ျပည္သူ႔လႊတ္ေတာ္ကိုယ္စားျပဳေကာ္မတီ
1.
(1) jynfol@v$wfawmf ukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDqkdwmbmvJ jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif (1990)jynfhESpf/ arv(27) &ufae@wGif a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cH&aom jynfol@v$wfawmfudk udk,fpm;jyKonf? (1998)ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (1)&ufae@wGif ,if;aumfrwD zGJ@pnf;a}unmcJhjyD; pufwifbmv(16)&ufae@wGif usif;yaomaumfrwD. yxrt}udrftpnf;ta0;wGif w&m;0ifzJG@pnf;cJhonf ? (1990)ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ. &v'fjzpfaom jynfol@v$wfawmfzGJ@onf;a&; wm0efudk etzrS (9)ESpfausmf}um qufvufjiif;qefvsuf&Sdaoma}umifh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;jyKaumfrwD udkorkdif;a&;&m vdktyfcsufESifhtnD zJG@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf ? tzGJ@0if(10)OD;teuf (9)OD;onf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDcsKyfrS jzpfjyD; usefwpfOD;rSm &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf / rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf / &Srf;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf ESifh ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGef*&uf wdk@udk udk,fpm;jyKonf? ,if;EkdifiHa&;ygwD(5)ckonf pkpkaygif;jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f (485)ae&m teuf(433)ae&m(89)&mcdkifEýef;udk udk,fpm;jyKonf ? (2) jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDudk bma-umifh zëJ@pnf;&ovJ 1990jynfhESpf a&ë;aumufyëJudk e0w=etzrS(31=5=89)ae@pëJjzifhxkwfjyefcJhonfh jynfol@vïwf awmfa&G;aumufyGJ Oya'trSwf (14§89) t& usif;ycJhjcif;jzpfonf? (1) ,if;Oya'. ed'gef;wGif vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yI jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd a&G;cs,fwifa¹rSmufEkdif&ef[lI vnf;aumif;// (2) Oya'. tcef; (1) yk'frcGJ (u) wGif v$wfawmfqkdonfrSm jynfol@v$wfawmfukd qkdvkdonf? yk'frcGJ (c) wGif a&G;aumufyGJqkdonfrSm ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudkqkdonf? yk'frcGJ (*) wGif jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fqkdonfrSm v$wfawmfokd@a&G;aumufwifa¹rSmufjcif;cH&olukd qkdvkdonf[l I vnf;aumif;? (3) ,if;Oya'tcef; (1) wGif v$wfawmfudk rJqENe,frsm;teufrS TOya'ESifhtnDa&G;aumuf wifa¹rSmufvdkufaom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;&rnf[lI vnf;aumif; azmfjyxm;onf? ,if;Oya'jyXmef;azmfjyr+rsm;t& 1990 jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJonf wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmftwGuf r[kwf yg? EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJ&eftwGufvnf; r[kwfyg? Oya'ðytm%m/ pDrHcef@cGJr+tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mwdk@udk ydkifpdk;rnfh jynfol@v$wfawmfzGJ@pnf;&efðyvkyfrnfh a&G;aumufyGJjzpfa-umif; w&m;Oya't&xif&Sm;onf?
2.
a&G;aumufyGJusif;yonhfae@&ufrSmyif xdktcsdefu e0w
OuUX AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; apmarmiftm; “tu,fI twdkuftcHrsm;rS tEdkif&rnfqdkygu tm%mvGJajymif;ay;yghrnfvm;”[kar;&m igay;xm;wJh uwdudkapmifhxdrf;ygrnf[k rJ&HkrS rJay;_yD;xGufvmumpwGif ajym-um;cJhonf? vufawG@wGifum; e0w/ etz wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@xkwfjyefxm;aom a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'udk puUL pkwfvkyfvsuf Oya'pdk;rdk;r+udk rsufuG,fðycJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'udkcsdK;azmufvsuf 1990 jynfhESpf Zlvdkifv (27) &ufae@wGif a-unmcsuf (1§90) udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? (1§90) . tESpfom&rSm 1990 jynfh ESpf a&G;aumufyGJonf Oya'ðyr+tm%m/ pDrHcef@cGJr+tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mrsm;udk usifhoHk;Edkifaom v$wfawmfudkzGJ@pnf;&efr[kwf/ a&G;cs,fcH&aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udka&;qGJ&ef wm0ef&Sdonfh yk*~dKvfrsm;tjzpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk oma&;qGJ&rnf? ,m,DOya'a&;qGJI tcsKyftjcm tm%moHk;&yfudk usifhoHk;ygu vufrcHbJ ta&;,lrnf? 1990 jynhfESpf a&G;aumufyGJ_yD;onfhumvrSpI t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm/ enf;vrf;aygif;rsm;pGmtoHk;ðy _yD; 1990jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSwqifh azmfjycJhonfh jynfol@vlxkqENudk taumiftxnfazmfEkdifa&;t wGuf jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,lay;&ef (trSefrSm jynfo@l v$awmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDa&G;aumufyGJ Oya' wGif vnf;aumif;/ 1§90 t&vnf;aumif;/ e0w rS uwdðy_yD;jzpfonf) t}udrf}udrfawmif;qdkcJhonf? (10) ESpf eD;yg;wdkif pdwf&Snfvuf&Snfonf;cHvsuf awmif;qdkIr&onfhtqHk;wGif jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,la&;onf etz twGufom wm0ef&Sdonfr[kwf/ ta&G;cs,fcH jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;wGifyg t"duwm 0ef&Sdonf[k ,lqvsuf/ jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,la&;&nf&G,fcsufjzifh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD udk zGJ@pnf;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? (3) jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. &nf&G,fcsufu bmawGvJ (u) jynfolvlxku v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; ‚if;wdk@ESifh‚if;wdk@.wdkif;jynftusdK;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;&ef udk,fpm;vS,fv$Jtyfxm;onfh wm0efrsm;udk vspfvsL&+Irxm;Ekdifonfh tm;avsmfpGm twdkif;twmwcktxd pGrf;aqmifay;Ekdifor# aqmif&Gufay;&ef? (c ) jynfol@v$wfawmfay:aygufvmvsif 'Drdkua&pDa&;xGef;um;vm_yD; ,if;ESihftwl vl@tcGifht a&;rsm; wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmap&ef?
3.
(* ) EdkifiHwGif;
jynfolvlxkcHpm;óuHawG@ae&aom EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr+a&;/ usef;rma&;/ ynm a&;tp&Sdonfh taxGaxGtusyftwnf;rsm;udk tm%mydkifwdk@usifhoHk;aeonfh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tay: zdtm;ay;tusyfudkif/ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;onfhenf;rsm;jzifh tusyftwnf;rsm;udk taotcsmrajz&Sif;Edkif onfa-umifh jynfol@v$awmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtaejzifh wwftm;oa&G@ ajz&Sif;ay;Edkif&ef[laom &nf &G,fcsuf (3) &yfjzifh zGJ@pnf;onf? (4) jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDudk b,folawGeJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;ovJ jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD0ifrsm;udk atmufazmfjyyg yk*~dKvf (10) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;yg onf? OD;atmifa&$ OuUX jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;jyKaumfrwD OuUX trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf &efukefwdkif;/ r&rf;ukef;jrdK@e,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 1918 ckESpf Zlvdkifv(19)&ufae@wGifarG;zGm;onf? &efukefuUodkvfrS 1940ckESpfwGifwGif 0dZ…mbGJ@&cJh onf? 1942 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpftxd ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (BLA) ArmhuGmuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (BDA) ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf (PBF) wdk@wGifwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1961 ckESpfwGif awmifydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª; tjzpftrSK@xrf;aqmifaepOf tvkyfrSxkwfy,fjcif;udkcHcJh&onf? 1961ckESpfrS 1975ckESpftwGif;oHtrwfºuD;tjzpfºopaw;vs/ tD*spf/ jyifopf/ pydefESifh e,l;ZDvef wdk@wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? a':atmifqef;pkºunfESifh OD;wifOD;wdk@tzrf;cHae&pOftwGif; trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf OuUXtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf? OD;oef;xGef; twGif;a&;rSL; jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;jyKaumfrwD A[dktvkyftrlaqmifaumfrwD trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf rEWav;wdkif;/ awmifomjrdK@e,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (2) jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 192 1 ckESpfwGifarG;zGm;onf? 1937 ckESpfrS 1941 ckESpftwGif; jrifjcHausmif;om;rsm;or*~tzGJ@0if jzpfcJhonf? 1942ckESpfrS1946ckESpftwGif;ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (BLA) wGiftrlxrf;cJhonf? 1946 ckESpfrS 1935 ckESpftwGif;zufqpfqef@usifa&; jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; tzGJ@ (zqyv). jrif;jcHc&dkif twGif a&;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf? 1947ckESpfwGif v$wfawmftrwfjzpfcJhonf? 1953 ckESpfrS 1962 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHukefonfºuD;rsm;or*~twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfcJhonf? 1946ckESpfwGif rqv ygwD0ifjzpfcJhonf? xdk@t jyif OD;oef;xGef;onf 1995 ckESpfY trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk qef@usioydwfarSmufcJh olvnf;jzpfonf? f
4.
OD;at;omatmif twGif;a&;rSL; jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;jyKaumfrwD wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; &cdkiftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf &cdkifjynfe,fajryHkjrdK@YarG;zGm;onf? umuG,fa&;0ef=uD;Xmet}uD;pm; pufrlvkyfief;aumfydka&;&Sif; wGif
'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;tjzpf trlxrf;cJhonf? &cdkiftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&; rSL;vnf;jzpfonf? ,ck jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;jyKaumfrwDwGif &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ rGeftrsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh ZdrD; trsKd;om;uGef*&ufwkd@udk ukd,fpm;ðyonf? OD;wifOD; tzGJ@0if jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD 'k - OuUX trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf 1927 ckESpf/ {&m0wDwkdif;/ ykodrfòrd@Y arG;zGm;onf? 1974 ckESpfrS 1976 ckESpftxd AkdvfcsKyf}uD;t jzpfESifh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; wm0ef,lcJhonf? 1976 ckESpfwGif zrf;qD;cH&+yD; 1980 ckESpfwGif vGwf+idrf;csrf; omcGifhtrdef@jzifh jyefvGwfvmcJhonf? 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (2) &ufae@ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@ csKyf zGJ@pnf;aomtcg 'k - OuUXjzpfvmonf? 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv (20) &ufae@wGif tus,fcsKyfjzifh tzrf;cHcJh&+yD;? 1989 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (22) &ufae@wGif axmif'%f (3) ESpf tjypfay;cHcJh&onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf tzGJ@0if jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf 1945 ckESpf/ ZGefv (19) &ufae@wGif &efukefòrd@Y arG;zGm;onf? olr.zcif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf}uHcH&pOf touf (2) ESpfom&Sdao;onf? olr.rdcif a':cif=unf tdENd,EkdifiHqkdif&mjrefrmoHtrwf }uD;tjzpftr_xrf;pOf rdcifESifhtwl vkdufygoGm;+yD; tdENd,ESifh t*FvefEkdifiHwkd@wGif ynmoif=um;cJhonf? 1988 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdfifiHokd@ jyefvm+yD; jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_. txifu&yk*~KdvfjzpfcJhonf? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfpwif zGJ@pnf;pOfrS ,cktxd taxGaxG twGif;a&;rª;wm0ef,lchonf? 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvkdif (19) &ufae@rS 1995 J ckESpf/ Zlvkdif (10) &ufae@txd tus,fcsKyftzrf;cHcJh&onf? 1991 ckESpfwGif Ekdb,fvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkukd &&SdcJhonf?
5.
OD;vGif tzGJ@0if jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD A[dktvkyftr+aqmifaumfrwD0if trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf &efukefwdkif;/ oHk;cGòrd@e,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 1924
ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (22) &ufae@wGif arG;zGm;onf? rqvvufxuf 'k = 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh rqvygwD0ifjzpfcJhonf? 1942 ckESpf rS 1945 ckESpftxd ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfESifh ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmfwdk@wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? *syefawmf0ifppfoifwef;ausmif;ESifh _Adwdo#awmf0ifppfoif wef;ausmif;wdk@Y qnf;yl;cJhonf? tar&duefEdkifiHqdkif&m ppfoHrª;tjzpfvnf; tr+xrf;cJhzl;onf? OD;vSaz tzGJ@0if jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD A[dktvkyftr+aqmifaumfrwD0if trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf {&m0wDwdkif;/ Armfvòrdifu|ef; rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 1927 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (19) &ufae@wGif arG;zGm;onf? {&m0wDwdkif; trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf A[dktvkyftr+aqmifaumfrwD0ifjzpfonf? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDumv 1951 ckESpfrS 1961 ckESpftwGif; armf vòrdifu|ef;òrd@e,f v$wfawmftrwftjzpfcJhonf? 1967 ckESpfrS 1986 ckESpftwGif; ydk@aqmifqufoG,fa&; 0ef}uD;Xme t&m&Sdtjzpf tr+xrf;cJhonf? OD;pdk;jrifh (ocif pdk;jrifh) tzGJ@0if jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD A[dktvkyftr+aqmifaumfrwD0if trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf &efukefwdkif;/ awmifOuUvmyòrd@e,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f 1923 ckESpf -o*kwfv (16) &ufae@wGif arG;zGm;onf? OD;pdk;jrifhonf? trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf A[dktvkyftr+aqmifaumfrwD0ifwpfOD;jzpf_yD; vGwfvyfa&;r&rD jynfol@awmfvSefa&;ygwDtzGJ@ jzpfcJhonf? xdk@tjyif 'dk@Armtpnf;t&Hk; ajrmif;jròrd@e,ftwGif;a&;rª;jzpfcJhonf? ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfwGif wyfrª; tjzpf tr+xrf;cJhonf?
6.
OD;vGef;wif tzGJ@0if jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD A[dktvkyftr+aqmifaumfrwD0if trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf rGefjynfe,f / armfvòrdifòrd@e,f rJqENe,ftrSwf
(1) jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 192 1 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@wGif arG;zGm;onf? 1996 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (9) &ufae@ wGif trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf A[dktvkyftr+aqmifaumfrwD0ifESifh rGefjynfe,fwm0efcHjzpfvmcJhonf? 1953 ckESpfrS 1956 ckESpftxd ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf/ ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfwdk@wGif tr+xrf;cJh onf? ajrmufydkif;ppfXmecsKyf/ wyfr[m (7) wyfr[mrª;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; 1965 ckESpfwGif tvkyfðzwfcHcJh&onf? 1965 ckESpfrS 1967 ckESpfxd txdrf;odrf;cHcJh&onf? 1973 ckESpfrS 1983 ckESpftxd trSwf (1) pufr+0ef}uD;XmewGif !$ef-um;a&;rª;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? OD;!$ef@a0 tzGJ@0if jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD A[dktvkyftr+aqmifaumfrwD0if trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf yJcl;wdkif; awmifilòrd@e,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (2) jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 1926 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (14) &ufae@wGif arG;zGm;onf? &efukefòrd@ pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvfrSbGJ@&&SdcJh onf? tar&duefEdkifiH [m;AwfwuUodkvfrS trfatbGJ@&&SdcJhonf? 1952 ckESpfrS 1986 ckESpftxd pufr+ b%fESifh pD;yGm;a&;b%fwdk@wGif refae*smtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tmrcHaumfydka&;&Sif;wGif t}uHay;t&m&Sd tjzpfvnf;aumif; tr+xrf;cJhonf? 1991 ckESpf rwfv (26) &ufae@rSpI trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf A[dktvkyfr+aqmifaumfrwD b¾a&;wm0efcHtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf? OD;!$ef@a0onf 1995 ckESpfY trsdK; om;nDvmcHudk oydwfarSmufcJholwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? (5) jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. w&m;0ifwnf&Sdr+ukd xif&Sm;apwJh Oya' a-umif;qkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm;u bmawGvJ 1? 1974 ckESpfjynfol@v$wfawmfOya'rsm;wGif tu,fI jynfol@v$wfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,ftm;t vkH;. (34) &mckdifE+ef;u jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,lay;&ef awmif; qkdcJhv#if EkdifiHawmftm%mykdifrsm;u jynfol@v$wfawmfukd ac:,lay;&efwm0ef&Sdonf [lI tpOftvm&Sdonf? 2? 1990 jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm; vS,fae&m pkpkaygif;. (81) &mckdifE+ef;ausmf tEkdif&&SdcJh onf? ppftkyfpk. ygwDtm;rJqEN&Sifjynfolrsm;u ESpfòcdufr+r&SdkqkdonfrSm odomxif &Sm;vGef;_yD; tpkd;&w&yf.tcGifhtm%mukd &,lxm;&eftoifhrjzpfay? odk@aomf
7.
tm%mukdv$Jajymif;ay;tyf&ef jiif;qefv#ufppftkyfpkonf w&m;r0iftpkd;&wpf&yftjzpf
&yfwnfaeqJ jzpfonf? 3? ppftpkd;&onf tzGJ@csKyf.nDvmcHrsm;ukd wm;jrpfydwfyifvsuf tzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; t"rR E+wfxGuf&ef apckdif;jcif;/ tzGJ@csKyf&kH;rsm;tm; t"rRydwfyifjcif;wkd@ukd ðyvkyfvsuftrsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf tm; tqufrjywf qufvufaESmifh,SufzsufqD;vsuf&Sdonf? 4? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh tjcm;EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (251) OD;onf ‚if;wkd@ ukd,fpm;ðyvkyfykdifcGifhtm; trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. A[kdtvkyftr+aqmiftzGJ@ tm; tyfESif;xm;_yD;jzpfonf? ,if;ta&twGufonf 1990 jynfhESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif a&G;aumufwif a¹rSmufcH&aom jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f pkpkaygif;. (52) &mckdifE+ef;ukd ukd,fpm;ðyvsuf&Sd_yD; ‚if;wkd@ .axmufcHr+jzifh jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDukd zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? Txufazmfjyyg tcsuf (4) csufukd -unfhjcif;tm;jzifh trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. jynfo@l v$wfawmfac:,la&;awmif;qkdr+ESifh jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD zGJ@pnf;a&;onf w&m;r0if a-umif; wifjyazmfxkwf&ef rnfolwOD;wa,muftwGufr# Oya'a-umif;t& rvG,fulay? ppftkyfpkrS ,if;uJhokd@ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. v$wfawmfac:,la&;awmif;qkdr+ESifh jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðy aumfrwDzGJ@pnf;a&;onf w&m;r0ifa-umif; rnfonfhtcgur# xkwfazmfajymqkdEkdifjcif;r&SdcJhay? ,if;okd@ a-unmxm;rnfhtpm; trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG@taejzifh aqG;aEG;!SdE+dif;r+ukd vkdvm;onfqkdygu jynfol@ v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; zsufodrf;&efukdom awmif;qkdvsuf&Sdonf? 1998 ckESpf/ arv (27) &ufae@wGifusif;yaom a&G;aumufyGJESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;Y trsKd; om; 'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,lusif;yEddkifa&;twGuf EkdifiHawmftm%mykdifrsm;xH awmif;qkd&efqkH;jzwfcJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfuk,fpm;vS,f (251) OD;rS ay;tyfxm;aom tcGifhtm%m d onfv$wfawmfusif;yEkdifa&;twGuf w&m;0ifawmif;qkdr+jzpfonfhtwGuf w&m;0ifawmif;qkdr+jzpf&ef vkdtyfaom (34) &mckdif;E+ef;xufykdrkdrsm;jym;cJhonf? trsKd;om;'Drkdfua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. A[dktvkyftr+aqmif tzGJ@u 1998 ckESpf -o*kwfv (2 1) &ufae@aemufqHk;xm;I jynfol@v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;ac:,lusif;y ay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? tvm;wlawmif;qdkcsufudk tjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwD (4) ckjzpfonfh rGeftrsdK;om;'Drdku a&pDtzGJ@/ &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh ZdkrD;trsdK;om;uGef*&ufwdk@rS vnf; awmif;qdkcJhonf? ppftm%m&Sifwdk@onf 1989 ckESpf jynfol@v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJOya'ESifh 1974 ckESpf jynfol@v$wfawmfrSjyXmef;xm;onfh tpOftvm (v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fpkpkaygif;. (34) &mcdkifE+ef; u awmif;qdkvsif jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,lay;&rnf) wdk@udk azmufzsufusL;vGefvsuf trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf. w&m;ojzifhaom jynfol@v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;usif;ya&;awmif;qdkr+udk vspfvsL&+ypfy,fcJh onf? ,if;uJhodk@ ppftm%m&Sifwdk@. jynfol@qENudk ypfy,fr+onf trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh tjcm; EkdifiHa&;ygwDwkd@tm; jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDukd 1998 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (1) &ufae@wGif zGJ@pnf;Ekdifa&;twGuf tpysKd;óud;yrf;r+qDokd@ OD;wnfapcJhonf? ,if;zGJ@pnf;r+onf 'Drkdua&pDygwDpkHpepfwnf aqmufa&;wm0ef&Sdr+ukd taumiftxnfazmf&ef v$wfawmftrwftrsm;pk. qENukdtaumiftxnfazmf óud;yrf;r+rS a&mifjyef[yfay:xGufvmaom &v'fjzpfayonf? okd@ygI jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðy aumfr wDonf w&m;Oya'a-umif;t& zGJ@pnf;xm;aomw&m;0iftzGJ@tpnf;w&yfjzpfygonf? (6) jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDukd b,folawGuaxmufcHygovJ jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDudk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkygwD (4) ck. axmuf cHcsufjzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? zGJ@pnf;_yD;vsif_yD;csif; tjcm;aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uvnf; jynfol@ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm;axmufcHa-umif; a-unmcJhonf? axmufcHa-umif; a-u nmcsufudk aemufusIxkwfa0ygu axmufcHr+udkwm;qD; &efetzrS zdtm;ay;vmrnfudk od&SdI a-unmcsufrsm;udk apmvsifpëmxkwfa0Edkif&ef txl;ta&;}uD;ayonf? ar#mfvifhxm; onfhtwdkif; etz rS zdtm;ay;vmojzifh jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm;
8.
axmufcHr+a-unmcsufrsm; jyefvnf±kwf odrf;&r+rsm;onf
vïJa&SmifIr&Edkifygacs? olwdk@. trSefwu,f pdwfqENrsm;udk ydkdrdk&Sif;vif;pëmazmfjyEdkif&ef &nf&ë,fcsufjzifh jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD axmuf cHa-umif; a-unmcsufrsm;udk apmvsifpëmxkwfa0cJhjcif;ESifh jynfol@vïwfawmf udk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; axmufcHr+rsm;udk jyefvnf±kwfodrf;cJh&jcif;wdk@onf etz. enf;aygif;pHkumuë,fzd tm;ay;r+jzpfa-umif; ydkrdkay:vëifxif&Sm;apcJhayonf? odk@aomf tcsdK@aomtzëJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rlv&yfwnfcsufudk xdrf;oddrf; &efóud;pm;cJhonf? Wa National Organization rSxkwfjyefa-unmcsufxJwëif jynfol@vïwfawmf udk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; axmufcHr+udk tcdkiftrmazmfjyxm;_yD; ordkif;wëif trsdK;om;opPmazmuftjzpf owfrSwfxm;-u&ef typftcwf&yfpJa&; tzëJ@rsm;odk@vnf;wdkufwëef;yef-um;cJh.? ‚if;tjyif typftcwf &yfpJxm;aomtzëJ@rsm;onf udk,fydkifjyXmef;cëifh/ wef;wla&;ESifhvëwfvyf a&;wdk@tay:tajccHaom 'Drdku&uf wpfzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfxlaxmifa&;twëuf jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðy aumfrwDtm; axmufcH&efyef-um;cJh.? jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm;axmufcHr+udkazmfjyaom tzëJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf Armr[kwfaom tjcm;typftcwf&yfpJxm;onfh wdkif;&if; om;tzëJ@ (4)ck. oabmwlnDcsufjzifh n‡dE+dif;aqë;aEë;csufrsm;.&v'ftjzpf zëJ@pnf;cJhonf? ,if;tzëJ@rsm;rS = (u) &Srf;jynfvlrsdK;pHk jynfol@vëwfajrmufa&;tzëJ@ Shan Nationalities People’s Liberation Organization (ANPLO) (c) u&ifeDvlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfol@vëwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; Karenni Nationalities People’s Liberated Front (KNPLF) (*) rëefjynfopfygwD New Mon State Party (NMSP) wdk@jzpf_yD; ‚if;wdk@onf ‚if;wkd@. Oabm wlnDr+ (vïwfawmfac:,la&;)udk 1999 ckESpf -o*kwfv(14)&ufae@wëif xkwfjyefa-unmcJh_yD;rS -o*kwf v(18)&ufae@wëif jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDzëJ@pnf;r+udkaxmufcHcJhonf? (C) csif;trsdK;om;wyfOD; Chin National Front(CNF)onf 1998 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (19)&ufae@ wëifvnf;aumif;/ (i) yavmifvëwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; Palaung State Liberation Front(PSLF)u 1998 ckESpf/ pufwif bm v(20)&ufae@wëifvnf;aumif;/ (p ) vm;[l'Drdku&ufwyfOD; Lahu Democratic Front(LDF)u 1998 ckESpf/ pufwifbm v(20) &ufae@wëifvnf;aumif;/ (q) 0 trsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; Wa National Organization (WNO)u 1998ckESpf/ pufwif bmv(24)&ufae@wëifvnf;aumif;/ (Z) rëwfpvifvëwfajrmufa&;tzëJ@=Armjynf (Muslim Liberation Organization of Burma (MLO) u 1998ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (26) &ufae@wëifvnf;aumif;/ (ps) rëeftrsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@ Mon National Democratic Front (MNDF). jynfol@ vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtay: axmufcHr+tvëeftm;aumif;onf? rëeftrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzëJ@csKyf OuUX Edkifaiëodrf;/ a'gifwmrif;pdk;vif; (a&;òrd@e,f jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ a'gufwm rif;-unf0if; (vïwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fESifh MNDF taxëaxëtwëif;a&;rª;) wdk@rSm 1950jynfh/ ta&;ay: tufOya' yk'frjzifh zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;cHcJh&onf? (n)&Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzëJ@csKyfonf jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; ajymifajymifwif;wif;axmufcHrªudk razmfjyaomfvnf; jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDESifh trsdK; om;'Drdkua&pDtzëJ@csKyfwdk@rS vïwfawmfac:,la&;awmif;qdkrªtm;±+wfcs&ef etz. zdtm;ay;rªudk jiif;y,f cJhonf? etz. wif;-uyfaomzdtm;ay;rªudkowdxm;vsuf jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; ±+wfcsr+odk@r[kwf axmufcHr+rsm;udk rvkyfaomfvnf; -um;aetqifhudk a&ë;cs,fcJhonf?
9.
jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; tpdk;&rsm;rSaxmufcH-uouJhodk@ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzëJ@tpnf;rsm;rSvnf;
axmufcHcJh-uonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh= tar&duefjynfaxmifpkudk Free Burma Coalition tzëJ@ -opa-w;vs&Sd Australian Manufactures Union ESifh *syefEdkifiH&Sd The People Forum on Burma wdk@rS jynfol@vïwfawmf ac:,lEdkifonftxd jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; jrefjynfolwdk@. w&m;0ifudk,fpm; vS,ftzëJ@tjzpf todtrSwfðy-uonf? Oa&myor*~/ b,fv*sD,H/ 'def;rwf/ uae'gEdkifiHrS _Adwdo#udk vHbD,mjynfe,fESifhaemfa0wdk@rS tpdk;&rsm;uvnf; jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; axmufcHcJh -uonf? ukvor*~taxëaxë nDvmcHrSvnf; taxëaxënDvmcHqHk;jzwfcsufwëif jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,f pm;ðyaumfrwDESifhywfoufI rSwfom;xm;&Sdonf? 1998 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv(22)&ufae@wëif tar&dueftajcpdkuf Free Burma Coalition (wuUodkvfaygif;100ausmfrS yg0ifzëJ@pnf;xm;onfhtzëJ@)rS jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðy aumfrwDtm; axmufcHa-umif;a-unmcJhonf? 1998ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv(19)&ufae@u aemfa0trsdK;om;vëwfawmfwëif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. ygvDrefqdkif&macgif;aqmifrsm;u jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm;axmufcHcJh-uonf// 1998ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv(17)&ufae@wëif 'def;rwftrsdK;om;vïwfawmfrS EdkifiHa&;ygwD(5)ck. acgif;aqmifrsm;u jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; todtrSwfðy axmufcHcJh-uonf? 1999 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv(4)&ufae@wëif b,fvf*sD,HtrsdK;om;vïwfawmfrS jynfol@vïwfawmf udk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; todtrSwfðyaxmufcHa-umif;a-unmonhf qHk;jzwfcsufw&yfudk twnfðycJh onf? 1999ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv(25)&ufae@wëif ukvor*~taxëaxënDvmcH}uD;u 1990jynfhESpf 'Drdkua&pDa&ë;aumufyëJrsm;wëif jyocJhonfhjynfolvlxk. vdktifqENESifhtnD jrefrmjynf'Drdkua&pDxëef; um;a&;twëuf vdktyfaomvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&efESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh tpdk;& r[kwfaomtzëJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; vëwfvyfpëmpDrHvkyfaqmifcëifhðy&ef jrefrmtpdk;&tm; wdkufwëef;aom azmfjycsufrsm;wëif jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; xnfhoëif;rSwfom;cJhonf? 1999 ckESpf/ rwfv(4)&ufae@wëif uae'gEdkifiHrS_Adwdo#udkvHbD,mjynfe,f. Oya'ðyvïwfawmf Y jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; tjynfht0axmufcHr+ay;aom tqdkðyw&yfudk twnfðycJh onf? Oya'ðyvïwfawmfonf jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; jrefrmjynfolwdk@ vkdtifqENudk azmfjyonfh w&m;0ifvufeufwefqmyvmtjzpf rSwf,lonfhtjyif uae'gtpdk;&tm;vnf; Ttwdkif; vkyfaqmif&efwdkufwëef;cJhonf? 1999 ckESpf/ {_yDv(14)&ufae@wëifOa&myygvDrefrS jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; axmufcHa-umif;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHtm; EdkifiHwumrdom;pk. tpdwftydkif;w&yftaejzifh todtrSwfðya&; twëuf oHk;yëifhqdkifaqë;aEë;yëJw&yf rvëJraoëvdktyfa-umif;yg&Sdonfh yl;wëJqHk;jzwfcsufw&yfudk csrSwf twnfðycJhonf?
10.
1999 ckESpf/ {_yDv(16)&ufae@wëif
The International Parliamentary Union rS jrefrmEdkifiHESifhpyfvsOf;I jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm;axmufcHa-umif; qHk;jzwfcsufw&yf csrSwfcJhonf? ,if;qHk;jzwfcsufwëif “jynfol@vïwfawmfac:,la&;awmif;qdkcsufESifh jynfol@vïwfawmf udk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD zëJ@pnf;&mwëif a&ë;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&aom jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcëifhta&;a-unmpmwrf; yk'fr=21 t& tyfESif;xm;onfhtwdkif; olwdk@a&ë;cs,fcH &onfhe,fajrrsm;&Sd jynfol@vlxk.ta&;udpPrsm;udk yg0ifaqmif&ëuf&rnfhtcëifhta&;udkumuë,f&efESifh 1990jynfhESpf a&ë;aumufyëJwëif vïwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; ,Hk-unfpëmtyfESif;cJhonfh w&m;0ifr+t cëifhtvrf;udk toHk;ðy&ef”[lI tav;teufazmfjycJhonf? 1999 ckESpf/ arv(11)&ufae@wëif The New State Council of the Australian Manufactures Workers Union rS jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm;axmufcHa-umif; a-u nmcJhonf? 1999 ckESpf/ Zëefv(21)&ufae@wëifjyifopf&Sd atmifqef;pk-unfaxmufcHa&;aumfrwD (Committee Supporting Aung San Suu Kyi)onf jyifopfvïwfawmfEdkifiHjcm;a&;&m aumfrwD OuUXtm; jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; axmufcH&efESifh jynfo@l vïwfawmftpnf; ta0; ac:,lusif;ya&;twëuf jyifopfvïwfawmftwëif;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; pwif&eftvdk@iSm atmifjrifpëm csOf;uyf pnf;&Hk;EdkifcJhonf? 1999ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(27)&ufae@wëif rav;&Sm;EdkifiH uëmvmvrfylY usif;yaom(48)}udrfajrmuf APRO FIET tvkyftr+aqmiftzëJ@.tpnf;ta0;Y jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; jrefrmEdkifiHjynfol@vïwfawmf. ppfrSefaomudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf todtrSefðya-umif;qHk;jzwfcJhonfhtjyif tmqD,Htygt0if EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;odk@ jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; todtrSwf ðy&ef wdkufwëef;ESKd;aqmfcJh.? 1999 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(2)&ufae@wëif The Tasmanian Trade and Labor Council onf jynf ol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; w&m;0ifr+ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m axmufyHhr+rsm;ay;tyf&ef -opa-w; vstpdk;&tm; wdkufwëef;awmif;qdkonfh qHk;jzwfcsufw&yfudk csrSwfcJhonf? 1999 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv(9)&ufae@wëif uëmvmvrfyljrefrmoH±Hk;a&S@qENjyyëJY jrefrmjynfaoë;pnf; nDnëwfa&;tzëJ@onf jynfol@vïwfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; todtrSwfðy&ef etztm;awmif;qdk cJh_yD;tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf; yk'fr = (2 1) wGif tyfESif;xm;onfhtwdkif; jynfol@ v$wfawmf udk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDudk jyefrmjynfolwdk@tm; udk,fpm;ðyonfh w&m;0iftzGJ@tpnf;tjzpf todtrSwfðy&ef tmqD,HtzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;&Sd tpdk;&rsm;tm;wdkufwGef;Edk;aqmfcJh.? 1999 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif Australia Services Union rS w&m;0ifr+ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m axmufcHr+rsm; jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDodk@ay;tyf&ef -opa-w;vs tpdk;&tm; wdkufwGef; awmif;qdkcJhonf? 1999 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (17) &ufae@wGif Alternative Asean Network on Burma rS jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; jrefrmjynfrJqEN&Sifwdk@. w&m;0ifajyma&;qdkcGifh&SdwJh tzGJ@tjzpf todtrSwfðycJhonf? ,if;tzGJ@onf a'owGif;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðy aumfrwDtm; ydkrdktodtrSwfðyvmapa&;twGuf pDrHv+yf&Sm;&efqHk;jzwfcJhonfhtjyif jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDESifh tvGwfoabmawG@qHkaqG;aEG;r+rsm; usif;y&ef tmpD,HEdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;tm; wdkuf wGef;E+d;aqmfcJhonf? 1999 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv (16) &ufae@wGif tjynfjynfqdkif&mygvDrefrsm;or*~ (The International Parliamentary Union) onf jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; axmufcHa-umif; xyfrHtwnfðyonfh qHk;jzwfcsufw&yfudk csrSwfcJhonf? ‚if;tjyif ‚if;.tzGJ@0ifygvDrefrsm;odk@ jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pDtajccHrsm;tm; av;pm;vdkufemapa&;twGuf zdtm;ay;&efESifh oifhawmfonf[kxifjrif,lq aom enf;vrf;rsm;udktoHk;ðyI jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; axmufcHr+rSwqifh 1990 jynfh a&G;aumufyGJwGif a&G;cs,fcH&aom jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. aoG;pnf;nD!$wfr+udk jyo&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf?
11.
1999 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv
(26) &ufae@wGif The Forum of Democratic Leaders - Asia Pacific (FDLAP) onf etztm; trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm; óudwifpnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrygbJ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf? ‚if;t jyif awG@qHkaqG;aEG;tajz&Sma&;jzpfpOftm; wdk;wufaumif;rGefr+&Sdvmap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif tmqD,H tzGJ@0if EdkifiHrsm;onf tðyoabma&S@&+aom csOf;uyfr+rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&efawmif;qdkcJhonf? jynfol@v$wf awmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDESifh etz acgif;aqmifrsm;qufpyfaqmif&Guf&eftwGuf xif&Sm;ausmf-um;onfh tmqD,HrSacgif;aqmifrsm;yg0ifonfh tzGJ@wzGJ@udkzGJ@xm;jcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmjynftwGif;&Sd awG@qHkaqG;aEG; tajz&Sma&;jzpfpOftm; wdk;wufr+&Sdap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif tmqD,HtzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf tðyoabm a&S@&+aom csOf;uyfr+rsm;udkvkyfaqmif&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? 1999 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (12) &ufae@wGif ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD;rS tm%mydkifrsm; tm; wdkufwGef;t}uHðyEdkif&eftwGuf jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD.wnf&Sdr+udk rSwfrSwfom;om; azmfjycJhonf? xkdodk@awmif;qdk&mwGif 1990 jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif azmfjycJhonfh jynfolvlxk. vdk tifqENESifhtnD jrefrmjynf'Drdkua&pdxGef;um;a&;twGuf vdktyfaomtqifhrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&efESifh a':atmifqef;pk-unf tygt0if EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ESifh taumiftxnfr,fr,f&&&Sdaom awG@qkHaqG;aEG;tajz&Sma&;udpP&yfrsm;udk aESmifhaES;-uef@-umr+r&Sdap bJaqmif&Guf&ef xnfhoGif;awmif;qdkcJh.? 1999 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae@wGif udGbufjynfe,ftrsdK;om;v$wfawmfonf _Adwdo#udkvH bD,mjynfe,fv$wfawmfESifh ylwGJv#uf jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm;axmufcHaom qHk;jzwf csufw&yfudkxkwfjyefcJhonf? ‚if;v$wfawmfrS jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; jrefrmjynfolwdk@ . w&m;0if udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@tjzpf todtrSwfðy&ef uae'gA[dktpdk&odk@ wdkufwGefcJhonf? tvm;wlyif jrefrmjynfY ydkrdkqdk;&Gmaomt-urf;zufr+rsm;ray:aygufrD tðyoabmaqmifaom awG@qHkaqG;aEG;tajz&Sm r+rsm;udk jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDESifh ðyvkyf&ef etzodk@ wdkufwGef;E+d;aqmfcJhonf? 2000 jynfhESpf/ {_yD (11) &ufae@wGif The Council of Socialist International rS jynfol@ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; ‚if;.todtrSwfðyr+udk azmfjycJh_yD; 1990 jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh a':atmifqefpk-unf.atifjrifr+ukd todtrSwfðy&ef yef-um;cJhonf? 2000 jynfhESpf {_yD (12) &ufae@wGif “vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif. (56) }udrfajrmuftpnf;ta0;Y rrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf jynfolvlxkutyfESif;xm;aom 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhtm%mudk usifhoHk;&ef etz. ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;udk cHae&aom 1990 jynfhESpfwGif a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&onfh jynfol@v$wf awmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk udk,fpm;ðy&ef aumfrwDw&yfudk ,m,Dtm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhonf[k jynfol@v$wf awmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; todtrSwfðy rSwfom;xm;cJhonf? ppftm%m&Sifwdk@tm; wdkufwGef;Ed+;aqmfcsufrsm;wGif “1990 jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGifazmfjycJh onfh jynfolvlxk. vdktifqENESifhtnD 'Drdkua&pDpepfxlaxmifa&;aocsmap&eftwGuf t"dy`g,f&Sdaom vkyfaqmifr+rsm;udk tvsiftjrefaqmif&Guf&ef ,if;udpP_yD;ajrmufatmifjrif&eftwGuf 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnf xGef;um;a&;ESifh trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;wnfaqmuf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh a':atmifqef;pk-unftyg t0if ppfrSefaom oHk;yGifhqdkifaqG;aEG;yGJw&yfudk c|if;csufr&Sdtvsiftjrefaqmif&Guf&efESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf vGwfvyfpGm‚if;wdk@.vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&GufcGifh&Sd&ef” [lI wdkuf wGef;cJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm; tpdk;&tzGJ@rsm;/ ygvDrefrsm;/ ukvor*~taxGaxG nDvmcHESifh vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SifuJhodk@aom EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&mygvDref rsm;uJhodk@aom }uD;rm;onfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. w&m;0ifaxmufcHr+rsm;&&Sdjcif;onf jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,f pm;ðyaumfrwD. w&m;0ifr+udk ydkrdkI,Hk-unftm;xm;r+rsm; wdk;yGm;vmaponf?
12.
1990jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJOya't& a&G;aumufwifa¹rSmufjcif;cH&onfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk
tjcm;aomrnfonfh Oya'/ enf;Oya'/ trdef@tm%mrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; rdrdwdk@qENt&vnf;aumif; E+wfxGufjcif;ESifh xkwfy,fjcif;rsm;udk rnfolur#ðyvkyfEdkifjcif;r&Sda-umif; (17/ 9/ 98) &ufae@u jynfol@v$wfawmfudkpm; ðyaumfrwD. a-unmcsuf trSwf (1) wGif twdtvif; a-unmcJh_yD;jzpfonf? (7) jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDu bmawGvkyfaqmifaeovJ jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. vkyfaqmifr+rsm; udk a,bk,stm;jzifh (4) ydkif;cGJjcm;&+jrifEdkifygonf? jynfol@v$wf awmfESifh jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDwdk@. tajccHt aqmufttHkESifh 'Drdku a&pDtajccHrlrsm;wnfaqmufa&;? jrefrmjynfwGif usifhoHk;aeaom Oya'rsm;udk jyefvnfoHk; oyf&ef jyifqifjcif; (odk@) jyefvnf&kwf odrf;jcif;wdk@tm; oabmwl nDr+ay;jcif;? etz. usL;vGefazmufzsufr+rsm;tm; rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ESifh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD . rl0g'rsm;udk a0zef;qef;ppfjcif;/ oHwrefa&;vkyf&Sm;r+ESifh EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;? jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif; Oya'/ toif;tzGJ@rsm;zGJ@ pnf;jcif;qdkif&mOya'/ jynfol@v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJOya'wdk@udk jynfol@v$wfawmfrStwnfðy&efoabm wlcJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf zdESdyfa&;Oya'yk'frrsm;jzpfonfh (yk'fr = 5) ESifh (yk'fr = 10) wdk@udk jynfol@v$wfawmfrSy,fzsuf&ef oabmwlcJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf wnfqJOya'toD;oD;udk jynfol@v$wfawmfu jyefvnfoHk;oyfI jyifqifcsifujyifqif&ef oabmwlcJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf 1998 ckESpf pufwifbmv (17) &ufae@wGif jynfol@ v$wfawmf OuUXtjzpf a'gufwmOD;apmjratmif &cdkifjynfe,f/ ajrmufOD;òrd@e,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) rS v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftm; a&G;aumufwifa¹rSmufcJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf 1988 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae@Y jynfol@v$wf awmfa&;&maumfrwDrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? ,if;aumfrwDrsm;onf jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,lzGJ@pnf;onfh tcsdeftxd wm0ef,l&efjzpfonf? (u) wdkif;&if;om;a&;&maumfrwD OD;at;omatmif (OuUX) a':atmifqef;pk-unf (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;) (c ) b¾ = pD;yGm; ukefoG,fa&;&maumfrwD OD;!$ef@a0 (OuUX)
13.
(* ) Oya'a&;&maumfrwD OD;wifOD; (OuUX) (C) ynma&;aumfrwD a':atmifqef;pk-unf (OuUX) (i ) usef;rm;a&;ESifh
vlr+a&;&maumfrwD OD;vGif (OuUX) (p ) EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;aumfrwD OD;atmifa&$ (OuUX) (q) awmifolv,form;a&;&maumfrwD OD;pdk;jrifh (OuUX) (Z ) tvkyform;a&;&maumfrwD OD;oef;xGef; (OuUX) OD;vGef;wif (twGif;a&;rª;) (ps ) v$wfawmfa&;&maumfrwD OD;vSaz (OuUX) (n) umuG,fa&;&maumfrwD OD;wifOD; (OuUX) 'Drdku&ufwpfvltzGJ@tpnf;w&yfxlaxmifa&;ESifh ppftm%m&Sifpepftukeftpifzsufodrf;a&;[l aom trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. a-unm csufrsm;wGif &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjycJhonf? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf Oya' u cGifhðyxm;onfh EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm; udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&ef tcGifhta&;&Sdonf[lI jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDrS &Sif; vif;pGm azmfjycJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumffrwDonf jrefrmjynfwGif 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;a&;twGuf rnfr# ta&;}uD;a-umif;azmfjycJh_yD;/ etz. ,ckvkyfaqmifaeaomt&mrsm;rSm raumif;aomtpOftvmrsm;udk jzpfxGef;ap_yD; 'Drdkua&pDtoGif;ul;ajymif;a&;umv_yD;v#ifawmifrS jyemaxGjym;Edkifrnfh EdkifiHa&;tusifh qdk;rsm;udk &ifqdkifausmfv$m;&ef tcuftcJ&SdEdkifrnf[k axmufjycJhonf? tvm;wlyif jrefrmjynf'Drdkua&pD a&;jzpfpOfumvtwGif; wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!$wfa&; ta&;ygr+u¾udk tav;teufazmfjycJhonf?
14.
jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;. (30)
&mcdkif;E+ef;u qEN&Sdv#if EkdifiHawmftm%mykdifrsm;u jynfol@v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;ukd ac:,lay;&eftwGuf jynfol@ v$wfawmfrS jyXmef;ay;&efoabmwlcJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf 'Drkdua&pDtajccHrlrsm;ESifh tjynfjynfqkdif&mvl@t cGifhta&;pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifh ukdufnDonfhaus;&GmtufOya'ukd jyifqif&efaxmufcHcJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf ,ckwkdifjrefrmjynfrS vufrSwfa&;xkd;+yD;jzpfaomf vnf; twnfrðy&ao;onfh uav;tcGifhta&;qkdif&moabmwlnDcsuf ( Convention on the Rights of the Child ) ukd twnfðy&eftwGuf axmufcHcJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf ppfrSeaom'Drkdua&pDpepfxlaxmif&efESifh EkdifiHom; f wkd@. tcGifhta&;ukd umuG,f&eftvkd@iSmatmufazmfjyyg pmc|efawmftrdef@rsm; (Writs) udk Oya'wGif xnfhoGif;&eftwGuf jynfol@v$wfawmfokd@ axmufcH&ef oabmwlcJhonf? (u) a&S@awmfoGif;pmc|efawmftrdef@ (Habeal Corpus) (c) tm%may;pmc|efawmftrdef@ ( Mandamus) (*) wm;jrpfap pmc|efawmftrdef@ ( Writ of Prohibition) (C) tm%mykdifar; pmc|efawmftrdef@ ( Quo Warrantee) (i) tr_ac: pmc|efawmftrdef@ ( Certiorari) jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf ajr¹r+yfrkdifrsm; tokH;ðyr+/ okdavSmif r+ESifh xkwfvkyfr+wm;qD;ydwfyifa&; oabmwlpmcsKyftm; jynfol@v$wfawmfrS twnfðya&;twGufaxmufcHcJhonf? pyg; ra&mif;rae& Oya' = 4§78 tm; 1978 ckESpfY ukefoG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmerS xkwfjyefchonf? okd@&mwGif ,if;trdef@tm;zsufodrf; J &efESihf 1963 ckESpfOya'tm;&kwfodrf;&ef(odk@)jyifqif&eftwGuf jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,f pm;ðyaumfrwD awmifolv,form; a&;&maumfrwDOuUX OD;pkd;jrifhrSajym-um;cJhonf? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh wkdif;&if;om;ygwDrsm;onf 'Drkdua&pDtpkd;&w&yf wnfaqmufa&;twGuf awG@qkHaqG;aEG; tajz&Sm&ef pOfqufrjywfawmif;qkdcJhonf? etzrSvnf; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;ukd jiif;qefv#uf w&m;r#wr+uif;rJhI vufcHEkdif zG,fr&Sdaom tajctaersm;ukdom vkyfaqmifcJhonfukdvnf; jynfol@v$wf awmfukd,f pm;ðyaumfrwDrS tckdiftrmrSwfwrf;ðycJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD onf etzrS tu,fI jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDtm;zsufodrf;ay;ygu EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om; rsm;tm; v$wfay;ygrnf[k EkdifiHa&;jyefay;qGJvkyf&yftay: &mZ0wfr+oufa&mufaom vkyf&yfjzpfonf[k azmfxkwfwifjy cJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD zGJ@pnf;_yD;aemufykdif;wGif trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; t,kHt-unfr&SdtqkdwifoGif;I v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrS &kwfodrf;yGJrsm;ukd OD;aqmifusif;ycJhonf? ‚if;wkd@ tokH;ðyaom enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh tusKd;oufa&mufr+ rsm;ukd jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. a-unmcsufrsm;wGif tao;pdwfxnfhoGif;azmfjyI xkwfazmfcJh onf? txdef;odrf;cHae&aom ta&G;cs,fcHukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; zdESdyf!Sif;yrf;r+rsm;ukd azmfxkwfwifjycJh onf? jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumffrwDonf etzrS aqmif&Gufaeonfh pyg;/ &mbmESifh qDxGuf oD;ESHuJhokd@aom oD;ESHzlvkHa&;pDrHudef;onf ywf0ef;usifysufokOf;r+jyemrsm; jzpfyGm;apvdrfhrnf[k axmufjycJhonf?
15.
jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwDonf tif'kd;eD;&Sm;orwtjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&aom
tAŠ'l &mrmef0g[pftm; csD;usL;*k%fðya-umif; xkwfjyefcsufukd 1999 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (8) &ufae@wGif xkwfjyefcJh jcif;jzifh ‚if;.oHwrefa&;v+yf&Sm;r+ t&Sdeft[kefukd ¹rSifhwifcJhonf? ,if;xkwfjyefa-unmcsufwGif tif'kdeD; &SmEkdifiHESifh jrefrmEkdifiHonfvGwfvyfr+ESifh w&m;r#wr+twGuf tem*wfumvwGif &if;ESD;cspf-unfpGm twl wuGvufwGJtvkyfvkyfEkdifrnf[k ,kH-unfa-umif;azmfjycJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. 1999 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvwGif xkwfjyefaoma-unmcsufY xkdif;tm%mykdifrsm;xH jrefrmjynfrSw&m;r0ifvma&muf-uaom jrefrmtvkyform;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom udpP&yftm; vl@tcGifhta&;tajccHjzifh ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;yg&ef yef-um;cJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm; ðyaumfrwDonf jrefrmtvkyform;rsm; w&m;r0if vma&muftajccsr+rS jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd !Hh zsif;EkHcsmaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa-umifhjzpfonf[k axmufjycJh_yD; ,if;jyemtjzpf,lq&ef xkwfazmfcJh onf? jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. ouU&mZf 2000 jynfhESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (26) &ufae@wGif xkwfjyefaom a-unmcsufxJY &yfcsfbl&Dc&kdfifaq;&kHtm; vufeufukdiftkyfpk wpfpku 0ifa&mufpD;eif;odrf; ykdufr+ukd &+wfcscJhonf? ,if;jzpf&yfonf jrefrmjynfY _idrf;r+uif;rJhjcif;. tusKd;qufjzpfonf[k axmufjycJh onf? aemufykdif;wGif aq;&kHpD;eif;odrf;ykdufr+wGif yg0ifaom vufeufukdifrsm;tm; owfjzwfr+tay:jypfwif &+wfcscJh_yD; aq;&kHtm; odrf;ydkufcJhr+. tajccHta-umif;&if;tm; -unfh&+okH;oyfyg&ef xkdif;tpkd;&tm; yef -um;cJhonf? (8) jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. oufwrf;b,favmufowfrSwfxm;ovJ jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD. oufwrf;rSm yxrt}udrf jynfol@v$wfawmf ac:,lusif; yEkdifonftxdjzpfonf?
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