Menace From Outer Space

It is not an Empty Space! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Doomsday Scenario ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Preventable Menace ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Comets ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Comet Recipe ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Hale-Bopp in Maltese Skies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Seeds of Life Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Bacteria in a hot-water spring

Comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) April 18, 2004 April 19, 2004

Comets Bradfield and LINEAR Rising, April 25, 2004 in California

Comet Bradfield is passing the Sun. Photo taken by NASA's sun- orbiting satellite SOHO.

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Image taken by HST in 27 Jan 1994 six months before the pieces crashed into Jupiter.

Meteors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Meteorite: A Chip of Asteroid Vesta ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Main Asteroid Belt ,[object Object],[object Object]

Asteroid Gaspra ,[object Object],20 x 12 x 11 km

Asteroid Gaspra Rotational period of 7.04 hours

Kleopatra Asteroid 216 ,[object Object],[object Object]

EROS Asteroid 433 ,[object Object],[object Object]

Orbit of Asteroid Eros: Amos Type Asteroid

Collision Probability and Anticipated Damage Diameter of Asteroid Kinetic Energy Area Devastated Average Interval (Years) Death Toll (Meter) MT of TNT (Nucl. Bombs) Sq. Km Earth Person 50 10 (500 bombs) 1900 100 yr 1 million 100 75 (3,750 bombs) 7200 1000 yr 3 million 200 600 (30,000 bombs) 29,000 5000 yr 14 million 500 10,000 (0.5 million bombs) 70,000 40,000 yr 30 million 1000 75,000 (3.75 million bombs) 200,000 100,000 yr 60 million 2000 1 million (50 million bombs) undefined 1 million yr >1.5 billion All 90 yr

Earth Sterilizing Impact Mass Extinction Impact Civilization Threatening Impact

Barringer Crater, Arizona, USA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Amguid Crater, Algeria ,[object Object],[object Object]

Morasko Craters, Poland Age: 10,000 Yr. Size: < 100 m

Recognized Impact Craters in Africa

Mass Extinction ,[object Object]

The Five Worst Mass Extinctions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Geologic Timescale Era Period Epoch Approximate duration (millions of years) Approximate number of years ago (millions of years) Cenozoic Quaternary Holocene 10,000 years ago to the present Pleistocene 2 .01 Tertiary Pliocene 11 2 Miocene 12 13 Oligocene 11 25 Eocene 22 36 Paleocene 7 58 Mesozoic Cretaceous 71 65 Jurassic 54 136 Triassic 35 190 Paleozoic Permian 55 225 Carboniferous 65 280 Devonian 60 345 Silurian 20 405 Ordovician 75 425 Cambrian 100 500 Precambrian 3,380 600

Adapted from “State of the Planet” By Sir David Attenborough A BBC Production

Chicxulub Crater, Yucatan, Mexico Adriana Ocampo ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

K-T Boundary Raton Basin, Colorado, USA

Tunguska Event ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Photos taken later in 1927 Map Continue

Peekskill Meteorite ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Why Do We Study Comets and NEOs? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Preventive Actions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Detection, Cataloging, and Tracking Projects ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],LINEAR NEO Search Systems

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Detection, Cataloging, and Tracking Projects ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Flarestar Observatory, Malta ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Meade 250 mm. Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope ( CCD imaging).

Space Missions to Comets and Asteroids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Space Missions to Comets and Asteroids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Orbits: No Straight Lines in Space Launch Point UNBOUND High speed Hyperbolic Orbit Parabolic Orbit Barely Escapes: Escape Velocity BOUND – Medium Speed Elliptical Orbit BOUND Circular Orbit BOUND – Low Speed Elliptical Orbits Sun Escape Velocity = 1.4 x Circular Velocity BOUND – High Speed Elliptical Orbit

Orbital Elements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Semi minor axis a Semi major axis b c Distance between foci Sun Vacant focus Orbiter ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slightly eccentric orbit Highly eccentric orbit

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 2 3 4 5 6 (Sun or Planet) P C A (Periapsis) (Apoapsis) Retrograde elliptical orbit

Menace From Outer Space

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Menace From Outer Space