The document discusses the pathophysiology, stages, types, and procedures related to pleural effusions. Specifically, it notes that triggering factors can stimulate an immune response leading to granuloma formation and fibrosis causing restrictive lung disease. It also mentions stages, types of drainage systems used, and procedures for chest tube insertion and using Heimlich valves to treat pleural effusions.

3. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Triggering factors.
Stimulates enhanced cell mediated immune
process at the site of involvement.
Series of interactions between T-lymphocytes
and monocytes-macrophages leads to the
formation of non-caseating granulomas.
Fibrosis and restrictive lung disease.

4. STAGES

5. STAGE IV

9. TYPES

10. DISPOSABLE CHEST DRAINAGE

11. TWO BOTTLE SYSTEM

12. THREE BOTTLE SYSTEM

14. CHEST TUBE INSERTION

16. HEIMLICH VALVE