SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 35
Baixar para ler offline
Marble Mining and Processing in Southern
Rajasthan, Impact on the Environment leading to
          Degradation of the Aravalis




                  Presented by
                  Bhomik Shah
              bhomikjain@gmail.com
Overview
Introduction
Context of the Aravalis & Marble Mining
Objective of the Study
Mining & Processing in the Study Area
Methodology
Business & Economic Scenario
Employment Opportunities
Tribal Development
Impact on the Environment
Degradation of the Aravalis
What can be done
Energy saving and Renewable Energy
Conclusion
Introduction

 Greek root “Mamaros”

 Technically: recrystallised variety of limestone

 It has 66% of the country’s marble reserves

 Rajasthan produces 85-95% of India’s total marble
production

 Tajmahal : Makrana (Rajasthan) marble
Context of the Aravalis and Marble Mining

 The Aravalis is most ancient
mountain chain of peninsular
                                 Aravalis
India

 One of the oldest geological
formations of the world

 Stretch of 615 kms from
Delhi –Haryana-Rajasthan –
Gujarat 50,000 sq. kms area

 A rich source of minerals
Context of the Aravalis and Marble Mining

 Mining is second only to
agriculture as the world’s
oldest Industry

 Stone Age , Bronze age and
Iron Age

 Marble mining is an open
caste surface mining

 Use of heavy machinery,
huge manpower, fuel and
energy
Objective of the study

 To find the economics of marble industry and its impact on
tribal

 To assess socio-economic impacts and employment scenario

 To assess environmental impacts in the context of the
Aravalis

 To find cause effect relationship between marble mining and
degradation of the Aravalis
Marble Mining & Processing in the Study Area


 The study area is three dist. Of Raj: Udaipur, Rajsamand
and Banswara, Collectively Udaipur Zone

 Geographically forming Southern most part of the State
and tailing end of the Aravalis

 23°30’ N to 28°39N latitude and 74°24 E to 75°33 E
longitude
Marble Mining & Processing in the Study Area


 First marble mine in 1955 (Current total 1574)
 till 1980 only 9 mines, thereafter Geometrical progression
                     Increase in number of Mines
                                       545

                                               454

                                                       336


                              199


                       31
              9

             up to   1981-85 1986-90 1991-95 1996-00   after
             1980                                      2000
Methodology

 Marble is found on vast horizontal area
 Cluster mining
 Mining belt development

Three mining belt, one from each district was chosen:

 Rishabdeo-Obri belt (Udaipur)-159 leases
 Rajanagar-Kelwa belt (Rajsamand) 239 leases
 Tripura-Sundari belt ( Banswara) 170 leases
Methodology

 A sample size of 30 households from each mining belt
 A sample size of 30 workers from each mining belt

 Two survey questionnaires were prepared in Hindi
 One for workers, other for households
 For household survey male above 40 years of age
 For workers no age criteria, mix age group
Marble Mining & Processing in the Study Area


 Total area under mine leases
is 1805 sq. hectares

Marble processing Industry:
Marble gang saw (350)
Marble tiling (40)
Marble arts and craft (35
Major)
Business and economic Scenario

 in 1950 total marble prod. of Raj: 17620 tones, revenue
1.17 lakh

Now the study area only produces 4.74 million (2006-7)
tones

 Annual royalty of Rs. 920 million (2006-7)

 Business sales of Rs.4,527 million (2006-7)

Excluding business done by arts and crafts and allied
sectors
Employment Generation

 A single mine employs 20-30 workers depending upon
lease size, most of them are labour class

 A single gang saw employs 20-22 workers

 Total employment around 37000

 More than 50% are local, rest emigrants from UP, Bihar
and MP

 Unskilled/semi-skilled/skilled labour-wage rates varies
Employment Generation

Workers survey : basic outcome:

 61.1% local
 No female employment
 Wages paid below govt. rates
 Average annual working days 270-300
 Lowest wage rate Rs.96 per shift
 Local workers as unskilled or semi skilled
 Emigrants from other states get higher wages
Average wages(Shift) Rs. Local: 104, Emigrants 187
Marble Mining and Tribal Development

Pre-mining phase:

 Were depend upon agriculture and cattle rearing
 No transportation facilities
 No easy access to health, education and other basic
amenities
 Disguised employment
No cash in hand
Land mortgage or selling only resort in emergency
Marble Mining and Tribal Development

Post-mining phase:

 No more depend upon agriculture or cattle rearing
 Web of roads, transportation facilities
 Easy access to health, education and other amenities
 Opening of employment opportunities
 Agriculture as secondary occupation
 Additional family income
 Increased purchasing power
Marble Mining and Tribal Development

Household Survey: basic Outcomes
1.14 person per household employed in marble mining
industry
 Rs. 3556 monthly income
Agriculture as an extra support
Many people work in multiple shifts, additional income


 Estimated cash inflow:
 670.07 million rupees annual cash inflow as wage earnings
 (assuming 285 days of employment)
Marble Mining and Tribal Development

Negative Impact

 Orientation towards money and wage earnings
 Detachment from the nature, especially forests
 Detachment from their own customs and traditions
 Apathy towards decreasing forest cover and vegetation
 86.66% people did not show any concern for forest
 Health hazards
Impact on the Environment

 Mining implies selection, selection implies rejection
 Being opencast mining: requires topsoil & Vegetation
removal
 Unscientific mining method
 Heavy machinery
 Fuel consumption
 Water consumption
 Energy consumption
 Solid waste generation
 Heavy transportation
Degradation of the Aravalis

Geomorphic Disequilibrium:

 Average depth of marble pit 20-30m

 Marble pit with 40-50m depth

 As lease area extends over 1805 sq. hectares: a huge
volume

Blasting, chain pulling weaken internal rock structure

Disruption of geology
Degradation of the Aravalis
                                               Crevices
Geomorphic Disequilibrium:




 Visible crevices on the hillocks of the Aravalis in Udaipur District
Degradation of the Aravalis

Waste Overburden:

 50% of the mineral is waste
 Vast area under dumping
sites
 2.37 million tones of waste
generation, 1.42 million tones
of solid waste annually
 Artificial hillocks of solid
marble waste
Degradation of the Aravalis

Waste Overburden:
 1.28 million tones of marble slurry
Discharging on barren lands or roadsides
Hillocks of waste hillocks of waste are higher than the
Aravalis
 This solid waste
  composes hazardous
  components
 Loss of aesthetic
   beauty
Degradation of the Aravalis

Impact on Biodiversity:
Flora:
 Deforestation on vast area
 Denuded Aravali hillocks
 Mining and waste-dumping
affected a lot
 Once very dense forested
land
 Now scattered vegetation
 Massive loss after 1990s (
Extreme Mining)
Degradation of Aravalis
                          the Aravalis

Impact on Biodiversity:

Flora:
 One researcher from Honduras visited forests of the
Aravalis in 1987-88
Found teak and bamboo as climax species
Today no sign of both of these two species in this area
 Species like Zizyphus mauritiana and Phoenix sylvestris
have almost vanished
 Huge reduction in vegetation cover
Degradation of the Aravalis

Impact on Biodiversity:
Fauna:
 Last panther in 1991 (Rishabdeo)
 Tripura- Sundari was heaven for Nilgai till 1991-92
 Rajsamand lake attracted Saharan migratory bird

Decrease in vegetation Snatched home of wildlife species
 Noise: deflected birds, insects and butterflies
 species migrated from here created pressure on other
forests
 Natural control of population
Degradation of Aravalis

Impact on Agriculture:

 Dust particles layers on standing crop, on open fields
 Nearer the fields, more the dust layer
 Effect on health of the crop
 impact on soil texture
 Ultimately impact on productivity
 Gang saw unit also generates dust particles
 Scattered fields, small fields size
 Farmers do not weigh yield
 Increase in the salinity of the soil
Degradation of Aravalis
Impact on Agriculture:

Parameter             Belt A (Udaipur)   Belt B (Rajsamand)     Belt C (Banswara)
                      Rishabdeo-obri     Rajanagar-Kelwa        Tripura-Sundari

Productivity          Decreasing(30)     Decreasing(29) Don’t   Decreasing(29)
Increasing/Decreasing                    know(1)                Increasing(1)

Use of Fertilizers    Increasing(30)     Increasing(29) Not     Increasing(25) Not
Increasing/Decreasing                    Using(1)               Using(3) Not Sure(2)

Use of Pesticides     Increasing(10)     Increasing(07) Not     Increasing(03) Not
Increasing/Decreasing Not Using(20)      Using(13) Same (5)     Using(21) Same(6)

Seed Quality          Market             Market Purchased      Market
From previous         Purchased(23)      (28) Previous Crop(2) Purchased(25)
crop/Market           Previous Crop(7)                         Previous Crop(5)
purchased
Degradation of the Aravalis

Water Scarcity and Water Pollution:

 Single marble gang saw consumes 43000 liters/hr water
 Udaipur zone has 350 such gang saw
 Per day water consumption (1shift) 120.4 million liters of
water
 Annual water consumption 34.314 billion liters of water
 Can fulfill annual water req. of 15 lakh Indians
 Marble mines also consume millions of liters of water
 Water scarcity problem
 Rajsamand groundwater lowered 7.6 m. b/w 1994-2004
 Death of Banas and Gomati rivers
Degradation of the Aravalis

Water Scarcity and
Water Pollution:
 Waste disposal near
water bodies
 Discharge of slurry in
water bodies
 Gang saw located on
river sides in Rishabdeo
belt
Reduction in storage
capacity and loss of
aquatic life
Degradation of the Aravalis
                Fuel and Energy Consumption:
                 Heavy machinery require fuel

                 Equipments require electricity

                 One gang saw unit consumes
                45kwh elect

                Annual elect. consumption by
                marble mining in Raj. is 1500 MW
                annually (PWC project based
                calculation)
What Can be Done

 Use of advanced technology
 Discarding unscientific methods: Blasting. Rope and
bucket
 Use of marble slurry in brick manufacturing and toy
making
 Limiting the max. depth of marble pit
 Proper discharge of waste and slurry
 Green belt development
 Restoration of abandoned mines
Saving Energy & use of Renewable Energy

 Replacing worn out pumps, motors and machinery
 Switching from analog to digital control of equipments
 Adopting Variable Speed Drive(VSD) in motorized
equipments which will save apprx. 400-500MW annually
 Laser-scanning and digital photogrammetric technology
 Solar energy usage in tiling plants, where energy needs
are low
 Use of Photovoltaic (PV)solar system ( in China)
 Use of Geothermal energy in mining (South Australia)
 Use of biomass powered electricity (Brazil)
Conclusion



 Alarming situation in the mining areas
 Total degradation of Aravalis
 Need to take action
 Participatory approach
 Need based mining
 Energy efficient mining
Thanks

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

urban centre
urban centreurban centre
urban centreguru raja
 
Regional planning ppt
Regional planning pptRegional planning ppt
Regional planning pptshradha arun
 
Planning regions of india
Planning regions of indiaPlanning regions of india
Planning regions of indiaCharu Jaiswal
 
landslides resilient planning ppt
landslides resilient planning pptlandslides resilient planning ppt
landslides resilient planning pptarharshit
 
MORPHOLOGY OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS
MORPHOLOGY OF RURAL SETTLEMENTSMORPHOLOGY OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS
MORPHOLOGY OF RURAL SETTLEMENTSPraveen Mukati
 
Applications of RS and GIS in Urban Planning by Rakshith m murthy
Applications of RS and GIS in Urban Planning by Rakshith m murthyApplications of RS and GIS in Urban Planning by Rakshith m murthy
Applications of RS and GIS in Urban Planning by Rakshith m murthys0l0m0n7
 
Application of gis in urban planning
Application of gis in urban planningApplication of gis in urban planning
Application of gis in urban planningWESLEY MELI
 
Kolkata Case Study
Kolkata Case StudyKolkata Case Study
Kolkata Case Studytudorgeog
 
Microzonation of seismic hazards and their application
Microzonation of seismic hazards and their applicationMicrozonation of seismic hazards and their application
Microzonation of seismic hazards and their applicationArghya Chowdhury
 
Urban sprawl in india and smart growth model
Urban sprawl in india and smart growth modelUrban sprawl in india and smart growth model
Urban sprawl in india and smart growth modelJigar Pandya
 
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Urban Planning
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Urban PlanningApplication of Remote Sensing and GIS in Urban Planning
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Urban PlanningKARTHICK KRISHNA
 
Atmospheric windows
Atmospheric windowsAtmospheric windows
Atmospheric windowsSadia Rahat
 
MUMBAI METROPOLITIAN REGION
MUMBAI METROPOLITIAN REGIONMUMBAI METROPOLITIAN REGION
MUMBAI METROPOLITIAN REGIONIntekhab Alam
 
Introduction to Landsat
Introduction to LandsatIntroduction to Landsat
Introduction to LandsatNizam GIS
 

Mais procurados (20)

urban centre
urban centreurban centre
urban centre
 
Theory of Settlement
Theory of SettlementTheory of Settlement
Theory of Settlement
 
Regional planning ppt
Regional planning pptRegional planning ppt
Regional planning ppt
 
Planning regions of india
Planning regions of indiaPlanning regions of india
Planning regions of india
 
landslides resilient planning ppt
landslides resilient planning pptlandslides resilient planning ppt
landslides resilient planning ppt
 
MORPHOLOGY OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS
MORPHOLOGY OF RURAL SETTLEMENTSMORPHOLOGY OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS
MORPHOLOGY OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS
 
Land cover and Land Use
Land cover and Land UseLand cover and Land Use
Land cover and Land Use
 
Remote sensing
Remote sensingRemote sensing
Remote sensing
 
ppt on Landslides
ppt on Landslidesppt on Landslides
ppt on Landslides
 
Applications of RS and GIS in Urban Planning by Rakshith m murthy
Applications of RS and GIS in Urban Planning by Rakshith m murthyApplications of RS and GIS in Urban Planning by Rakshith m murthy
Applications of RS and GIS in Urban Planning by Rakshith m murthy
 
Application of gis in urban planning
Application of gis in urban planningApplication of gis in urban planning
Application of gis in urban planning
 
Kolkata Case Study
Kolkata Case StudyKolkata Case Study
Kolkata Case Study
 
Microzonation of seismic hazards and their application
Microzonation of seismic hazards and their applicationMicrozonation of seismic hazards and their application
Microzonation of seismic hazards and their application
 
Urban sprawl in india and smart growth model
Urban sprawl in india and smart growth modelUrban sprawl in india and smart growth model
Urban sprawl in india and smart growth model
 
Landuse in India
Landuse in IndiaLanduse in India
Landuse in India
 
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Urban Planning
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Urban PlanningApplication of Remote Sensing and GIS in Urban Planning
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Urban Planning
 
Atmospheric windows
Atmospheric windowsAtmospheric windows
Atmospheric windows
 
urban fringes
urban fringesurban fringes
urban fringes
 
MUMBAI METROPOLITIAN REGION
MUMBAI METROPOLITIAN REGIONMUMBAI METROPOLITIAN REGION
MUMBAI METROPOLITIAN REGION
 
Introduction to Landsat
Introduction to LandsatIntroduction to Landsat
Introduction to Landsat
 

Destaque

Conflict, Migration and Environmental Degradation in Dadaab Refugee Camp in N...
Conflict, Migration and Environmental Degradation in Dadaab Refugee Camp in N...Conflict, Migration and Environmental Degradation in Dadaab Refugee Camp in N...
Conflict, Migration and Environmental Degradation in Dadaab Refugee Camp in N...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
 
PIPELINE VANDALIZATION – A TIME BOMB IN OUR COMMUNITIES
PIPELINE VANDALIZATION – A TIME BOMB IN OUR COMMUNITIESPIPELINE VANDALIZATION – A TIME BOMB IN OUR COMMUNITIES
PIPELINE VANDALIZATION – A TIME BOMB IN OUR COMMUNITIESNessua Okokon
 
Environmental degradation
Environmental degradationEnvironmental degradation
Environmental degradationshreyas dani
 
Environmental Degradation PPT
Environmental Degradation PPTEnvironmental Degradation PPT
Environmental Degradation PPTQualcomm
 
Use of Waste Materials As a replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Mix
Use of Waste Materials As a replacement of  Coarse Aggregate in Concrete MixUse of Waste Materials As a replacement of  Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Mix
Use of Waste Materials As a replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Concrete MixNitin Yadav
 

Destaque (7)

Rajasthan State Report - January 2017
Rajasthan State Report - January 2017Rajasthan State Report - January 2017
Rajasthan State Report - January 2017
 
Conflict, Migration and Environmental Degradation in Dadaab Refugee Camp in N...
Conflict, Migration and Environmental Degradation in Dadaab Refugee Camp in N...Conflict, Migration and Environmental Degradation in Dadaab Refugee Camp in N...
Conflict, Migration and Environmental Degradation in Dadaab Refugee Camp in N...
 
PIPELINE VANDALIZATION – A TIME BOMB IN OUR COMMUNITIES
PIPELINE VANDALIZATION – A TIME BOMB IN OUR COMMUNITIESPIPELINE VANDALIZATION – A TIME BOMB IN OUR COMMUNITIES
PIPELINE VANDALIZATION – A TIME BOMB IN OUR COMMUNITIES
 
Marble processing
Marble processingMarble processing
Marble processing
 
Environmental degradation
Environmental degradationEnvironmental degradation
Environmental degradation
 
Environmental Degradation PPT
Environmental Degradation PPTEnvironmental Degradation PPT
Environmental Degradation PPT
 
Use of Waste Materials As a replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Mix
Use of Waste Materials As a replacement of  Coarse Aggregate in Concrete MixUse of Waste Materials As a replacement of  Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Mix
Use of Waste Materials As a replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Mix
 

Semelhante a Marble Mining and Processing in Southern Rajasthan, Impact on the Environment leading to Degradation of the Aravalis

2. Natural Resources.pptx
2. Natural Resources.pptx2. Natural Resources.pptx
2. Natural Resources.pptxPreeti633690
 
Clmate change on dryland Agriculture by Dr.V.Hariharasudhan, TNAU, Coimbato...
Clmate change  on dryland Agriculture  by Dr.V.Hariharasudhan, TNAU, Coimbato...Clmate change  on dryland Agriculture  by Dr.V.Hariharasudhan, TNAU, Coimbato...
Clmate change on dryland Agriculture by Dr.V.Hariharasudhan, TNAU, Coimbato...Hari Hariharasudhan
 
perfomance and evaluation of limestone mine in gujrat
perfomance and evaluation of limestone mine in gujratperfomance and evaluation of limestone mine in gujrat
perfomance and evaluation of limestone mine in gujratjyotiranavasiya
 
Kota stone slurry problem and possible solutions
Kota stone slurry problem and possible solutionsKota stone slurry problem and possible solutions
Kota stone slurry problem and possible solutionsAkhtar HUssain
 
Land Resources and Mineral resources
Land Resources and Mineral resources Land Resources and Mineral resources
Land Resources and Mineral resources Dr. Tanuja Nautiyal
 
Cropping Pattern and Agricultural Productivity of Pindar Basin, Garhwal Himalaya
Cropping Pattern and Agricultural Productivity of Pindar Basin, Garhwal HimalayaCropping Pattern and Agricultural Productivity of Pindar Basin, Garhwal Himalaya
Cropping Pattern and Agricultural Productivity of Pindar Basin, Garhwal HimalayaIRJET Journal
 
Chapter 2 natural Resources.pptx
Chapter 2 natural Resources.pptxChapter 2 natural Resources.pptx
Chapter 2 natural Resources.pptxyadavsudhakar10
 
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...ExternalEvents
 
Challenges in international trade of minerals from south rajasthan
Challenges in international trade of minerals from south rajasthanChallenges in international trade of minerals from south rajasthan
Challenges in international trade of minerals from south rajasthanIAEME Publication
 
Natural resources
Natural resourcesNatural resources
Natural resourceshtodavia
 
Natural resources
Natural resourcesNatural resources
Natural resourceshtodavia
 
Environmental threats and Land Reclamation on underground mining of Gem,graph...
Environmental threats and Land Reclamation on underground mining of Gem,graph...Environmental threats and Land Reclamation on underground mining of Gem,graph...
Environmental threats and Land Reclamation on underground mining of Gem,graph...Pabasara Gunawardane
 

Semelhante a Marble Mining and Processing in Southern Rajasthan, Impact on the Environment leading to Degradation of the Aravalis (20)

2. Natural Resources.pptx
2. Natural Resources.pptx2. Natural Resources.pptx
2. Natural Resources.pptx
 
Clmate change on dryland Agriculture by Dr.V.Hariharasudhan, TNAU, Coimbato...
Clmate change  on dryland Agriculture  by Dr.V.Hariharasudhan, TNAU, Coimbato...Clmate change  on dryland Agriculture  by Dr.V.Hariharasudhan, TNAU, Coimbato...
Clmate change on dryland Agriculture by Dr.V.Hariharasudhan, TNAU, Coimbato...
 
perfomance and evaluation of limestone mine in gujrat
perfomance and evaluation of limestone mine in gujratperfomance and evaluation of limestone mine in gujrat
perfomance and evaluation of limestone mine in gujrat
 
1412 - Performance of the USHA Weeder in Rice and Other in Crops in Nepal
1412 - Performance of the USHA Weeder in Rice and Other in Crops in Nepal1412 - Performance of the USHA Weeder in Rice and Other in Crops in Nepal
1412 - Performance of the USHA Weeder in Rice and Other in Crops in Nepal
 
Mineral Resources
Mineral ResourcesMineral Resources
Mineral Resources
 
Kota stone slurry problem and possible solutions
Kota stone slurry problem and possible solutionsKota stone slurry problem and possible solutions
Kota stone slurry problem and possible solutions
 
ijcrcps8
ijcrcps8ijcrcps8
ijcrcps8
 
Mining in india
Mining in indiaMining in india
Mining in india
 
Land Resources and Mineral resources
Land Resources and Mineral resources Land Resources and Mineral resources
Land Resources and Mineral resources
 
IFPRI-TAAS-ICAR- Land Degradation in India - Nature, Extent and Severity-S K ...
IFPRI-TAAS-ICAR- Land Degradation in India - Nature, Extent and Severity-S K ...IFPRI-TAAS-ICAR- Land Degradation in India - Nature, Extent and Severity-S K ...
IFPRI-TAAS-ICAR- Land Degradation in India - Nature, Extent and Severity-S K ...
 
15. balak ram and chauhan
15. balak ram and chauhan15. balak ram and chauhan
15. balak ram and chauhan
 
Cropping Pattern and Agricultural Productivity of Pindar Basin, Garhwal Himalaya
Cropping Pattern and Agricultural Productivity of Pindar Basin, Garhwal HimalayaCropping Pattern and Agricultural Productivity of Pindar Basin, Garhwal Himalaya
Cropping Pattern and Agricultural Productivity of Pindar Basin, Garhwal Himalaya
 
Chapter 2 natural Resources.pptx
Chapter 2 natural Resources.pptxChapter 2 natural Resources.pptx
Chapter 2 natural Resources.pptx
 
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...
 
Resources
ResourcesResources
Resources
 
Challenges in international trade of minerals from south rajasthan
Challenges in international trade of minerals from south rajasthanChallenges in international trade of minerals from south rajasthan
Challenges in international trade of minerals from south rajasthan
 
Natural resources
Natural resourcesNatural resources
Natural resources
 
Natural resources
Natural resourcesNatural resources
Natural resources
 
Palm Oil Presentation for the EU
Palm Oil Presentation for the EUPalm Oil Presentation for the EU
Palm Oil Presentation for the EU
 
Environmental threats and Land Reclamation on underground mining of Gem,graph...
Environmental threats and Land Reclamation on underground mining of Gem,graph...Environmental threats and Land Reclamation on underground mining of Gem,graph...
Environmental threats and Land Reclamation on underground mining of Gem,graph...
 

Mais de Bhomik Shah

India CSR Summit & Exhibition 2018 Brochure-NGOBOX
India CSR Summit & Exhibition 2018 Brochure-NGOBOXIndia CSR Summit & Exhibition 2018 Brochure-NGOBOX
India CSR Summit & Exhibition 2018 Brochure-NGOBOXBhomik Shah
 
About NGOBOX-Corporate
About NGOBOX-CorporateAbout NGOBOX-Corporate
About NGOBOX-CorporateBhomik Shah
 
About NGOBOX-Corporate
About NGOBOX-CorporateAbout NGOBOX-Corporate
About NGOBOX-CorporateBhomik Shah
 
Status of affirmative action in bse listed companies of india
Status of affirmative action in bse listed companies of indiaStatus of affirmative action in bse listed companies of india
Status of affirmative action in bse listed companies of indiaBhomik Shah
 
REDD+ Feasibility Study in Meghalaya, India
REDD+ Feasibility Study in Meghalaya, IndiaREDD+ Feasibility Study in Meghalaya, India
REDD+ Feasibility Study in Meghalaya, IndiaBhomik Shah
 
How to write a research paper
How to write a research paperHow to write a research paper
How to write a research paperBhomik Shah
 
Role of Non wood forest produce (NWFP) in providing livelihoods
Role of Non wood forest produce (NWFP) in providing livelihoodsRole of Non wood forest produce (NWFP) in providing livelihoods
Role of Non wood forest produce (NWFP) in providing livelihoodsBhomik Shah
 
Cellular Base Stations: Infrastructure Sharing, Carbon Emissions and CDM Oppo...
Cellular Base Stations: Infrastructure Sharing, Carbon Emissions and CDM Oppo...Cellular Base Stations: Infrastructure Sharing, Carbon Emissions and CDM Oppo...
Cellular Base Stations: Infrastructure Sharing, Carbon Emissions and CDM Oppo...Bhomik Shah
 

Mais de Bhomik Shah (8)

India CSR Summit & Exhibition 2018 Brochure-NGOBOX
India CSR Summit & Exhibition 2018 Brochure-NGOBOXIndia CSR Summit & Exhibition 2018 Brochure-NGOBOX
India CSR Summit & Exhibition 2018 Brochure-NGOBOX
 
About NGOBOX-Corporate
About NGOBOX-CorporateAbout NGOBOX-Corporate
About NGOBOX-Corporate
 
About NGOBOX-Corporate
About NGOBOX-CorporateAbout NGOBOX-Corporate
About NGOBOX-Corporate
 
Status of affirmative action in bse listed companies of india
Status of affirmative action in bse listed companies of indiaStatus of affirmative action in bse listed companies of india
Status of affirmative action in bse listed companies of india
 
REDD+ Feasibility Study in Meghalaya, India
REDD+ Feasibility Study in Meghalaya, IndiaREDD+ Feasibility Study in Meghalaya, India
REDD+ Feasibility Study in Meghalaya, India
 
How to write a research paper
How to write a research paperHow to write a research paper
How to write a research paper
 
Role of Non wood forest produce (NWFP) in providing livelihoods
Role of Non wood forest produce (NWFP) in providing livelihoodsRole of Non wood forest produce (NWFP) in providing livelihoods
Role of Non wood forest produce (NWFP) in providing livelihoods
 
Cellular Base Stations: Infrastructure Sharing, Carbon Emissions and CDM Oppo...
Cellular Base Stations: Infrastructure Sharing, Carbon Emissions and CDM Oppo...Cellular Base Stations: Infrastructure Sharing, Carbon Emissions and CDM Oppo...
Cellular Base Stations: Infrastructure Sharing, Carbon Emissions and CDM Oppo...
 

Último

Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 

Último (20)

Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 

Marble Mining and Processing in Southern Rajasthan, Impact on the Environment leading to Degradation of the Aravalis

  • 1. Marble Mining and Processing in Southern Rajasthan, Impact on the Environment leading to Degradation of the Aravalis Presented by Bhomik Shah bhomikjain@gmail.com
  • 2. Overview Introduction Context of the Aravalis & Marble Mining Objective of the Study Mining & Processing in the Study Area Methodology Business & Economic Scenario Employment Opportunities Tribal Development Impact on the Environment Degradation of the Aravalis What can be done Energy saving and Renewable Energy Conclusion
  • 3. Introduction  Greek root “Mamaros”  Technically: recrystallised variety of limestone  It has 66% of the country’s marble reserves  Rajasthan produces 85-95% of India’s total marble production  Tajmahal : Makrana (Rajasthan) marble
  • 4. Context of the Aravalis and Marble Mining  The Aravalis is most ancient mountain chain of peninsular Aravalis India  One of the oldest geological formations of the world  Stretch of 615 kms from Delhi –Haryana-Rajasthan – Gujarat 50,000 sq. kms area  A rich source of minerals
  • 5. Context of the Aravalis and Marble Mining  Mining is second only to agriculture as the world’s oldest Industry  Stone Age , Bronze age and Iron Age  Marble mining is an open caste surface mining  Use of heavy machinery, huge manpower, fuel and energy
  • 6. Objective of the study  To find the economics of marble industry and its impact on tribal  To assess socio-economic impacts and employment scenario  To assess environmental impacts in the context of the Aravalis  To find cause effect relationship between marble mining and degradation of the Aravalis
  • 7. Marble Mining & Processing in the Study Area  The study area is three dist. Of Raj: Udaipur, Rajsamand and Banswara, Collectively Udaipur Zone  Geographically forming Southern most part of the State and tailing end of the Aravalis  23°30’ N to 28°39N latitude and 74°24 E to 75°33 E longitude
  • 8. Marble Mining & Processing in the Study Area  First marble mine in 1955 (Current total 1574)  till 1980 only 9 mines, thereafter Geometrical progression Increase in number of Mines 545 454 336 199 31 9 up to 1981-85 1986-90 1991-95 1996-00 after 1980 2000
  • 9. Methodology  Marble is found on vast horizontal area  Cluster mining  Mining belt development Three mining belt, one from each district was chosen:  Rishabdeo-Obri belt (Udaipur)-159 leases  Rajanagar-Kelwa belt (Rajsamand) 239 leases  Tripura-Sundari belt ( Banswara) 170 leases
  • 10. Methodology  A sample size of 30 households from each mining belt  A sample size of 30 workers from each mining belt  Two survey questionnaires were prepared in Hindi  One for workers, other for households  For household survey male above 40 years of age  For workers no age criteria, mix age group
  • 11. Marble Mining & Processing in the Study Area  Total area under mine leases is 1805 sq. hectares Marble processing Industry: Marble gang saw (350) Marble tiling (40) Marble arts and craft (35 Major)
  • 12. Business and economic Scenario  in 1950 total marble prod. of Raj: 17620 tones, revenue 1.17 lakh Now the study area only produces 4.74 million (2006-7) tones  Annual royalty of Rs. 920 million (2006-7)  Business sales of Rs.4,527 million (2006-7) Excluding business done by arts and crafts and allied sectors
  • 13. Employment Generation  A single mine employs 20-30 workers depending upon lease size, most of them are labour class  A single gang saw employs 20-22 workers  Total employment around 37000  More than 50% are local, rest emigrants from UP, Bihar and MP  Unskilled/semi-skilled/skilled labour-wage rates varies
  • 14. Employment Generation Workers survey : basic outcome:  61.1% local  No female employment  Wages paid below govt. rates  Average annual working days 270-300  Lowest wage rate Rs.96 per shift  Local workers as unskilled or semi skilled  Emigrants from other states get higher wages Average wages(Shift) Rs. Local: 104, Emigrants 187
  • 15. Marble Mining and Tribal Development Pre-mining phase:  Were depend upon agriculture and cattle rearing  No transportation facilities  No easy access to health, education and other basic amenities  Disguised employment No cash in hand Land mortgage or selling only resort in emergency
  • 16. Marble Mining and Tribal Development Post-mining phase:  No more depend upon agriculture or cattle rearing  Web of roads, transportation facilities  Easy access to health, education and other amenities  Opening of employment opportunities  Agriculture as secondary occupation  Additional family income  Increased purchasing power
  • 17. Marble Mining and Tribal Development Household Survey: basic Outcomes 1.14 person per household employed in marble mining industry  Rs. 3556 monthly income Agriculture as an extra support Many people work in multiple shifts, additional income Estimated cash inflow: 670.07 million rupees annual cash inflow as wage earnings (assuming 285 days of employment)
  • 18. Marble Mining and Tribal Development Negative Impact  Orientation towards money and wage earnings  Detachment from the nature, especially forests  Detachment from their own customs and traditions  Apathy towards decreasing forest cover and vegetation  86.66% people did not show any concern for forest  Health hazards
  • 19. Impact on the Environment  Mining implies selection, selection implies rejection  Being opencast mining: requires topsoil & Vegetation removal  Unscientific mining method  Heavy machinery  Fuel consumption  Water consumption  Energy consumption  Solid waste generation  Heavy transportation
  • 20. Degradation of the Aravalis Geomorphic Disequilibrium:  Average depth of marble pit 20-30m  Marble pit with 40-50m depth  As lease area extends over 1805 sq. hectares: a huge volume Blasting, chain pulling weaken internal rock structure Disruption of geology
  • 21. Degradation of the Aravalis Crevices Geomorphic Disequilibrium: Visible crevices on the hillocks of the Aravalis in Udaipur District
  • 22. Degradation of the Aravalis Waste Overburden:  50% of the mineral is waste  Vast area under dumping sites  2.37 million tones of waste generation, 1.42 million tones of solid waste annually  Artificial hillocks of solid marble waste
  • 23. Degradation of the Aravalis Waste Overburden:  1.28 million tones of marble slurry Discharging on barren lands or roadsides Hillocks of waste hillocks of waste are higher than the Aravalis  This solid waste composes hazardous components  Loss of aesthetic beauty
  • 24. Degradation of the Aravalis Impact on Biodiversity: Flora:  Deforestation on vast area  Denuded Aravali hillocks  Mining and waste-dumping affected a lot  Once very dense forested land  Now scattered vegetation  Massive loss after 1990s ( Extreme Mining)
  • 25. Degradation of Aravalis the Aravalis Impact on Biodiversity: Flora:  One researcher from Honduras visited forests of the Aravalis in 1987-88 Found teak and bamboo as climax species Today no sign of both of these two species in this area  Species like Zizyphus mauritiana and Phoenix sylvestris have almost vanished  Huge reduction in vegetation cover
  • 26. Degradation of the Aravalis Impact on Biodiversity: Fauna:  Last panther in 1991 (Rishabdeo)  Tripura- Sundari was heaven for Nilgai till 1991-92  Rajsamand lake attracted Saharan migratory bird Decrease in vegetation Snatched home of wildlife species  Noise: deflected birds, insects and butterflies  species migrated from here created pressure on other forests  Natural control of population
  • 27. Degradation of Aravalis Impact on Agriculture:  Dust particles layers on standing crop, on open fields  Nearer the fields, more the dust layer  Effect on health of the crop  impact on soil texture  Ultimately impact on productivity  Gang saw unit also generates dust particles  Scattered fields, small fields size  Farmers do not weigh yield  Increase in the salinity of the soil
  • 28. Degradation of Aravalis Impact on Agriculture: Parameter Belt A (Udaipur) Belt B (Rajsamand) Belt C (Banswara) Rishabdeo-obri Rajanagar-Kelwa Tripura-Sundari Productivity Decreasing(30) Decreasing(29) Don’t Decreasing(29) Increasing/Decreasing know(1) Increasing(1) Use of Fertilizers Increasing(30) Increasing(29) Not Increasing(25) Not Increasing/Decreasing Using(1) Using(3) Not Sure(2) Use of Pesticides Increasing(10) Increasing(07) Not Increasing(03) Not Increasing/Decreasing Not Using(20) Using(13) Same (5) Using(21) Same(6) Seed Quality Market Market Purchased Market From previous Purchased(23) (28) Previous Crop(2) Purchased(25) crop/Market Previous Crop(7) Previous Crop(5) purchased
  • 29. Degradation of the Aravalis Water Scarcity and Water Pollution:  Single marble gang saw consumes 43000 liters/hr water  Udaipur zone has 350 such gang saw  Per day water consumption (1shift) 120.4 million liters of water  Annual water consumption 34.314 billion liters of water  Can fulfill annual water req. of 15 lakh Indians  Marble mines also consume millions of liters of water  Water scarcity problem  Rajsamand groundwater lowered 7.6 m. b/w 1994-2004  Death of Banas and Gomati rivers
  • 30. Degradation of the Aravalis Water Scarcity and Water Pollution:  Waste disposal near water bodies  Discharge of slurry in water bodies  Gang saw located on river sides in Rishabdeo belt Reduction in storage capacity and loss of aquatic life
  • 31. Degradation of the Aravalis Fuel and Energy Consumption:  Heavy machinery require fuel  Equipments require electricity  One gang saw unit consumes 45kwh elect Annual elect. consumption by marble mining in Raj. is 1500 MW annually (PWC project based calculation)
  • 32. What Can be Done  Use of advanced technology  Discarding unscientific methods: Blasting. Rope and bucket  Use of marble slurry in brick manufacturing and toy making  Limiting the max. depth of marble pit  Proper discharge of waste and slurry  Green belt development  Restoration of abandoned mines
  • 33. Saving Energy & use of Renewable Energy  Replacing worn out pumps, motors and machinery  Switching from analog to digital control of equipments  Adopting Variable Speed Drive(VSD) in motorized equipments which will save apprx. 400-500MW annually  Laser-scanning and digital photogrammetric technology  Solar energy usage in tiling plants, where energy needs are low  Use of Photovoltaic (PV)solar system ( in China)  Use of Geothermal energy in mining (South Australia)  Use of biomass powered electricity (Brazil)
  • 34. Conclusion  Alarming situation in the mining areas  Total degradation of Aravalis  Need to take action  Participatory approach  Need based mining  Energy efficient mining