4. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Computers with the ability to mimic or duplicate
the functions of the human brain
Artificial intelligence systems
The people, procedures, hardware, software, data,
and knowledge needed to develop computer
systems and machines that demonstrate the
characteristics of intelligence

5. Intelligent behavior
Learn from experience
Apply knowledge acquired from experience
Handle complex situations
Solve problems when important information is missing
Determine what is important
React quickly and correctly to a new situation
Understand visual images
Be creative and imaginative
Use heuristics ()

6. Major Branches of AI
Perceptive system
 A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and
feels objects
Vision system
 Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures
Robotics
 Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks
with high precision
Expert system
 Stores knowledge and makes inferences

7. Learning system
 Computer changes how it functions or reacts to situations based
on feedback
Natural language processing
 Computers understand and react to statements and commands
made in a “natural” language, such as English
Neural network
 Computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of
the human brain

8. Artificial
intelligence
Robotics
Vision
systems
Learning
systems
Natural language
processing
Neural networks
Expert systems

9. Artificial Intelligence
The branch of computer science concerned with making
computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by
John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Artificial intelligence includes
 games playing: programming computers to play games such as
chess and checkers
 expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life
situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose
diseases based on symptoms)
 natural language : programming computers to understand natural
human languages

10. Artificial Intelligence
 neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting
to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal
brains
 robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to
other sensory stimuli
Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is,
are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have
occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess
programs are now capable of beating humans. In May, 1997, an
IBM
super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion

11. Artificial Intelligence
In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the
future of artificial intelligence and of computers in general. To
date,
however, they have not lived up to expectations. Many expert
systems help human experts in such fields as medicine and
engineering, but they are very expensive to produce and are
helpful
only in special situations.
Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks,
which are proving successful in a number of disciplines such as
voice recognition and natural-language processing.

12. 1958 Lisp – a functional programming language with a
simple syntax.
1972 PROLOG - a logic programming language whose
primary control structure is depth-first search
1988 CLOS (Common Lisp Object Standard)

13. game playing
speech recognition
understanding natural language
Heavy Industries and Space
Finance
Aviation
Weather Forecast
Swarm Intelligence

14. AI is very important.. it's how the computer basically thinks. It's
used in games and how the computer solves problems. AI is based
on algorithms, events, time, procedures/steps, conditions. AI is a
huge part on how a computer works.
AI can have two purposes. One is to use the power of computers to
augment human thinking, just as we use motors to augment human or
horse power. Robotics and expert systems are major branches of that.
The other is to use a computer's artificial intelligence to understand
how humans think. In a humanoid way.

15. http://www.eecs.mit.edu/100th/images/Brooks-Cog-Kismet.html
1998 – now Cog
Humanoid
intelligence requires
humanoid
interactions with the
world.

17. Fresh Kitty
 Modular, inexpensive,
autonomous mobile robot
 4 wheel toy car design
 Max. speed of 1 foot/sec
 On-board microcomputer
supervises and supports the
exchange of information
 Rotating turret holds 4 sonars
 Turret also holds an infrared
sensor to detect infrared rays
 32 light sensors detect objects in
front of the robot
 Bumpers all around the robot
used to follow walls
 Radio modem to communicate
with remote agents

18. SPOT
 Autonomous mobile robot
 2 independent wheel design
 Max. speed of 1 foot/sec
 On-board microcontroller
supervises and supports the
exchange of information
 Turret that holds infrared
emitters that can be detected at a
distance of up to 20 feet
 Bumpers all around the robot
used to follow walls
 Radio modem to communicate
with remote agents

19. How do SPOT and Fresh Kitty
work together?
SPOT also holds a small brush on its back
SPOT finds a wall and uses its bumper system
and sensors to follow edges and collect dust with
its brush
Through radio frequency and infrared
communication SPOT can bring the dust back to
Fresh Kitty who has a vacuum cleaner waiting to
suck it up

21. Robots must cooperate in…
Strategy acquisition
Real-time reasoning
Multi-agent collaboration
Competition against another
team of robots
RoboCup is an international research effort to
promote autonomous robots.
Robot

22. Each robot has…
Pentium 233MHz
Linux OS
Video camera and
frame grabber
Sensor System
Kicker
RoboCup

24. Control is based on a set of behaviors
Each behavior has a set of preconditions that
either…
Must be satisfied
Are desired
A behavior is selected when all of the “musts”
become true
A behavior is selected from several behaviors
based on how many desired conditions are true

25. Difference Between Human
and Robots ???
Humans Robots
Humans are Organic Robots are made of metal
Human can think and have a soul. Robots just do commands and obey to
what Humans say.
Humans can eat Robots just get oiled up, and charged
like a battery.
A human can love, cry, get angry, and
throw temper tantrums
A robot can't love, cry, get angry, and
throw temper tantrums

26. Why build a human-like robot??
Our bodies are critical to the representations
that we use for internal thought and language
If a robot is looks like a human then it will be
natural for humans to interact with it in a
human-like way
To develop similar task constraints