types of leadership styles, LINKERT’S FOUR STYLES, leadership theories

1. What is Leadership
Leadership is the process of encouraging and helping others to work
enthusiastically towards objectives. It is the behavior of an
individual when he is directing the activities of a group towards a
shared goal. It is the relationship in which one person influences
others to work together willingly on related task to attain goals
desired by the leader and/or group.

2. Leadership & Management
Management, managership and leadership are terms which
are so closely related. But they are distinct in meaning.
Management is a process of planning, organizing,
coordinating, directing and controlling the activities of
others.
Managership is the authority to carry out these functions.
Leadership is the process of influencing others for the
purpose of achieving shared goals.

3. Importance of Leadership
• Initiates action- Leader is a person who starts the work by communicating the
policies and plans to the subordinates from where the work actually starts.
• Motivation- A leader proves to be playing an incentive role in the concern’s
working. He motivates the employees with economic and non-economic rewards
and thereby gets the work from the subordinates.
• Providing guidance- A leader has to not only supervise but also play a guiding role
for the subordinates. Guidance here means instructing the subordinates the way
they have to perform their work effectively and efficiently.
• Creating confidence- Confidence is an important factor which can be achieved
through expressing the work efforts to the subordinates, explaining them clearly
their role and giving them guidelines to achieve the goals effectively. It is also
important to hear the employees with regards to their complaints and problems.
• Co-ordination- Co-ordination can be achieved through reconciling personal
interests with organizational goals. This synchronization can be achieved through
proper and effective co-ordination which should be primary motive of a leader.

4. What is LEADERSHIP STYLES
• Leadership is not just limited to management, it is widely accepted
that most successful organizations have strong and effective
leaders. Leadership style is the approach which leaders adopt and
reflect in their roles, rather the way in which authority is used.
• The amount of authority retained and the decisions made play a vital
role in determining the leadership style. Leadership style encourages
and promotes employee involvement planning, problem-solving and
decision making.

5. TYPES OF LEADERSHIP STYLES
Following are the types of leadership styles :-
• Style based on Authority Retained.
• Style based on Task Versus People Emphasis.
• Linkert’s Four style.
• Entrepreneurship Leadership Style.

6. Style based on Authority Retained
1. AUTHORITARIAN STYLE
• It is also known as autocratic style.
• Full authority.
• Give instructions about the implementation of decision are given.
Advantage :-
• Tasks are efficiently completed.
• No wastage of time.
Disadvantage :-
• Workers are made aware of what to do, but not why.
• Low employee morale.
• Worker following leader directions only.

7. 2. PARTICIPATIVE STYLE
There are 3 related types of participative style: consultative, consensual and
democratic.
• Consultative leaders focuses on using the skills, experiences, and ideas of
others. Before making any decision they ask other’s opinion in group but
the whole decision is taken by the leader only.
• Consensual leaders encourage the group discussions and then make the
decision. This style leads to considerable delay in decision-making because
every member has to give his/her opinion.
• Democratic leaders is also known as participative leadership, in this
members of the group take a more participative role in the decision-making
process.
 Group members are encouraged to share ideas and opinions, even though the
leader retains the final say over decisions.
 Members of the group feel more engaged in the process.

8. 3. FREE- REIN STYLE
• It is also called laissez-faire. Technically its not a leadership style.
Positive effect-
• Free-rein managers avoid the use of power.
• Employees are allowed to establish their own goals and monitor progress
toward those goals.
Negative effect-
• Fear of failure. Some people are not good at setting their own deadlines,
managing their own projects and solving problems on their own.
• Miscommunication among managers and group members.

9. Style based on Task Versus
People Emphasis.
This leadership styles is based on the relative concern the leader places on the task
to be performed vis-à-vis the people performing the task.
A leader who places greater emphasis on people tries to gain their relationships by
exhibiting such behavior as:
• Establishing channels of communication.
• Extending psychological support to them.
• Developing mutual trust.
• Developing empathy for them.

10. LINKERT’S FOUR STYLES
It develops four styles of leadership to capture the management culture of an
organization.
1. Exploitative authoritarian-communication is downward, superiors and
subordinates are psychologically distant and decisions are made by organizations.
2. Benevolent authoritarian: Use reward to encourage the performance.
3. Consultative: Communication is two-way although upward.
4. Participative: Give economic rewards and makes full use of group
participation. Subordinates and superiors are psychologically close.

11. Entrepreneurship Leadership
Style
• Entrepreneur is a person who converts an innovative idea in to business.
• Impatient towards employee as Entrepreneur are always busy.
• Heavy task orientation combined with direct approach to give instructions to
employees.
• A charismatic personality inspires others to join him.
• A much strong interest with customer rather than employees & dislike for
bureaucratic rules.

12. Leadership Theories
What is Leadership Theories?
Leadership as grounded in one or more of the following three perspectives:
leadership as a process or relationship, leadership as a combination of traits or
personality characteristics, or leadership as certain behaviors or, as they are more
commonly referred to, leadership skills.
TYPES
 Trait theory
 Behavioral theory
 Leader – Member Exchange (LMX) Theory
 Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid
 Contingency Theory of Leadership

13. Trait theory
• Trait theories focus on the particular personality or behavioral
characteristics shared by leaders.
• According to the theories, leaders possess a set of traits which make them
distinct from followers.
EVALUATION OF THE TRAIT THEORY
• The theory assumes that a leader is born and not trained. This assumption is
not acceptable.
• Leadership effectiveness does not depend upon the personality of the
leader alone. Its also depends on situation, the task, the organization.

14. Behavioral theory
• Behavioral theories of leadership are based upon the belief that great
leaders are made, not born.
• Applications of behavioral theory promote the value of leadership styles
with an emphasis on concern for people and participative decision making,
encouraging collaboration and team development by supporting individual
needs and aligning individual and group objectives.
• This theory study how a leader behaves.

15. Leader – Member Exchange
(LMX) Theory
• It is also called the vertical dyad model.
• This approach focuses more on leader’s behavior.
• According to LMX Theory, in most leadership situations not every follower
is treated the same by the leader. Leaders and followers develop dyadic
relationships and leaders treat each follower differently, resulting in two
groups of followers—an in-group and an out-group.
 The in-group consists of a few trusted followers with whom the leader usually
establishes a special higher quality exchange relationship.
 The out-group includes the followers with whom the relationship of the leader
remains more formal.

16. BLaKE aNd MOUTON’S MaNaGERIaL
Grid
• A graphical depiction of a two dimensional view of leadership style has
been developed by Blake and Mouton.
• They proposed a Managerial grid based on the styles of ‘concern for
people’ and ‘concern for production’.
• This theory delineates five styles of leadership, based on people and task
orientation.
 Task management- concerned with production.
 Country club management- concerned with people.
 Middle of the road management- moderate concern for both.
 Team management- high concern for people and production.
 Improvised management- identify the current styles.

17. Contingency Theory of
Leadership
• Contingency Theory shows the relationship between the leader’s
orientation or style and group performance under differing situational
conditions.
• The theory is based on determining the orientation of the leader
(relationship or task), the elements of the situation (leader-member
relations, task structure, and leader position power).
• Fiedler’s theory emphasizes two variables: motivational styles and
favorableness of situation.

18. THANK YOU
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