http://businessculture.org - Find out about business culture in the Netherlands. This guide is part of the Passport to Trade 2.0 project, which examined European Business culture in 31 countries looking at business communication, business etiquette, business meeting etiquette, internship and student placements, cost of living, work-life-balance and social media guide.

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businessculture.org
Business Culture
in the Netherlands
http://businessculture.org/westerneurope/business-culture-in-netherlands/
Last updated: 30.09.2013
businessculture.org
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This
Content
cannot be
publication reflects the view only of the author, and the Commission Germany
held
responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

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TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Business
Culture
in
the
Netherlands
.........................................................................................
4
Xenophobia: being a foreigner in the Netherlands ...............................................................................5
International Business ...........................................................................................................................6
General Education ................................................................................................................................6
Educational standards ...........................................................................................................................7
Other Issues such as transportation infrastructure ................................................................................7
Cultural taboos ......................................................................................................................................7
Business
Communication
..........................................................................................................
9
Face-to-face communication .................................................................................................................9
Language Matters .................................................................................................................................9
Business Relationships .........................................................................................................................10
Making contact....................................................................................................................................10
Personal titles.......................................................................................................................................11
Business
Etiquette
..................................................................................................................
12
Corporate Social Responsibility ..........................................................................................................12
Punctuality ..........................................................................................................................................12
Gift giving ............................................................................................................................................12
Business Dress Code ............................................................................................................................13
Bribery and corruption........................................................................................................................13
Business
Meeting
Etiquette
....................................................................................................
14
Importance of Business Meeting .........................................................................................................14
Business Meeting planning ..................................................................................................................14
Negotiation process .............................................................................................................................15
Meeting protocol .................................................................................................................................16
How to Run a Business Meeting .........................................................................................................16
Follow up letter after meeting with client............................................................................................16
Business meals .....................................................................................................................................17
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Business Meeting tips ..........................................................................................................................18
Internship
and
placement
.......................................................................................................
19
Work experience .................................................................................................................................19
Internship and Placement advice ........................................................................................................19
Social security and European health insurance ..................................................................................19
Safety ...................................................................................................................................................19
Do I need a visa? .................................................................................................................................19
Internship and placement salary .........................................................................................................20
Internship and placement accommodation ........................................................................................20
Cost
of
Living
...........................................................................................................................
21
Money and Banking ............................................................................................................................21
Traveling costs.....................................................................................................................................21
Work-­‐life
Balance
....................................................................................................................
21
National holidays.................................................................................................................................22
Working hours .....................................................................................................................................23
Working culture ..................................................................................................................................23
Health insurance .................................................................................................................................24
Social
Media
Guide
.................................................................................................................
25
Private Individuals...............................................................................................................................25
SMEs ...................................................................................................................................................25
Search and Social Media Marketing for International Business .........................................................25
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Business
Culture
in
the
Netherlands
Below is a short introduction to the Netherlands. External links at the end of this page provide
you with in-depth information about different topics.
The following video gives you an overview of the general facts:
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=25yCWCHzR2o)
With a surface area of more than 41,000 km2, and a population of around 17 million people,
the Netherlands is one of the world’s most populous countries. A quarter of the Netherlands’
land area lies below sea level. The low-lying areas consist mainly of polders, flat stretches of
land surrounded by dikes where the water table is controlled artificially.
The Netherlands, which shares it borders with Germany and Belgium, is often referred to as
“Holland”, the identity of the two western coastal provinces, North and South Holland, which
are at the core of the country and have played a dominant role in the history of the
Netherlands. Thanks to their location on to the Rhine-Maas estuary, these provinces are very
important for the economy. They also contain the country’s principal administrative and
commercial cities – Amsterdam, The Hague (Den Haag) and Rotterdam. Together with
Utrecht, the capital of the province of Utrecht, they form the combined area of what is known
as the Randstad conurbation, with a population of around 7 million.
Today, the Netherlands comprises 12 provinces: North and South Holland, Utrecht,
Gelderland, Overijssel and Flevoland (reclaimed from the Ijsselmeer) in the centre, Friesland,
Drenthe and Groningen in the north, and Zeeland, North Brabant and Limburg in the south.
Dutch is the mother tongue of more than 22 million people in the Netherlands and Belgium,
whilst in the Dutch province of Friesland some people speak another language, Frisian.
The Netherlands is in the time zone of UTC+1. However, during summertime (March to
October) the clock is changed to summer time UTC+2.
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The Netherlands has a temperate marine climate with cool summers and mild winters. The
most distinctive feature of the country geographically – but also logistically and economically
– is the Rhine-Maas delta with its seaport of Rotterdam, the largest in the western world. It is
here that one finds a break in the weather pattern, with a milder continental climate to the
south and a more vigorous weather pattern dominated by North Sea winds to the north.
Dutch society used to be strictly organised along religious or ideological lines with every
grouping having its own schools, newspapers, trade unions, clubs, etc. Traces of this can still
be seen today in the media, interest groups and the education system. Although churchgoing
is on the wane, there are two large religious groups in the Netherlands: Roman Catholic and
Protestant together with minorities of for example Muslims, Jews and Hindus throughout the
country. However, nearly half of the population has no affiliation to any religious body.
As an open economy, the Netherlands is susceptible to international developments and is
based on consensus. The Netherlands has a long tradition of negotiation, which lives on in
close and regular contacts between trade unions, employers’ organisations and government. It
is a member of all the major international organisations.
Xenophobia:
being
a
foreigner
in
the
Netherlands
The Netherlands has a well-deserved reputation as a model democracy embodying the
principles of pluralism, social responsibility, tolerance and industriousness. It is a highly
organised society, so much so that a uniquely Dutch attitude has evolved to accommodate the
strains – what is called gedogen, an untranslatable word that implies the ability to tolerate
exceptions to the rule.
The influence of living in a relatively unfriendly environment over the centuries cannot be
underestimated. This has generated a sense of the individual’s worth combined with a strong
team spirit and a great fondness for gezelligheid, a peculiarly Dutch form of cosy sociability.
Most importantly, it has also produced a consensus-oriented society where everyone has his
or her say. All Dutch people know the value of their opinions and do not hesitate to give
them.
Even more important than gezelligheid and gedogen is the Dutch sense of Freedom. It was in
the Netherlands that people first rejected the power of the Roman Catholic Church (as a
society). In history, this was the place where books that were not allowed in other countries,
were printed. This was a basis for their general attitude: Tolerance. Everyone has a right to his
or her opinion.
There are fundamental differences between the Dutch and the Belgians. Some say that this
difference is due to the fact that the Dutch are born into a seafaring tradition. This is only
partly true: there are two formative traditions in Dutch history, the farmers and the pirates.
The second of these two cultures is well illustrated in the TV series, ‘Flodder’ – the Dutch
counterpart of the Belgian ‘Samson’ series, both of which demonstrate the disarming ability
of people to laugh at themselves.
The egalitarian urge of the Dutch has also encouraged a tendency to avoid displays of
conspicuous wealth: houses and even streets often seem surprisingly small and discreet to
foreigners. This also used to apply to cars, but the iconic DAF is now being replaced by big
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BMWs and the Mercedes-Benz. The traditional conformism of the Dutch – expressed in the
popular phrase ‘Doe normaal, dan doe je al gek genoeg’ (‘act normally, that’s crazy enough
as it is’) – is, like the dikes, being slowly eroded by the seas of time. Yet, in such a small and
highly populated country, there is still a need for social order and some resistance to deviant
behaviour, even if an international study into eccentricity rated the Dutch second only to the
English in Europe.
International
Business
When doing business in a foreign country you need to be prepared to experience things that
are different from those in your own culture. Without proper preparation and planning, you
may experience culture shock which can have a negative influence on the outcome of the
business. It is understandable that, as an active business person, you can only invest a limited
amount of time into the exploration of these cultural differences however, the benefits are
extremely worthwhile.
General
Education
The Netherlands has one of the best educational records in Europe, with nearly 100% literacy
and more than 20% of the population moving on to higher education.
Compulsory education (leerplicht) in the Netherlands starts at the age of five. However, in
practice many schools accept children one year earlier. From the age of sixteen there is a
partial compulsory education (partiële leerplicht), meaning that a pupil must attend some
form of education for at least two days a week. Compulsory education ends at 18.
Between the ages of five and twelve, children attend basisschool (elementary school, literally,
“basic school”). This school has eight grades, groep 1 to groep 8. School attendance is
compulsory from group 2 onwards (at age five), but almost all children commence school at
four. From group 3 onwards, children learn how to read, write and do maths.
Children aged 11 or 12 then move into one of four continuing education (voortgezet
onderwijs) systems : VMBO, HAVO, VWO or Gymnasium:
1. The VMBO Voorbereidend Middelbaar Beroepsonderwijs (preparatory middle-level vocational
education) lasts four years, from the age of twelve to sixteen. It combines vocational training
with theoretical education in languages, mathematics, history, arts and sciences. Sixty percent
of students nationally are enrolled in the VMBO system. The Theoretische Leerweg (literally:
theoretical learning path) prepares students for middle management and vocational training at
the MBO-level of tertiary education and is compulsory when entering the HAVO system as a
next step via the VMBO.
2. The HAVO Hoger Algemeen Voortgezet Onderwijs (higher general continued education) system has
five grades, with students attending from 12-17. A HAVO diploma provides access to the
HBO level (polytechnic) of tertiary education.
3. The VWO Voorbereidend Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs (preparatory scientific education) system has
six grades and is attended from 12-18. A VWO diploma provides access to university
education, although institutions may set their own admittance criteria.
4. The Gymnasium programme is similar to the VWO, but the diploma tends to be more highly
regarded. It includes ancient Greek and Latin as extra languages.
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VAVO Voortgezet Algemeen Volwassenen Onderwijs (prolonged general adult education) is
VMBO, HAVO or VWO taught to adults, while MBO Middelbaar Beroeps Onderwijs
(middle-level vocational education) is oriented more towards vocational training.
With an MBO, HAVO or VWO, diploma students can then enrol in HBO Hoger Beroeps
Onderwijs (higher professional education) oriented towards professional training, which takes
four to six years. On obtaining enough credits, pupils will receive a Bachelor’s degree, but
can choose to study longer and then obtain a Master’s degree after a further two years.
With a VWO-diploma or a propedeuse preliminary examination from HBO, pupils can enrol
in WO Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs (scientific education) at a university. Having obtained
enough credits, students receive a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree. They can
choose to study longer, either one or two years, and then obtain a Master’s degree in various
fields including Master of Arts, Sciences, Philosophy, etc.
Educational
standards
When doing business in a foreign country, it helps to have some knowledge of the language
and computer competency of your counterparts. You can then decide whether it is safe to rely
on the host speaking your language or whether it is necessary to travel with an interpreter.
Computers and electronic communications can significantly increase the pace of business
negotiations. At least some awareness of your business partner’s computer literacy may help
you to adjust both your expectations and the degree to which you incorporate technology into
your negotiations not to mention saving time and money.
Other
Issues
such
as
transportation
infrastructure
As a pluralist and egalitarian society, the Netherlands is an accommodating country and treats
its immigrant well. While the Dutch are individually very tolerant people, there are growing
signs of popular frustration at the attitudes and behaviour of some immigrant groups and as a
consequence, some emerging evidence of racism. This is essentially directed at non-European
peoples.
Cultural
taboos
If your Dutch colleague responds critically to something you have said or done, do not take
this as a rejection. He or she is simply giving an opinion.
Although the Netherlands is essentially a tolerant and pluralistic society, there are some issues
that are best avoided, particularly at the beginning of a relationship.
Behaviours to avoid:
•
•
•
•
•
addressing people by their first name initially
walking into someone’s office without knocking
talking with your hands in your pockets
yawning or using a toothpick without covering your mouth
chewing gum or spitting in public
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•
•
breaking promises
littering
Discussion topics to avoid
•
•
•
what people earn
personal or intimate questions
dress, appearance or weight
The following topics are safe and suitable for discussions with your Dutch counterparts:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The weather – e.g. “Nice day!”
Food and drink – e.g. “Would you like a cup of coffee?” or “Are you hungry?”
Travel – e.g. “How was the journey?” or “Did you have a pleasant flight?”
Family – e.g. “Please give my best regards to your wife”
Entertainment – e.g. “Did you see the film last night on TV?”
Holidays – e.g. “When do you plan to go on holiday?”
Music – e.g. “Do you like pop music?”
News – e.g. “Did you hear about the demonstrations in France?”
Sport, particularly football, cycling or tennis – “I see the winner was Dutch!”
General topics – e.g. “How was your day yesterday?” or “See you on Monday.”
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Business
Communication
The following section focuses on the communication aspect of business practice. Issues such
as verbal and non-verbal communication are discussed with an emphasis on general business
etiquette. The chapter also includes information about Dutch working practices in general and
habits that may be relevant for business negotiations.
Miscommunication during a business encounter may have serious consequences for the
success of a deal. Whereas, we may not have any problems communicating with business
partners at home, this situation may change when doing business abroad. In a foreign country
you usually come across people from different cultural backgrounds and thus their style of
communication often differs as well. Without an awareness of this you may experience
culture shock when dealing with your cross cultural business partners, causing yourself
embarrassment and perhaps making your counterpart feel uncomfortable too.
Face-­‐to-­‐face
communication
Introductions may be difficult as they depend upon the circumstances of a particular situation.
Generally, the best practice is to be introduced by a third party. However, in certain situations
this may not be possible. When introducing yourself it is essential to shake hands in a firm
manner.
Dutch behaviour in public tends to be low-key, so try to moderate both your voice and your
body language (not doing so is a criticism often levelled against Americans). The Dutch may
look to you to ‘break the ice’. A good starting point can be a comment on the beauty of your
host’s home-town (the Netherlands has some of the finest urban architecture in the world).
Fall back topics, depending on the interests of the other party, are football, ice skating, music,
the Old Masters and famous Dutch people, of whom there are plenty.
The Dutch have a well-developed sense of humour, relatively harmless and of the earthy
variety rather than witty. Like the English, they have a fondness for puns.
Language
Matters
The educated Dutch are masters of foreign languages, particularly English. Being a small
country with limited resources, the Netherlands has relied on international trade for its
livelihood and, as a consequence, the ability to speak other languages has been essential.
French has also been a popular language with the Dutch elite in the past.
Basic secondary education in the Netherlands includes language teaching in English, German
and sometimes French, Spanish or Chinese.
It will rarely be necessary to use interpreters when negotiating with Dutch business people. In
fact, doing so may even be regarded as showing a lack of trust.
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Business
Relationships
To quote the words of William Z Shetter of the University of California-Berkeley in his book
The Netherlands in Perspective, “The Dutch occupy one of the world’s most densely
populated countries, and they structure life in it by means of a seemingly irrevocable
commitment to a meticulously detailed but at the same time flexible system of interlocking
organization” (Shetter, W. Z.; The Netherlands in Perspective: The Organizations of Society
and Environment; Springer 1988; p. 14).
Inspired by what the Dutch call “the Polder Model” – the slow decision-making process that
characterizes Dutch politics, where all parties have to be heard – everyone is entitled to their
say. Moreover, once it has been said, there’s a good chance that management will be
challenged if it has not taken what has been said into account. This has been a startling
revelation for the managers of so-called Benelux subsidiaries (a favourite of Anglo-Saxon
corporations) where, on issues that would pass uncommented upon by the Belgian rank-andfile a failure to take into account the opinions of Dutch employees has almost caused a riot.
Being a people of intermittent extremes – despite their professed addiction to the middle of
the road – the Dutch do tend to let their dedication to detail and money get out of hand. Seen
from the viewpoint of their closest neighbours, the expansive and Burgundian Belgians, the
Dutch businessman or woman is determined, ambitious, “a real fox”. In supplier/customer
situations it is often a question of “all or nothing” – the relationship is either a roaring success
or it goes right off the rails.
Making
contact
In his book The Netherlands in Perspective, William Z Shetter quotes the classic Dutch
etiquette guide Hoe hoort het eigenlijk? (Now what’s the right way to do it?): “Making
violent gestures is still considered vulgar and talking with the hands remains impolite. Wellbred people gesture as little as possible, and if they do, it is done gracefully and
harmoniously… Greeting someone with a big hug is also something that isn’t done. In public
we should use nothing more than words to communicate with, words which normally are not
amplified by gestures. We don’t use gestures of revulsion, horror, satisfaction, or surprise.
That is the way things should be done, and that is in keeping with our national temperament,
because we don’t wear our hearts on our sleeves” (Shetter, w.Z.; The Netherlands in
Perspective: The Organizations of Society and Environment; Springer 1988).
A handshake is the usual form of greeting in the Netherlands, accompanied by an appropriate
phrase like “good day” (note: even posing a rhetorical question like “how are you?” may
cause confusion). In business meetings, with a number of people present, it is perfectly
normal to circle the room shaking everyone’s hand and introducing oneself each time with at
least one’s family name. Take business cards with you as they might be exchanged at the
beginning of the meeting. Normally, welcomes and responses will be warm without being
overly intimate.
In a social as opposed to a business setting, women and members of the opposite sex who
already know one another may kiss – generally three times starting with the right cheek (the
left cheek from the point of view of the person kissing).
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The ‘intimate zone’ of most Dutch people tends to be 50 cm +. Foreigners may be surprised
that chairs are set relatively far apart. When meeting for the first time, ensure that you
maintain steady eye contact when listening. Avoid intense eye contact as this may be felt to
be invasive.
In his book The Low Sky, Han van der Horst says: “In the Netherlands there is a distance
between people. Literally, the Dutch will sit next to someone else only if there is no
alternative. Even in the bus or train” (van der Horst, H.; The Low Sky: Understanding the
Dutch; Midpoint Trade Books 2012).
Personal
titles
To the unsuspecting foreign business person coming to the Netherlands for the first time, all
educated Dutch people seem to be a doctorandus (drs.) or an ingenieur (ir.) [this is not to be
confused with the more lowly high-school ingenieur (ing.)]. Both qualifications are the
equivalent of a Master’s degree. However, these titles are most often only used in official
documents.
Otherwise, titles and qualifications are used sparingly, without necessarily resorting to the
level of informality characteristic of the British or the Americans. With the exception of
university professors, it is not usual to address individuals by their professional titles, in
contrast to the practice in Germanic or some Nordic cultures. Generally, you start using
someone’s first name during the first encounter and ever after. If you have already received a
letter or an email from your counterpart signed with his first name, you can start using a first
name during the first visit. Exceptions might occur within formal settings and where the
younger and older generations come together.
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Business
Etiquette
Attitudes and values form the basis of any culture. They reflect both the way people think and
behave. Understanding attitudes and values can therefore be of significant importance if you
wish to communicate with your counterparts effectively. Ignorance of these issues can result
in a cultural barrier that may inhibit the communication process and have an adverse effect on
the success of your activities in a given country.
Corporate
Social
Responsibility
As a matter of history, the Netherlands is one of the most environmentally conscious
countries in the world. Owing its existence to a continuous battle against encroaching waters,
harnessing wind power in support of its efforts, the country has an intimate and forgiving
relationship with nature. A strong farming tradition, with market gardening and horticulture as
a prosperous offshoot, has reinforced the process.
The only major challenge is that, with the current strong emphasis on livestock breeding, the
Netherlands has a problem coping with vast quantities of liquid manure. For this reason alone,
with the country having three large rivers – the Rhine, the Maas and the Scheldt estuary –
water quality is a major issue.
Punctuality
The Dutch are generally excellent timekeepers. Punctuality in business is regarded as a virtue,
although apologies for a late arrival will be accepted good-naturedly. If you are unexpectedly
delayed, call ahead.
If you are invited for dinner, it will not be unreasonable to ask your host what time he or she
would like you to arrive. Take that as your target and try to be prompt.
Despite the fact that, inspired by their culture, the Dutch are dedicated to business meetings to
ensure consensus, they are still conscious of the passage of time. In addition to a fixed
agenda, someone will almost always be given the role of chairperson to keep the agenda
moving along, and someone else may even be delegated to act as a time-keeper.
Time keeping is equally important with regard to response and delivery times in all
commercial relationships. Quotations should be drawn up rapidly and delivery promises kept.
Gift
giving
The Dutch do not like to feel obligated. Moreover, as an aspect of their even-handed approach
to most things in life, they do not expect to give or receive anything other than the due reward
for services rendered.
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As a result, gift giving is not a common aspect of business relationships in the Netherlands. If
you decide, however, that some sort of gesture is appropriate, for example on finalising an
agreement, make the gift a reasonably modest one and make sure it is neutral – nothing with
the company logo, or with your business card attached.
If you are offered a gift, open it immediately and show your appreciation. Some Dutch
companies may offer end-of-year gifts and these should of course be acknowledged.
If you have the honour of being invited into a Dutch home, by all means take a gift for the
hostess – flowers or a houseplant, wine (especially if the host is a male) or chocolates and
sweets or a toy for the children. The rules on flowers are the same as for most other European
countries: no chrysanthemums or carnations.
A handwritten note of appreciation the following day will also always be welcome.
Business
Dress
Code
The Dutch tend to dress fairly conservatively in business, though standards and styles vary
widely from one industry to another: formal attire is normal in banking, open-neck shirts and
jeans in the IT and entertainment sectors. In most Dutch organisations, it is generally normal
to wear a jacket, not necessarily a suit, to take the jacket off when working. Colour has no
particular significance, and colourful shirt/tie combinations are quite usual in some sectors,
such as marketing and service industries.
Women, the younger generation in particular, may wear trousers, particularly trouser suits.
When in doubt about the dress code for a particular business event, it is advisable to be well
dressed rather than under-dressed. Uniforms, except at the janitor level, are rarely worn.
Sometimes, choice of clothing will be determined by the means of transport to work. In major
cities such as Amsterdam, many people travel by bicycle or tram.
If unsure of the dress code and what to wear, it is perfectly acceptable to ask someone from
the company you are visiting. It is often better to find out in advance, so that you can make
any necessary changes to your clothing before your introductions. This will help you to feel
confident and relaxed in your encounter with the company.
Bribery
and
corruption
While they have rightly earned a reputation as formidable opponents in international trade, the
Dutch have a reputation for honesty. In Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions
Index for 2012 (www.transparency.org), the country came 9th in the world (out of 176) with a
score of 84%.
A law revising corruption legislation came into force in February 2001. This includes a new
article to extend the definition of bribery offences, which previously applied only to domestic
public servants. The new article has now widened the law to include persons in the public
service of a foreign state or an international law organisation, former public servants, persons
anticipated to become a public servant and judges of a foreign state or an international
organisation.
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Business
Meeting
Etiquette
Meetings are a normal feature of the Dutch business scene, either face-to-face or, with the
predominance of international activities and the emergence of virtual teams, over the
telecom/Internet network. These vary in their nature and content, but are a very common part
of organisational life.
In his book Dealing with the Dutch, Jacob Vossestein quotes the complaint of a foreign
business visitor: “I wouldn’t mind missing the Dutch meeting culture. If you phone someone,
inevitably the answer is: he’s in a meeting, can you phone again? That disturbed me right
from the beginning of my stay. They only meet here for the sake of meeting. The positive side
is that everyone is seeking consensus with one another, although often the opinions are fixed
beforehand. It becomes a charade, a ritual, sponsored by coffee producers” (Vossestein, J.;
Dealing with the Dutch; Royal Tropical Institute Press 1998). The irony of this complaint is
that it comes from a German.
Increasingly, meetings are team-oriented, with or without the participation of senior
management. Project team meetings may be planned at short notice and often go on longer
than the participants really want. It may be necessary to plan ahead when arranging meetings
with senior executives, as agendas tend to be booked up some time in advance.
Importance
of
Business
Meeting
It is good practice in the Netherlands to make an appointment, one or two weeks in advance:
once the timing has been agreed there is no need to check or reconfirm. If you have a conflict
of priorities later, explain the situation to your Dutch partner and he or she will certainly
understand and find an alternative arrangement.
The most suitable time for a business meeting is probably about 10 in the morning or in the
early afternoon.
If you have a specific product or proposition to offer, by all means supply some background
details (price excepted) in advance. Information about the other company may well be
available on the Internet.
Business
Meeting
planning
Being pragmatic and relatively non-hierarchical people, Dutch managers can generally be
approached directly for an appointment: this certainly applies in the SME sector, where the
younger generation of managers has abandoned the hierarchical style of its predecessors.
Only occasionally will you find yourself dealing with a secretary or personal assistant.
If confirmation is necessary, this can be done by e-mail. Punctuality and a respectful use of
time are generally appreciated in the Netherlands and meetings will not normally be allowed
to run on too long over the allotted time. For social meetings in private or in business, one can
arrive 5 minutes late, but “official” social meetings, especially in a business context will start
on time. Most official (or social) meetings (where one can expect a speech), will even indicate
a 15 or 30 minutes timeslot to arrive before an event starts.
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Getting to meeting venues should not normally be a problem. The transport infrastructure in
the main cities is generally good and taxi services are regulated.
If formal presentations are planned, the venue of meetings, who needs to attend, and any
required equipment, (e.g. PowerPoint beamer or overhead projector), need to be arranged in
advance. Plan to keep to the scheduled finish time, and try to leave with a firm conclusion.
You may wish to submit draft minutes or a memorandum of understanding later.
Internet and video conferencing and conference calls are a regular event these days.
Negotiation
process
As the visitor, avoid any hint of superiority or of being overbearing. This is a very egalitarian
society where everyone can have his or her say. The worker representatives on the company
council (ondernemingsraad) can be influential, so there should be no secrets or backroom
dealings within the organisation.
Describing the Dutch approach to negotiation in his book The Low Sky, Han van der Horst
says: “Outright rejections are very rare. Comments are usually presented as suggestions for
improvement, marginal rather than challenging anything essential. The person submitting the
proposals is open to such suggestions and lays his loose change on the table, one coin at a
time. This requires skill and experience. The quicker he shows his loose change, the more the
others will demand from him. It is a slow and, for outsiders, sometimes irritating process –
particularly as it is so difficult to intervene while the process runs its course. Any expression
of one’s own talent or excellence tends to be counterproductive as does any defence of the
proposals based on their inherent superiority” (van der Horst, H.; The Low Sky:
Understanding the Dutch; Midpoint Trade Books 2012).
In negotiations, the Dutch ultimately say what they think and expect you to do the same.
Furthermore, they will be suspicious of inflated claims, and want concrete facts, hard data and
statistics. There is little room for emotion or subjectivity, and the influence of what is called
interpersonal attraction on negotiations is limited. If you mean ‘no’, say so: the Dutch accept
directness and dislike evasiveness, although politeness may prevent them from saying ‘no’ to
a proposal from the other side. Diversity of opinion, across and on both sides of the
negotiating table, is readily accepted.
As in any other culture, some Dutch business people – particularly the descendants of traders
who have inherited the pirate tradition, rather than the farmers – are known to play tricks, a
habit that may have something to do with the satisfaction of outwitting a competitor. It might
happen that the Dutch pretend they understand you even though it might not be the case.
Once you know this, you have the advantage in two respects. In the first place, the Dutch
often seem to be permanently programmed in teaching mode (though, being a democratic
people, they moralise as much to themselves as they do to others). This may provide you with
the opportunity to act the good listener and play on their vanity. They also tend to focus so
single-mindedly on an agreed objective that, even if they suspect there may be an alternative
strategy that would serve their case better, they will stick to the original one. So, again, you
always know where you are. The Dutch will insist, in project work, on respecting the original
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specification down to the last detail. Once the deal is clinched, the Dutch are unlikely to go
back on it. Once a decision is made, that’s it.
Meeting
protocol
Apart from an older generation who have adopted French ways, Dutch business people tend
to be informal in their behaviour, although observers have noticed a slight increase in
formality in recent years.
Start by shaking hands with everybody, giving your name and saying something like “good
day” or “a pleasure to meet you”. Do not feel obliged to present your business card at this
stage.
You should refrain from too vigorous a handshake or physical contact such as backslapping.
Smiling suggests positive intentions but, again, should not be overdone.
In a meeting with many attendees where not everyone knows each other, the chairperson will
go around the room, to allow each person to introduce themselves, with their name and job
title, or if external to the organisation, the company they represent.
It is also customary to shake hands with everybody on leaving a meeting.
How
to
Run
a
Business
Meeting
When running a meeting, the most important factor to be aware of is the planning and
preparation necessary to ensure the meeting achieves its objectives.
Ensure all the required attendees are aware of the meeting, and any necessary work they may
need to do in advance. It is important that you know who will be attending and what their
specific functions are.
Ensure the location is thought through, that the room has all the required facilities, and has
enough space for the numbers likely to attend. If you are responsible for the meeting, it is
advisable to arrive early before the start of the meeting to check the room layout and ensure
that enough chairs are available. Also, do make sure there is a reasonable supply of good
coffee as well as soft drinks.
Most probably you will be able to rely on English as the lingua franca for the occasion. If
simultaneous translation is felt to be essential, then make sure the choice of interpreter(s) is
acceptable to both sides.
In the Netherlands it is usual to allow other people to speak, and not to interrupt them when
they are speaking. It is also useful to obtain feedback after the meeting and to establish what
the attendees thought of the content and what was discussed.
Follow
up
letter
after
meeting
with
client
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It is advisable to send a written record of the decisions made at the meeting – minutes or a
‘memorandum of understanding’ to all attendees. Deadlines should be clearly stated and, if
delivery of a product or service is involved, details of specifications and price confirmed. It is
essential to give a firm and realistic delivery date. Ask for written confirmation of acceptance,
but do not necessarily expect it unless a formal contract is involved.
Your Dutch counterparts will be impressed by prompt follow-up of actions agreed at the
meeting.
As a general rule with the Dutch, it is important to confirm receipt of contracts or important
business correspondence, preferably by mail, alternatively by email.
Business
meals
The business meal provides a suitable occasion to develop the social relationships that
represent the gateway to success in any business encounter in a foreign country. Although
your Dutch counterpart may not be seeking to create deep social bonds, these occasions
provide the opportunity to develop trust and find out more about the other side.
Attitudes to business meals
The Dutch are less inclined than their Belgian neighbours to combine business with pleasure.
This particularly applies to the working lunch, which will be relatively fast and efficient so
that you can get back to business and may take the form of a sandwich and a glass of milk in
the office, a meal in the company canteen, or a visit to the local café or restaurant for the
dagschotel (daily special).
The Dutch are more likely to invite business partners to a restaurant to mark a significant
event, such as the closing of a deal. The probability of being invited to a private home is low.
After-hours drinks are not appropriate for detailed discussions, as your Dutch counterpart will
probably be anxious to get home, but such gatherings may represent a good opportunity for
informal discussions and the development of social bonds.
Restaurant Etiquette
When eating out at a restaurant, show that you are as democratic as the average Dutch person
by treating the waiter with respect and getting his attention with simple eye contact and a nod.
If the service is particularly good, you may wish to leave a tip of 5-10%, even though a
service charge is included in the bill. Also be prepared to give a tip of 50 cent to the
washroom attendant.
Common sense and general dining rules should be followed in order to cause neither
embarrassment nor annoyance. The golden rules are: make an effort to eat and drink at the
same pace as the rest of the group, don’t speak with your mouth full, don’t stretch across the
table, and don’t wave your cutlery about. Again, it is good practice to follow the host’s lead.
The general rules of restaurant etiquette are as follows:
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Turn off your mobile phone
Only the host picks up the wine list
Order the same number of courses as your Dutch colleagues. This should not alarm you, as
the tendency at business lunches is increasingly to have just a main course and coffee
Keep your hands on the table
If you can, avoid leaving anything on your plate
When you have finished your starter/main course, place your knife and fork at twenty to four
with the points of the fork facing upwards
The Netherlands unlike its neighbour, Belgium, is not a country known for gastronomic
excess – though it also has its rituals, notably the Indonesian rijstafel.
In addition to the three traditional meals a day – a breakfast of bread, cheese and cold meats,
lunch and dinner – many people will have a snack at 10 a.m. (remember the Dutch have
started early!) and another at 4 p.m. Dairy products are a staple feature of the Dutch diet.
If you are invited to dine at your Dutch partner’s home (a great honour), be sure to arrive
pretty punctually. Dinner, which will most probably be served at 18.30-19.00 hours, is
generally considered to be the most important meal of the day.
Business
Meeting
tips
It may be appropriate to start a business meeting with a few pleasantries, though this should
not take too long.
Ensure that you bring enough business cards and information material about your company.
The ideal time to hand out this background material is at the beginning of the meeting.
Negotiations and decisions are usually open and flexible. Your Dutch counterparts will favour
a win/win approach.
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Internship
and
placement
Work
experience
In the Netherlands on-the-job training or a placement is called a “Stage”. It is offered within
many fields including agriculture, tourism, health care, engineering, etc. Whether the
placement is full or part-time and its duration depends on the company and the intern.
For an internship in the Netherlands, Dutch law requires applicants to be either a European
Citizen OR to be currently enrolled in an educational institution as a student. It should be
noted that after graduation, you will in general no longer be able to take an internship in the
Netherlands.
Internship
and
Placement
advice
There are many practical issues related to international placements that need to be taken care
of either by the trainee or the host company. It is important to leave enough time for all the
arrangements and the necessary formalities. The training organisations, educational
institutions and home and host organisations will be able to help with the formalities.
Social
security
and
European
health
insurance
All citizens must insure themselves against the costs of medical care.
However, there are no health risks associated with travel to the Netherlands and no
inoculations are required. It is even safe to drink tap water.
Safety
In general, the rate of violent crime is relatively low in the Netherlands. However, tourists are
often targeted by thieves. Robbery, pickpocketing and bag snatching are quite common
especially around Amsterdam’s main tourist attractions, in restaurants, at the Central Station
and on public transportation.
Thieves often operate in pairs, especially at Schiphol airport and Central Station as well as on
the trams. While one thief will attempt to distract you (often by asking for directions or
banging on your window) another picks your pocket or steals your bag.
Do
I
need
a
visa?
As mentioned above, for an internship in the Netherlands, Dutch law requires applicants to be
either a European Citizen OR to be currently enrolled in an educational institution as a
student. If you are going to work in the Netherlands, you will need a Citizen Service Number
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(Burgerservicenummer or BSN). This is a unique identity number that you can apply for at
your local municipality.
Internship
and
placement
salary
Placements might be paid by the companies but not necessarily. This depends on the company
and on the field in which you are planning to do your internship. Placements on professional
courses such as medicine or law are mostly paid. However, there is no obligation to pay
interns. Around 300€ per month might be a normal payment.
Internship
and
placement
accommodation
Normally, interns must organise their accommodation themselves. Finding a good place to
live can be quite difficult. It is much cheaper to live in the suburbs than in the centre of cities
such as Amsterdam and The Hague. You will pay around 500€ a month for a one-bedroom
apartment in the centre of Amsterdam compared to only 300€ in a village in the suburbs.
Availability however, is often a greater problem than high prices.
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Cost
of
Living
Money
and
Banking
The banking business is dominated by some large companies offering virtually a full range of
financial services to both corporate clients and private persons. These are ABN AMRO Bank;
Rabobank, a co-operative bank institution and ING Bank.
In addition to these large banks, there is a series of smaller, mainly specialised banks in the
Netherlands, most of them subsidiaries of other companies or foreign banks.
Many foreign banks also have a branch in the Netherlands. Even though the Netherlands is in
the euro zone in monetary terms, all banks are supervised by De Nederlandsche Bank, the
former Dutch central bank.
Traveling
costs
Usually, the student will need to pay and organise their travel to the destination country and to
the company themselves. Public transport in the Netherlands is relatively cheap compared
with some EU countries. Paying for single trips on public transport can be very expensive. A
prepaid Public Transport Card (“OV chip card” which can be used for multiple trips and on
all means of transport – train, bus, tram, metro) is much cheaper.
Work-­‐life
Balance
The Dutch generally work to rule, that is to say that they have clearly defined working hours
and they respect them. The Netherlands was named the third best country for work-life
balance in a 2011 report from the OECD.
The Dutch make friendships slowly and selectively but, once made, these are generally for
life. As the author of The Netherlands in Perspective, William Z. Shetter, says:
“Statistical surveys in all Western countries suggest the same disruption and dissolution of
traditional family ties and the rejection of old family values, and the Netherlands has not been
exempted from this. Nevertheless, it remains in essence what is sometimes called an
‘introverted family culture’. There are in fact, two words in Dutch for “family”. The wider
sense of a network of relationships is Familie, but the unit of mother-father-children most
commonly occupying a single-family dwelling is gezin. Housing patterns in the Netherlands,
including the customary layout of individual houses, accurately reflect the perception of gezin
as a family unit as fundamental. Dwellings, whether assembled into large apartment blocks or
in rows, are intended only for the gezin and their typically modest size does not permit much
expansion of this. Interiors are normally designed following a custom emphasizing the family
circle grouped together. Living rooms usually have chairs arranged in a tight circle to make
conversation maximally easy and intimate.
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The whole Dutch conversational style, in fact, derives from the family emphasis: Dutch
families and their visitors are able to carry on for hours a conversation among six to ten
people in a circle without once breaking up into individual pair-conversations (the dominant
pattern in the U.S., for instance). This particular domestic model of social contentment and
fulfilment is captured in the word gezelligheid”. However, this is changing a bit as the upper
class more and more resemble a US lifestyle.
“The values most important to a society are given expression in its primary rituals. In the
Netherlands one of the central rituals is the birthday. Birthdays of family and friends are
carefully kept track of. It is quite normal to congratulate a Dutch colleague for the birthday of
one of their family, for instance their father, wife or child” (Shetter, w.Z.; The Netherlands in
Perspective: The Organizations of Society and Environment; Springer 1988).
The Gezin is an important part of life for Dutch people, thus in order to achieve a good worklife balance, this needs to be taken into account.
Dutch companies are well aware of the business case for a work-life balance. There is a trend
towards more flexible systems of working time in order to make more effective use of
employee resources. The Netherlands already has a very high percentage of temporary and
part-time employees. In 2009 almost 50% of all Dutch employees worked part-time.
In recent years, the flexibility of working hours and extension of hours of business have been
issues covered in a number of major collective agreements, e.g. in the metal industry,
construction sector and certain large concerns. There is growing pressure from all sides for
greater flexibility in working hours, in order to cope with the problem of rush-hour traffic,
particularly in the Randstad area between Amsterdam, Utrecht, Den Haag and Rotterdam.
National
holidays
If considering making a business trip to the Netherlands, generally avoid the months of July
and August and the periods around Easter and the end-of-year holidays.
Public holidays in the Netherlands:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
New Year
01.01
Easter Sunday and Monday around March/April
Queen’s Day
30.04
Liberation Day
05.05
(not every year a day off)
Ascension Day
May/June
Pentecost Sunday and Monday May/June
Christmas
25.12
St. Stephen’s Day
26.12
The most important celebration for smaller children in the Netherlands is Sinterklaas, on the
evening of December 5, and it is in essence the culmination of the traditional Dutch birthday
ritual. However, for older children Christmas is more important. Another important festivity –
practiced most enthusiastically in the Limburg province in the south-east, Drenthe, Noth
Brabant and Overijsse in the north – is St Marten’s Day, on November 11. During February
there is a week of celebrations, known as Carnaval, which is an important week mostly for the
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area under the Rivers, Limburg and North Brabant and also in a part of South Holland and
Gelderland.
Working
hours
Business hours are generally from 08:30 to17:30 (bear in mind that the Dutch generally sit
down for dinner at home no later than 18:30). Stores and supermarkets will normally be open
between 09:00 and 17:30 or longer. Banking hours are generally 09:00-17:00, possibly
staying open later on Thursday or Friday nights. On Sundays everything is closed.
The 1919 Labour Act, which established 48 hours as the maximum length of the working
week, was replaced by a new Working Hours Act (Arbeidstijdenwet) in January 1996.
Nowadays, average working hours in the Netherlands are between 36 and 40 hours a week.
For most employees, weekly working hours are fixed by collective agreement and may vary
across individual industries and enterprises.
Summer vacations average four weeks and are generally taken in July-August, while many
Dutch people take a week to ten days at the end of the year. To avoid congestion, school
holidays are staggered between the North, Centre and South.
Working
culture
Working practices are changing with the introduction of flexitime, home working and the
like. Under EU legislation, part-time and temporary workers are protected by law.
Almost 50% of all Dutch employees work part-time on fixed term contracts. Temporary
contracts are normally given to new starters for their first or second year with a new firm.
These contracts are for 1 year initially and can be extended by another temporary contract for
another year before a permanent contract is provided (an organisation is not allowed to offer a
temporary contract for a 3rd time.) However these temporary contracts can be for full time as
well as part-time work. Flexi workers are most often people working for an “uitzendbureau”an organisation that provides services to other organisations to fill their temporary need for
extra work. These employees have a contract with the first organization which has given them
work with the 2nd organization.
As a result of its success in service industries, temporary employment is now moving into
manufacturing, where it provides additional flexibility for seasonal work. With a large
proportion of young people in the workforce, more and more are being hired as temporary
employees. Another trend is towards job pools, where several organisations share the same
employees.
In order to protect the workforce, all organisations have to comply with legislation across a
wide range of areas from health and safety to ensuring that employees earn a basic minimum
amount of money per hour – the minimum wage.
Any private-sector organisation employing an average of 50 employees has to provide for
worker representation, while any company employing 100+ people over the year has to have a
works council (ondernemingsraad).
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Businesses adopt their own policies, procedures and have their own cultures and values. The
best way to establish what these are is to talk to the employees and ask how the organisation
works. All companies have something unique to themselves, even if the product they produce
or sell is the same as that of others.
Health
insurance
The Netherlands has a high level of healthcare. This is reflected in the average life
expectancy, which is 76 years for men and 80.9 years for women. Healthcare is provided by a
wide range of institutions and professionals.
Several statutory insurance schemes exist to make care financially accessible for everyone.
There are various types of insurance covering hospital care, GP consultations and paramedical
care, which together account for 43% of all healthcare expenditure. The government
determines the cover provided and the income-linked contribution. Private insurance
companies set their own premiums, generally based on the risk of illness. A special private
insurance scheme ensures affordable care for the elderly and the chronically ill.
A new health insurance system was introduced in 2006, consisting of a single compulsory
standard insurance scheme for curative care. There is no longer a distinction between public
and private health insurance.
Recent years have seen a shift towards care in the community for the elderly and the disabled.
The focus is no longer on the illness, but the person with the illness who wants to lead as
independent a life as possible. Care previously confined to institutions can now be provided at
home, if the patient wishes.
Dutch local councils are legally obliged to provide care services for the elderly and the
disabled – transport, wheelchairs and special facilities in the home.
Primary healthcare (GP, paramedical, obstetric, maternity and dental care) has been
undergoing a transition since 2003. The changes will make care less centrally regulated and
more individually focused. The emphasis of the reforms is on improved cooperation between
GPs and other primary healthcare providers such as physiotherapists.
In secondary healthcare (specialist and outpatient care), the introduction of a new funding
system has the highest priority. Medical technology and organisational change make it
increasingly possible to provide care to patients at home.
The Dutch use relatively few medicines compared with other Europeans, and prices in the
Netherlands are about the European average. The Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport
coordinates Dutch policy on drugs. The main objective is to prevent drug use and to limit the
risks associated with it. Dutch policy on drugs makes a distinction between cannabis and hard
drugs (e.g. heroin, cocaine and synthetic drugs) based on the different health risks. The
number of drug-related deaths in the Netherlands is the lowest in Europe, according to a study
performed by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in Lisbon.
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Social
Media
Guide
Private
Individuals
According to the Internet World Stats nearly 90% of the Dutch people use the Internet and
more than half of them use social media of some kind. The social networking market in the
Netherlands is one of the few markets remaining where a local social networking player
called Hyves continues to lead the market. Interestingly, the Netherlands ranks first
worldwide in terms of internet penetration for the two social network sites Twitter and
LinkedIn.
The most used platforms according to their numbers of members are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Facebook
Youtube
Linkedin
Twitter
Google +
Hyves
SMEs
According to a survey from the job placement website NationalVacturebank.nl nearly half of
all Dutch employees view social media sites like Facebook and twitter several times a day,
while they are in their office. Maybe because of this, around 20% of respondents said, that
social media websites like Facebook are blocked from their office computer and more than
1/3 stated, that their company has social media guidelines.
Search
and
Social
Media
Marketing
for
International
Business
Learn how to use social media for business from one of Salford Business School’s latest
business management courses. The course was jointly researched by the Passport to Trade 2.0
project team and prepared in collaboration with some of the leading digital marketing
agencies in the UK.
This Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) can help businesses and individuals to make the
best use of search and social media platforms. The course is called Search and Social Media
Marketing for International Business and is applicable to students looking for placements
abroad as well as businesses thinking about new trade links; it comprises the following
twelve topics:
How to develop a personal brand online (1/12)
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•
•
Whether you are a student beginning a job search
or a business person planning a new business
venture, personal branding can make a difference.
Learn about personal branding and why it is
important for you.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=l9LYw0mgtn4&feature=player
_embedded
How to use Twitter (2/12)
•
•
Learn the basics of using Twitter to develop an
individual or business profile.
Remember to use hash tag #SSMMUoS to share
your learning journey on this course so far!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=9CVY3pp91Dc&feature=playe
r_embedded
How to use Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) (3/12)
•
•
Learn the principles of SEO to ensure that your
website and any social media profiles are found by
individuals searching for your name, products and
services.
These basic principles of SEO include keyword
research, on-page optimisation and off-page
optimisation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zw27cRcwtM0&feature=player
_embedded
How to use social media for international business development (4/12)
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•
•
Social media networks break down the traditional
country barriers, but do you know which networks
are relevant for the country you are interested in
trading with?
Find out in this video how to identify the relevant
networks and what social media strategies you might
be able to use on these networks.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Bx-B56AHS4c&feature=
player_embedded
How to use Facebook (5/12)
•
•
Facebook is currently the largest social media
network in the world and it can benefit you as a
business as well as an individual.
Learn how to develop a Facebook business page and
see how other businesses use it and what strategies
work for them.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=UmRGn-vdcO8&feature=
player_embedded
How to use YouTube (6/12)
•
•
YouTube was identified as the second largest
social network amongst younger internet users as
part of the Passport to Trade 2.0 project.
Learn how to optimise your video content in order
to reach wider audiences for your profile.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
feature=player_embedded&v=G2
0OVpmTBss
How to use LinkedIn (7/12)
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•
•
LinkedIn is one of the three main professional
social networks – the others being Xing and
Viadeo which are also popular in several
European countries.
Learn how to make the most of LinkedIn for your
profile.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=N6e_EAUQqic&feature=playe
r_embedded
How to use Google+ (8/12)
•
•
•
Google+ is the second largest social network as of
January 2013.
It is one of the fastest growing social networks and
one that has the biggest impact when it comes to
search engine results integration for anyone who
uses Google as their main search engine.
Learn how to make the most of Google+ for you
and your digital profiles.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
feature=player_embedded&v=8ti
3SPHkEWw
How to use copywriting online (9/12)
•
•
Copywriting is a process of translating technical
specifications and product descriptions into
engaging and understandable customer focused
text.
Learn about the basic techniques in structuring
your online content here.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=5f1hx_f2ONI&feature=player_
embedded
How to stay legal on social media (10/12)
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•
•
Everything and anything you do and say online
can be potentially viewed by anyone who has
internet access.
Always respect the law and familiarise yourself
with new options offered to you through a creative
commons licence which is popular online.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=eQxDpiHsdk&feature=player_embedde
d
How to use monitoring and reporting (11/12)
•
•
Whether you are an individual or a business
spending time on social media – there has to be a
return on your engagement online.
How do you justify your engagement on social
media to your boss? Listen to the industry experts
in this area and see what you might be able to
measure in respect of your on-line engagements.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=LbEq7jsG0jg&feature=player_
embedded
How to blog (12/12)
•
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=OqVjR7oI8Rs&feature=player
_embedded
businessculture.org
•
Blogging is a process of writing text and sharing
content with others. It can help your customers or
friends to keep in-touch regardless of social media
platforms.
Think about the voice you might want to adopt
and who your audience might be. Share your
thoughts with us by writing a blog post about this
MOOC.
Tweet us the link to your post on the
#SSMMUoS Twitter hash tag.
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Passport
to
Trade
2.0
Project
Partnership
Five Universities:
Lead partner: Salford Business School,
University of Salford, United Kingdom
Elena Vasilieva
Aleksej Heinze
Alex Fenton
URENIO research unit at Aristole University
of Thessaloniki, Greece
Christina Kakderi
Nitsa Papadopouloui
TSE Entre Research Centre
Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Finland
Satu Aaltonen
Elisa Akola
Institute for Information System Research
University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
Verena Hausmann
Susan P. Williams
Petra Schubert
Valahia University of Targoviste, Romania
Adriana Grigorescu
Leonardo Badea
Three Small & Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs)
Spin, Italy
Carmine Antonio Donato
Dorella De Tommaso
Technology Development & Innovation – TDI LTD
Bulgaria
Milanka Slavova
Ivan Stoychev
TIS Praha, Czech Republic
Anna Klosova
Richard Adekeye
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