Participatory methods for understanding communities in rural areas

1. 30TH October 2012, Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEO
VILLAGE VISIT
Behavior, Capitals and PLA Tools
Dr. MCR HRD IAP, Hyderabad
87th Foundation Course for
Civil Service Officers http://www.e-geo.org

2. Index
• Behavior
• Capitals
___________________
• Physical Capital
– Timeline
– Venn Diagram
– List
• Natural Capital
– Resource Mapping
– Transect walk
– Seasonality
– Imageries
– Energy issues – HH visits
– Climate Change indicators
– Disaster Management
• Schemes Implementation
• Success Stories
• Suggested Actions

3. Participatory Learning and Action (PLA)
• One of the participatory approaches
• Processes of communication
• Methods for seeking villagers participation
• Sensitization to bring about attitudinal and
behavioral change; and
• Using participatory techniques to build rapport,
elicit support, information and participation of the
people in their own development.

4. PLA is used
• To ascertain needs
• To establish priorities for
development activities
• Within the scope of feasibility studies
• During the implementation phase of
projects
• Within the scope of monitoring and
evaluation of projects
• For studies of specific topics
• For focusing formal surveys on
essential aspects, and identifying
conflicting group interests.
• For action plans preparation

5. Areas of application
Natural resource management
Agriculture
Poverty alleviation
Women in development programs
Health and nutrition
Preliminary and primary education
Village and district-level planning
Institutional and policy analysis.

6. BEHAVIOR

7. Behavior with community
• Greeting
• Introduction
• Sitting
• Space and Energy
• Respecting their opinion
• Leader
• Sharing the results
• Thanking the community
• Appearance
– Dress
– Shoes
– Etc.

8. •Comment on these photos

9. Community

10. Greeting

11. Pride and Dignity of people

15. 11/1/2012

17. Capitals

18. SL framework: Determinants of
adaptive capacity
Livelihood Examples
resources
Human Knowledge, Skills
Social Women’s savings and loans groups,
farmer- CBOs
Physical Irrigation infrastructure, seed and grain
storage facilities
Natural Reliable water source, productive land
Financial Micro-insurance, diversified income
sources
Policies, institutions and power structures

19. Capitals

21. Land
Degradation
• Steep slopes
• Sandy / silt soils Water scarcity
Low • Uncertain
agriculture Rainfall
yield • Climate change
Sustainable Small Land
Food Security
Livelihoods holdings

22. Seasonal
Migration
Corruption
• Unemployment
Poor
Communal
education /
conflict
Illiteracy
Poverty
• Exploitation Sustainable High IMR,
• Unskilled Livelihoods UMR

23. Poor
accessibility
Poor access,
utilization and Poor
delivery of communication
govt. services
Sustainable
Livelihoods

24. Non-
cooperation
between
Conflict families
Communal
between
conflicts
SC/ST
Growing
Sustainable
Ignorance Livelihoods suspicion,
heartedness

25. Natural
Sustainable Social &
Human Livelihoods Economic
Physical
& Policy

26. • Soil and moisture conservation
Agriculture • Seeds
• Agriculture equipment
• Micro-watersheds
• Dug wells
Water resources • Water harvesting and conservation
technologies
• Skills development
Non-agriculture • Enterprises
• SHGs and microfinance
Convergence • Government schemes
Conflict • Reconciliation
• Meetings between communities
resolution and • Joint economic ventures
peace • Sports

27. List of programmes

28. INFO FROM SECONDARY STAKEHOLDERS
• Interaction and discussions with various officials and
representatives of organizations in the District
• Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
• Chief Planning Officer (CPO)
• Project Director, District Water Management Agency (DWMA)
• Ground Water Department
• Officers at Agriculture Department
• Mandal level officials, MDO, MRO, Statistical officers, Agriculture
officers, etc of the potential Mandals.
• Village level secretaries
• Secondary data collection and analysis

30. POSSIBLE DELIVERY SYSTEMS AT VILLAGE LEVEL
NRM
1. MGNREGA Infrastructure
2. DWMA Housing Department
3. Rural Infrastructure Development Fund
4. Ground Water Dept. Services
5. Forest Dept. Electricity
6. Agriculture Dept. Road Transport Corporation
7. Animal Husbandry
8. Fisheries Artisans / Industries / enterprise
9. Irrigation Dept (Minor / Medium / Major) NEDCAP
Industries Dept
Social Handlooms and Textiles
1. Dist. Rural Dev. Agency (DRDA) / District
Poverty Initiatives Programme (DPIP) Other Programmes
2. DPEP / Education APRLP
3. Medical and Health UNDP
4. SC Corporation
5. ST Welfare/Tribal Welfare
6. BC Welfare / BC Corporation
7. Social Welfare
8. ICDS

31. Government departments (AP)
• Agriculture and Co-Operation • Labour, Employment Training and
• Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Factories
• Backward Classes Welfare • Law
• Consumer Affairs Food & Civil • Minorities Welfare
Supplies • Municipal Administration and Urban
• Energy Development
• Environment, Forests, Science and • Panchayat Raj and Rural
Technology Development
• FinanceFinance (PMU)Finance • Planning
(Project Wing) • Public Enterprises
• General Administration • Rain Shadow Areas Development
• Health, Medical and Family Welfare • Revenue
• Higher Education • School Education (SE Wing)
• Home • School Education (SSA Wing)
• Housing • Social Welfare
• Industries and Commerce • Transport, Roads and Buildings
• Information Technology and • Women Development, Child Welfare
Communications and Disabled Welfare
• Infrastructure and Investment • Youth Advancement, Tourism and
• Irrigation Culture
http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/portallistoforgsbydepts.aspx?i=3

32. PLA

33. PLA BEST QUALITATIVE APPROACHES
• PLA=an effective, low-cost, empowering,
participatory method of gathering qualitative & semi-
structured info (beliefs, behaviors)
• Can discuss controversial/sensitive topics
in a non-threatening way
• Heterogeneous—in age, gender, income, religion,
ethnicity, social class, etc
• Flexible: people come and go--anything goes
• No pre-set, leading questions

34. PHYSICAL CAPITAL

35. Functioning of Village Level Institutions

36. Infrastructure facilities
Facilities Available Facilities not Available
• All weather road • High School
• PDS Shop • Hospital (4km away )
• Primary school • Post office (4km away )
• Primary Health sub- • Bank (4km away )
center • Police station (18km
• Overhead water tank away)
• Electricity supply • Medical store
• Community hall
• Panchayat Bhawan

37. Demography………
No of Households 873
Total Population 4260 Population below 06 yrs 610
Male Population 2190 Population below 06 Male 311
Female Population 2070 Population below 06 Female 299
Total Agriculture Labour 240
Marginal Agriculture Labour - 58 Marginal Agriculture Labour - 182
Male Female
Literate Polulation 1826 Illiterate Population 2434
Male Literate 1100 Male illiterate population 1090
Female Literate 726 Female illiterate population 1344
No of Households 873 Working Population 1989

38. Demography………
Main working population 328
Main Working Population Male 92 Main Working Population 236
Female
Main Casual Working 69 Total Casual labour
Population
Main Casual Working 21 Main Casual Working 48
Population Population
Male Female
Number of SC 1164
Male SC Population 611 Female SC Population 553
Number of ST 125
Male ST Population 64 Female ST Population
61

39. Important
activities
relevant to the
communities

40. Time Line
Last Drought
1981
Primary School Cotton
1947 Cultivation 1986 SHG
movement
Gram Panchayat 2000
PUC 1961
1987
Grameen Bank
High School 1968 2001
1st Tractor 1989
Ragi Cultivation
Post Office 1969
1912 Telephone Chickengunya
Exchange 1995 Disease 2007
Start of PHC 1970
Settlements Sugarcane Cultivation
1811 1961 Library 1998 Last Panchayat
Electricity Board Election 2009
1973

41. Time Line
YEAR Event
1850 Forest department rest house
1850-57 Kundan Singh reign (popular local tribal king)
1960 Primary school
1975 Veterinary hospital
1985 Government bus connectivity
1987 Water pump
1990 Electricity supply
1995 Private bus transport begins
1995-96 Water tank
1996 Major earthquake of 6.0 richter scale (no deaths)
2001 Child marriage stopped; Ward election
2004-05 Land pattas given to villagers by forest department;
Government buses stopped
2006-07 Tractor in the village
2009 Two trained ASHA in the village
2010 Total Sanitation Mission

42. VENN DIAGRAM REPRESENTING THE INTERACTION AND INFLUENCE OF
DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES ON THE LIVES OF THE VILLAGERS
Police
Anganwadi
NGO Teacher
Community
Forest
Officials
BDO
PRI
Library
TEHSILDAR

43. Social Map
Social Map

44. Matrix Scoring
Sanitation/Drainage
Problems M.Swamy Shobhawati (Jr. Deviramma(SHG Ramesh Aggregate Rank
(Lingayat Health woman) (STMale,
male) Asst),Anganwad
Lack of doctors/Inadequate Medical Help Coolie)
i
Irrigation 2 3 8 8 21 (5)
Drinking Water 3 7 6
Liquor 6 22 (6)
Less Doctors/improper 4 4 4 1 13 (2)
injection and diagnosis
Road Condition
Loan Facilities 1 8 7 5 21 (5)
School/College 6 5 5 7 23 (7)
Loan facility/Irrigation
All weather roads 7 6 3 3 19 (4)
Liquor 8 2 2 4 16 (3)
Drinking Water
Sanitation/Drainage 5 1 1 2 9 (1)
School/College

45. Natural Resources & Agriculture
Surf ace wat er
1 00
80
CPR management Ground wat er
60
40
20
Agricult ure ext ension 0 Drinking wat er
Market ing & Value addit ion Soil moist ure
Farmers Inst it ut ions

46. Quantification of Qualitative Information
Surface water
1 Adequate storage not created , not shared
0-25
judiciously
2 Adequate storage created , not shared judiciously 25-50
3 Adequate storage created sharing with informal
50-75
system
4 Adequate storage created sharing with institution 75-100

47. Ashwini Bharini Kruthika Rohini Mrugasira Arudhra Punarvasu Pushyami Ashlesha Makha Pubba Uttara Hastha Chitta Swathi Vishaka Anuradha Jaishta Mula
1 Rainfall
No rains Good High
2 Water availability (Irrigation)
Very less Good Surplus
3 Water availability (Drinking)
Less Surplus
4 Paddy ### OOO ###OOO### ###OOO
Transplantation
5 Seed Cotton CCC## CCC
6 Jowar/ millets ###OOO ### ### OOO ###OOO###
7 Vegetables OO###OOO ###OOO ###OOO
Brinjal, Mirchi, Bendi, leafy vegetables, tomato Mirch, Bendi, Leafy vegetables Tomato, Brinjal, Leafy vegetables
8 Migration OOOO### OOOO##
9 Wage Labour (Agriculture) #OC ###OOOCC
No labour work Labour work
10 Earnings from crops
11 Farmers Debts OOO##
12 Wage labour Debts OOO#
13 Draught animals OOO OOO
Purchasing Selling
14 MFP collection ####OO OOO OOO
Tunika Chenchu Gaddalu Gum Karaya
####OO ###OOOCCC
Moduga Custard Apple
OOOO##
Fuelwood
15 Fodder availability
Less Good
16 Potters OOO OOO#
Clay collection Pot making
17 Kammari OOO
Major work Index # - Women O - Men C - Children
18 Health Problems
People: Fever, cough, conjectivities etc.

48. NATURAL / ENVIRONMENTAL CAPITAL

49. RESORCE MAP
Resource and Social Mapping of Hanubalu Village

50. IMAGERIES
Name of The Village : Hediyala
Taluka : Ninjangud
District: MySore
Demography
Star Pattern Settlements

52. Transect Walk

53. Road
Mahabubnagar to Nawabpet
Tank Zone
Rani pet to Shadnagar
Feeder channel
Transect of Kakarlapahad
Tank Bund
Zone Residential Arable Residential Arable Scrub Arable Scrub
Soil Chelka Chelka / Dubba Chelka Chelka Chelka Chelka Chelka
Type
Landuse Housing, Primary Dry crops in BC/SC Colony Dry Crops in Fallow since 30 Wet cultivation ½ Scanty
school, High Kharif and Hostel Kharif, years acre vegetation,
School, mostly barren
Grampanchayat
Vegetati Neem, Accacia, Castor Neem & Castor, Cotton, Thorny bushes, Paddy Accacia,
on / Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Jowar Manga, Neem, Moduga
crops Ullinta, Uduga,
Accacia, Moduga
Water Hand Borewells Rainfed Hand Borewells - - One Borewell Tank - Water
source & Public Taps & Public Taps remains for
one month in a
year
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy
Intervent - Piller posts are Roads are relaid - Pattadar grazes Terraced fields Area under
ions erected in the under Food For his cattle, Watershed
fields Work Programme
Programme
Problem Side drains They want to sell Side drains, One Earth Bunding, Surplus water - Surplus weir to
s/ needed these lands to hand pump Silt application from the be repaired,
needs prospective needed needed Rekulakunta Dam is to be
buyers for Partyhenium flows leading to repaired
housing plots weed problem soil erosion
Any Entry road to the These fields are - Moduga leaves - Tank area is
other village between BC/SC collection by vil under Patta,
Colony and the
main village
SC
FC OBC FC

54. Cropping patterns
• July- October- Paddy, Kodho, Black sesam, Urad,Maize
• July-April- Arhar
• August-January- Mustard
• November-March/April-Wheat, gram, Masur, Pea, and alsi
Yield of different crops
Maize>Masur, Gram and Arhar>Alsi>Mustard>Paddy and wheat

55. Agriculture Contd…

56. Animal Husbandry

57. Disaster preparedness
Nishtaar samiti (Van Sangrakshan Samiti)
 Alert mechanism for forest fire
 Mitigation of forest fire
 Catching and handing over of forest law violators
to the forest department.
 Creating awareness about forest conservation
among villagers.
(Floods, Cyclones, Earthquakes, Drought, etc.)

58. Climate Change vulnerability
• Vulnerability to climate change is the risk of
adverse things happening
• Vulnerability is a function of three factors:
– Exposure
– Sensitivity
– Adaptive capacity

59. Exposure
•Exposure is what is at risk from
climate change, e.g.,
– Population
– Resources
– Property
•It is also the climate change
that an affected system will
face, e.g.,
– Sea level
– Temperature
– Precipitation
– Extreme events

60. Sensitivity
• Biophysical effect of
climate change
– Change in crop yield,
runoff, energy demand
• It considers the
socioeconomic context,
e.g., the agriculture
system
• Grain crops typically are
sensitive
• Manufacturing typically is
much less sensitive

61. Adaptive Capacity
• Capability to adapt
• Function of:
– Wealth
– Technology
– Education
– Institutions
– Information
– Infrastructure
– “Social capital”
• Having adaptive capacity
does not mean it is used
effectively

62. Adaptation
• “adjustment in natural or human systems in response to
actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which
moderates harm of exploits beneficial opportunities”
(Third Assessment Report, Working Group II)
– Notice includes “actual” (realized) or “expected”
(future) changes in climate

65. • Agriculture productivity increase
Natural • Low input agriculture
• Local jobs and equity
Social • Local enterprises
• Least skills
Human • Biocharculture
• Local technologies
Physical • Low energy
• Low carbon economy
Financial • Low cost
• Carbon sequestration and energy security
Environment • Mitigation and adaptation to climate change

68. Secondary Air
Side Air
Primary Air Side Air

69. CHARCOAL
PRODUCTION

76. Observe the night sky

77. WATER SOURCES & IRRIGATION
No. of open wells: 77 nos. Functioning: 1 no.
No. of Bore wells: 126 nos. Functioning: 126 nos.
Small tanks: 10 nos.
Total area under tank irrigation: 86 acres
Total area under bore well irrigation: 250 acres
DCBC-APRLP/DPAP-Mahabubnagar

78. WOMEN & SHG
Womens Empowerment
Women Women's decision making
SHGs
Total: 1650 Women's self esteem
In groups: 390
No. of Groups: 26 Women's Participation
Corpus: Rs. 2,00,000/-
Networked: No 0 1 2 3 4 5
8% Primitive
15%
Consumption
39%
Productive
38% Asset building
DCBC-APRLP/DPAP-Mahabubnagar

79. HEALTH, NUTRITION & EDUCATION
No of Girls working as Wage … 100
No of Boys working as Wage … 50
No of Girls not enrolled in School 50
No of Boys not enrolled in School 10
No of eligible couples not … 10
No of disabled children 5
No of Infant deaths in last 3… 0
No of Meternal deaths in last 3 … 0
No of Children not Immunised 5
No not enroled in Anganvadi … 60
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
TOTAL NUMBERS
DCBC-APRLP/DPAP-Mahabubnagar

80. 80 Caste No. of HH
70 Caste Wise Households & Wellbeing 1 Komati
2 Reddy
6
8
60
3 Tenugu 11
50 4 Muslim 15
40 5 Ediga 5
30 6 Munuru Kapu 58
20 7 Pitchakuntla 27
10 8 Gollamushti 49
9 Ausala 3
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 Kummari 9
11 Kammari 11
Very poor 0 0 5 4 1 6 2 24 0 4 3 4 0 11 9 12 Managali 5
Average 0 3 6 8 4 47 25 25 3 5 8 1 5 63 0 13 Chakali 5
14 Madiga 75
Well to do 6 5 0 3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 15 Chenchu 9
Total Households in the village: 296
DCBC-APRLP/DPAP-Mahabubnagar

81. Existing Livelihoods
•Agriculture (Many)
•Basket making (10) 1%
•Mat weaving (14)
•Tadkalu weaving (2)
25%
Farmers
•Carpentry and black smithy (9) 37%
•Potters (2)
•Piggery (1)
•Tailoring (6)
•Dhais (2)
•Toddy tapping (5) 37%
•Cobblers (2)
•Washer men (5)
<2 Acres 2 to 7.5 Acres 7.5 to 10 Acres >10 Acres
(In paranthesis no. of families)
DCBC-APRLP/DPAP-Mahabubnagar

82. Important Issues / Problems
1. Low productivity lands
2. Majority of them possess small land holdings leading to disguised
unemployment.
3. High vulnerability due to small land holdings by most of the villagers.
4. Sanitation is poor, lack of adequate drainage and toilets.
5. Women are enthusiastic, they are ready to do something but unable
to decide because of lack of awareness & skills.
6. Girl child labour in cotton farms.
7. Overall wage rates are low and also men are paid more than
women.
8. Due to increase in no of borewells for cultivation of water intensive
crops, the ground water table is going down.
9. People are good but, Men and women take country liquor in the
evenings, some men beat their wives under the influence.
10. Lack of marketing facilities leading to exploitation of moduga leaf
plate makers and gum tapers.
11. About 10% of the population is on seasonal migration for work.
12. Forced migration due to non-sustainable traditional occupations.
13. Most of the traditional LHs are no more sustainable such as black
smithy, carpentry, pottery, chappal making, barbers and gold smithy.
DCBC-APRLP/DPAP-Mahabubnagar

83. Suggestions / recommendations
1. There is need to select this village for livelihoods interventions.
2. This village has potential of Women and youth for initiating activities.
3. Need to involve community in the optimum utilization of groundwater
resources.
4. Has potential to form more SHGs with women.
5. Networking with CBOs (SHGs, UGs, occupational groups and labour
groups) at village level.
6. Formation of labour and occupational groups for capacitating in new
skills and / or upgrading existing skills.
7. Formation of thrift groups with small and marginal farmers
8. Farmers need to be organized for sustainable agricultural practices.
9. Has the potential for Micro-enterprise activities for women groups.
10. Promoting backyard poultry and dairy activities with women groups.
11. Finding ME activities or other LH opportunities for the men commuting
to Mahabubnagar to work as Hamalis.
12. Marketing facilities for leaf-plate makers and trainings on value addition.
13. Trainings on Gum karaya collection and grading and facilitating market
linkages.
14. Small and marginal Farmers need to be trained on better agricultural
practices, like vegetables production, seed production.
15. Need to train RMPs and Barefoot veterinary persons in the village.
DCBC-APRLP/DPAP-Mahabubnagar