3.  OUTLINE.
 Coal.
 Chemical Structure of Coal.
 Formation of Coal.
 Uses of Coal.
 Coal in Pakistan.
 Map Showing Coal In Pakistan.

4.  Coal is a combustible black or brownish-
black sedimentary rock usually occurring
in rock strata in layers or veins called coal
beds or coal seams.
 The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can
be regarded as metamorphic rock because of
later exposure to elevated temperature
and pressure.

8.  About 300 million years ago, the earth had
dense forests in low-lying wetland areas. Due
to natural processes, like flooding, these
forests got buried under the soil.
 Coal forms when dead plant matter is
converted intopeat, which in turn is converted
into lignite, then anthracite. This involves
biological and geological processes that take
place over a long period of time

11.  Peat, considered to be a precursor of
coal, has industrial importance as a fuel in
some regions, for example, Ireland and
Finland.

12.  Bituminous coal, is dense
sedimentary rock, black but sometimes dark
brown often with well-defined bands of
bright and dull material, used primarily as
fuel in steam-electric power generation, with
substantial quantities used for heat and
power applications in manufacturing and to
make coke.

13.  Steam coal, is a grade between
bituminous coal and anthracite, once widely
used as a fuel for steam locomotives.
 Anthracite, the highest rank of coal is
a harder, glossy, black coal used primarily for
residential and commercial space heating.

14.  Graphite, technically the highest rank
is difficult to ignite and is not commonly
used as fuel: it is mostly used in pencils
and, when powdered, as a lubricant.

16.  Throughout history, coal has been a useful
resource for human consumption. It is
primarily burned as a fossil fuel for the
production of electricity and/or heat, and is
also used for industrial purposes such as
refining metals.

17.  Coal, a fossil fuel, is the largest source of
energy for the generation of
electricity worldwide, as well as one of the
largest world wide anthropogenic sources
of carbon dioxide releases. Gross carbon
dioxide emissions from coal usage are
slightly more than those from petroleum and
about double the amount from natural
gas. Coal is extracted from the ground
by mining, either underground by shaft
mining through the seams or in open pits.

19. Coal (billion
Region tonnes)
Sindh: Lakhra, SondaThatta, Jherruck, Thar, others 184.623
Punjab: Eastern Salt Range, Central Salt Range, Makerwal 0.235
Baluchistan: Khost-Sharig-Harnai,Sor Range/Degari, Duki, Mach- Kingri, 0.217
Musakhel Abegum, Pir Ismail Ziarat,Chamalong
KPK: 0.091
AJK: 0.009
185.175 billion
Grand total
tonnes

20. 184.623
0.235
0.217
0.091 0.009

23. Coal Fields in Pakistan