Natural Resources Management approaches incorporating disaster risk reduction

1. Natural Resource Management
Approaches incorporating
Disaster risk reduction
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy,
CEO, GEO http://e-geo.org
8th Nobember 2012
Centre for Disaster Management
Dr. MCR HRD Institute of AP, India

4. 1. Disasters and disaster trends
Disaster impacts are generally increasing as a result of the combination of increasing populations, greater
concentrations of people and assets in vulnerable areas, greater use of insurance and the modification and
degradation of natural environments, such as floodplain settlement, coastal exploitation, wetland
destruction, river channelling, deforestation, soil erosion and fertility decline. Vulnerability to hazards is
exacerbated by poverty, disease, conflict and population displacement

5. The context of natural hazards in the
continuum of human experience

8. Disaster to includes
– death toll;
– traumatized population (through
injury, homelessness, loss of livelihoods);
– environmental and economic impacts that
overwhelmed the coping capacity of the affected
people)
D. Bashir & M. Garba 8

9. Disaster is a serious
disruption of the
functioning of a
community or a society
causing widespread
human, material, econom
ic and/or environmental
losses which exceeds the
ability of the affected
community or society to
cope using its own
resources (UN-
ISDR, 2002)

10. Why is climate change adaptation needed?
• Climate changing is undermining
the sustainability of livelihoods.
• Climate change is overwhelming
the natural resources on which
livelihoods depend.
• Climate change is increasing
climate-related disaster risk.
Photo: Shehab Uddin/DRIK/Oxfam GB

11. Who are most vulnerable and why?
• Those who depend on climate-sensitive
resources and ecosystems for their livelihoods;
agriculture, fisheries, forests.
• Those who live in marginalised and hazard
prone areas; deforested hillsides, flood
plains, urban slums.
• Those with limited assets and political voice to
enable them to respond to the impacts of
climate change; low adaptive capacity.

12. Factors Affecting Disaster Impacts
• Impacts of disasters are
exacerbated by a number of
factors that include:
– poor land-use planning,
– population growth,
– environmental mismanagement,
– increasing levels of vulnerability,
– poor planning,
– poor governance,
– climate change,
– lack of regulatory mechanisms, &
– corruption

13. Impacts of Climate Change
• Water related hazards are likely to get worse
in this century due to climate change
• IPCC estimated the impact of global
warming and predicted that:
– "Drought-affected areas will likely increase in
extent;
– Heavy precipitation events, which are very likely
to increase in frequency, will augment flood risk."

14. Vulnerability analysis and Hazards
IV

15. Coping, resilience and adaptation
(a) coping (b) resilience (c) climate change impacts
Well-being
Gradual
changes
undermining
well-being
time time time
disaster disaster more frequent disasters
(d) climate change adaptation
Well-being
time
hazards

16. Disaster Risk Reduction agenda and challenge
Prior to 1990s - Civil Defence, Relief
Reactive organizations: humanitarian response to
emergencies
During 1990s – International Decade on
Natural Disaster (IDNDR), Yokohama strategy
which also consider linkage between
emergence of disasters/development
Since 2000 – International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction (ISDR): reduce disaster risk
Proactive HFA: 2005-2015 – Building the resilient
communities and nations to disasters as part of
Development & linked to Humanitarian agenda

17. Holistic approach: combine efforts to reduce
disaster impacts
Disaster Risk Reduction actors
Mitigation
Preparedness Humanitarian
Prevention Disaster Risk Reduction actors
Disaster
Cycle
Response
Reconstruction
Recovery
Sustainable Development actors

18. Drought Definition and Typology

19. Elements of Drought Risk Red. Framework & Practices

20. Drought Risk Reduction elements
1. Policies and governance
To ensure that drought risk reduction is a national and local priority with a strong
institutional basis for implementation
Guiding principles
 Political commitment, strong institutions and appropriate governance, as part of SD
 Bottom-up approach with community participation
 Capacity building and knowledge development
 Policies emphasize mitigation and preparedness, based o sound risk identification
 Policy mechanisms
 Long-term investment in mitigation
Main subjects
 Building political and public alliance: roles and responsibilities of actors
 Capacity development
 Components of a drought policy
 National drought policy case studies
 Provincial drought policies

21. Drought Risk Reduction elements (cont.)
2. Drought risk identification, impact assessment, and
early warning (local, national & trans-boundary scope)
 Drought risk is a combination of hazard and vulnerability
 Understand hazard: monitoring and early warning system
 Vulnerability analysis: physical, socio-economic,
livelihoods, cultural, political, environmental, etc.
 Drought scenarios and impact assessment
 Forecast and EW

22. Drought Risk Reduction elements (cont.)
IV
3. Awareness and knowledge management
 Promote a culture of prevention and resilience.
 Effective information management and knowledge exchange.
 Awareness campaigns with political and public commitment.
 Identification and promotion of indigenous knowledge,
skills and good practices.
 Education and training opportunities to reduce risk.
 Sustained political commitment.

23. Drought Risk Reduction elements (cont.)
IV
4. Reducing underlying factors of drought risk and innovation
 Sustainable ecosystems and environmental management.
 DRR strategies integrated with CC Adaptation.
 Analysis of food security causes.
 Land-use planning and rural development
 Financial risk sharing mechanisms.
 Public-private partnership, etc.

24. Drought Risk Reduction elements (cont.) IV
5. Effective drought mitigation and preparedness measures
 Promote a culture of drought mitigation and preparedness.
 Dialogue/communication between mitigation/response actors.
 Unify top-down and bottom-up approaches.
 Enhance capacities and included locals in implementation.
 Implementation of mitigation and preparedness measures,
structural and non structural.

26. TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATIONS
5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC)
Models’ forecasts : +1,4 to +5,8 degrees by 2100.
Source : IPCC/SRESA2

27. Impact of Climate Change on society
…Sandy, Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma…
Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.

28. Less visual but with major impact
Agriculture and food security
Consequences of Crop yields, irrigation demands...
climate change:
Forest
Composition, health and productivity...
Water resources
Water supply, water quality...
Coastal areas
Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention...
Species and natural areas
> Temperature increase
Biodiversity, modification of ecosystems...
> Sea level rise
> More rain
Human health
Infectious diseases, human settlements...

29. Vulnerability
Vulnerability to climate change is the risk of
adverse things happening
Vulnerability is a function of three factors:
Exposure
Sensitivity
Adaptive capacity

30. Exposure
•Exposure is what is at risk from climate
change, e.g.,
– Population
– Resources
– Property
•It is also the climate change that an
affected system will face, e.g.,
– Sea level
– Temperature
– Precipitation
– Extreme events

31. Sensitivity
• Biophysical effect of climate
change
– Change in crop yield, runoff,
energy demand
• It considers the
socioeconomic context, e.g.,
the agriculture system
• Grain crops typically are
sensitive
• Manufacturing typically is
much less sensitive

32. Adaptive Capacity
• Capability to adapt
• Function of:
– Wealth
– Technology
– Education
– Institutions
– Information
– Infrastructure
– “Social capital”
• Having adaptive capacity does
not mean it is used effectively

33. Vulnerability is a
Function of …
• More exposure and
sensitivity increase
vulnerability
• More adaptive capacity
decreases vulnerability
• An assessment of
vulnerability should
consider all three
factors

34. Adaptation
“adjustment in natural or human
systems in response to actual or
expected climatic stimuli or their
effects, which moderates harm of
exploits beneficial opportunities”
(Third Assessment Report, Working
Group II)
Includes “actual” (realized) or
“expected” (future) changes in
climate

35. Adaptation (continued)
Two types of adaptation
Autonomous adaptation or reactive adaptation tends to be what
people and systems do as impacts of climate change become
apparent
Anticipatory or proactive adaptation are measures taken to
reduce potential risks of future climate change

36. SL framework: Determinants of adaptive capacity
Livelihood Examples
resources
Human Knowledge, Skills
Social Women’s savings and loans groups, farmer-
CBOs
Physical Irrigation infrastructure, seed and
grain storage facilities
Natural Reliable water source, productive
land
Financial Micro-insurance, diversified income sources
Policies, institutions and power structures

37. Capitals

38. Watershed activities focus on vulnerability
reduction
Livelihood enforcing
support rights
Productivity of
Enhancement
natural
of knowledge
resources

39. Every drop counts

40. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (WDP)
Improve and sustain productivity and production
potentials of the dry/semi-arid regions of India
through adoption of appropriate production and
conservation technologies.
Meet the needs of local rural communities for
food, fuel, fodder and timber. Improve all types
of lands, i.e., Government, Forest, Community
and Private Lands falling within a watershed.

41. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (WDP)
WDPs, in short: A holistic approach to improve and
develop the economic and natural resource base
of dry/semi-arid/fragile regions. In a watershed
development program the watershed is the unit
for development rather than political or
administrative boundaries

42. WDP Activities
• i) Land Development:
Levelling and
terracing, improving soil
quality and productivity;
and watershed
reclamation.
• ii) Water Development:
Promote in situ water
harvesting and
conservation, establish
percolation ponds and
open wells, tanks, small
reservoirs, and improving
water quality.

43. WDP Activities
iii)Enterprises/Activities:
Evolve appropriate
farming systems,
– encourage a crop mix of
high value/high yield
crops,
– social/agro-forestry,
– other income-generating
activities like dairying,
poultry-keeping, etc.

44. Some Illustrations of Benefits of
WDPs
• -Replacing seasonal/annual crops with agro-
silvi, agrohorti, silvi-horti; systems on hill
slopes/degraded lands. Benefits: reduce soil
erosion; arrest surface run-offs.
• -Training water to store excess water run-offs in
farm ponds/percolation tanks. Benefits: improve
groundwater recharge.
• -Construction of earthen or vegetative bunds or
barriers to surface run-offs in a watershed.
Benefits: help in moisture conservation.

45. MGNREGA
• 'National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act'2005 (NREGA)
• Act guarantees 100 days of employment
in a financial year to every household
• A social safety net for the vulnerable
groups and an opportunity to combine
growth with equity
• Structured towards harnessing the rural
work-force, not as recipients of doles,
but as productive partners in our
economic process
• Assets created result in sustained
employment for the area for future
growth employment and self-sufficiency

46. Climate Change / Variability
in Semi-arid regions
Precipitation is less than
potential
evapotranspiration.
Low annual rainfall of 25
to 60 centimeters and
having scrubby vegetation
with short, coarse grasses;
not completely arid.

47. Crop Water
Soil Climate
Energy Environment

48. Nature of Works
Water based Land based
• » Water conservation
• » Land development
• » Water harvesting
• » Micro and minor Forest/ Agro--Forestry
irrigation works
• » Provision of irrigation • » Afforestation
facilities • » Horticulture
• » Desilting of tanks Infrastructure
• » Renovation of traditional
water bodies • » Rural roads
• » Flood control and
protection works

50. Conservation technologies
climate-resilient
Stress-tolerant, varieties of drip irrigation,
seeds,
raised-bed
zero-tillage, laser-levelling,
planting,
Systems of Rice
Intensification
(SRI),
can build adaptive capacities to cope with increasing water stress, providing “more
crop per drop”.

51. “VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ENHANSING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO CLIMATE
CHANGE IN SEMI-ARID AREAS OF INDIA”
Policies/Structures Vulnerability Adaptability
Rural Poverty Livelihoods Diversification
Community Empowerment
Energy
Bio Diversity Agriculture Production Water Resources
Climate Change
Appropriate Skills Water Management
SCENARIO 1
Human / Social Natural / Environmental / Physical Economic / Political
AFPRO 51

52. GSBC PROJECT
INTEGRATED APPROACH

53. Major challenges of Agriculture
Climate change - Soil fertility Water
variability - management
extremes
Impact of Burning of crop Alkalinity of soils
hazardous residue
pesticides and
nitrogen fertilizers

54. Field level interventions
ACTIVITY
CAPACITY
DEVELOPMENT
FACILITATION RESEARCH

55. INCREASED
PRODUCTI SOIL
SPIRITUAL CARBON ON TEMPERAT
SEQUESTR URE
ATION REGULATE
D
CREMATIO
BELIEFS
N
TERMITES /
MOISTURE
ANTS
RETENTION
CULTURAL REPULSION
ALTARS RITUALS ENERG
Y
EARTHWO WATER
SOIL
RMS CONSERVA
FESTIVALS AMENDMENT
INCREASE TION
BIOCH
AR
NITROGEN
BIOMASS BIOCHAR
/
PHOSPHOR
COMPOST
OUS
INSECT FOOD PRESERV RETENTION
REPELLE ING
NT FOOD SOIL
MICROBES
NURSERIES
FILTERIN CLEANIN DENSITY
INCREASE PESTICIDES
G MEDIA G ADBSORBTI
ON
GOOD
STOVES
SOAK MEDICIN •TLUDs
PITS E •Other
stoves POULTRY -
PRACTICES CH4
REDUCTION
BIOCHAR MATTRE WASTE
URINALS SS MANAGEM SOURCES CROP
ENT (BIOMASS) RESIDUE
•Sludge
BIOCHAR TOOTH ANIMALS
BRICKS POWDER
AQUARI AIR
POULTRY
QUALITY LIVESTOCK -
UM / LITTER FYM /
WATER URINE AND
TERRARI • CO2 / COMPOST
TREATM DUNG
UMS CH4
ENT Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEO
http://e-geo.org | http://biocharculture.com

56. RITUAL /
SPIRITUAL /
SOIL AGRICUTURE ANIMALS ENERGY HABITAT SANITATION HEALTH WATER
RELIGIOUS /
PRACTICES
PADDY APPLICATION IN
ANIMAL PLACES BIOCHAR FIRE / ALTAR /
METHANE BIOCHAR URINALS
TO TAP URINE, SOURCE FROM YAGNAS /
EMISSIONS BRICKS CLEANING
SANITATION EFFICIENT TLUD AGNIHOTRA
REDUCTION TEETH
AND COOK STOVES
EMISSIONS
BIOCHAR
REDUCTION
BIOCHAR
PESTICIDE & TOILETS
COMPLEX
BIOCHAR IN FIRE DURING
CHEMICALS
AQUARIUMS FESTIVALS
AFFECTS
RUMINANT WATER
MITIGATION
ANIMALS AS BY PRODUCT PURIFICATION –
METHANE FROM GASIFIER BIOCHAR IN BIOCHAR COLOR, ODOR,
EMISSIONS STOVES, CATTLE SHEDS TABLETS REMOVAL OF
EMMISIONS REDUCTION AS BOILERS ETC HARMFUL
REDUCTION FEED ADDITIVE ELEMENTS, ETC.
BIOCHAR IN
FROM FARM
POULTRY CREMATIONS
YARD
FARMS CLEANING
MANURES AND
COMPOSTS PLATES /
BIOCHAR UTENSILS
SOAKING IN
COMPOST CHARCOAL
WITH ANIMALS BIOCHAR IN
PRODUCTION NATURAL /
URINE AND BIOCHAR IN FOOD AS PART
FROM BIOMASS ARTIFICIAL
CROP RESIDUE EXCRETA - FRIDGES, OF FOOD
/ WASTE FIRES IN
MANAGEMENT VALUE MATTRESSES, BATHING PREPARATIONS
MANAGEMENT FORESTS /
ADDITION ETC.
FIELDS, ETC.

57. Biocharculture
Biocharculture is the process of using Biochar,
including cultivation of crops
• Biochar is the charcoal produced from carbonaceous source
material. Sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial
ecosystems
• Biocharculture is one of the means to integrate for sustainable
cultivation and carbon sequestration.
• Biochar is usually produced at around temperatures 300 to 600
degrees centigrade for example as found in the common biomass
cook stoves.
• Because of its macromolecular structure dominated by aromatic C,
Biochar is more recalcitrant to microbial decomposition than
uncharred organic matter

58. Biocharculture Adaptation benefits
Lessen the impact
of hazardous
Securing the crop
Reclaim the pesticides and
from drought and water conservation,
degraded soils, complex chemicals
climate variabiiity
& to reduce plant
uptake.
Conversion of crop
reducing emissions increases in
residue into Biochar
and increasing the Increase in crop C, N, pH, and
an option and
sequestration of yield available P to the
address carbon
greenhouse gases plants
sequestration
Reduction in Increase in the soil
Impacts of Biochar Temperature
leaching of the bio / microbes / worms
last more than 1000 regulation in the
chem fertilizers at the biochar and
years. soil
applied soil interface

59. CONTROL AND BIOCHAR - OKRA
Farmers focus
80% ON CROP
20% ON SOIL

60. BIOCHAR COMPOST

61. APPLICATION IN THE FIELDS

62. OKRA - CONTROL AND BIOCHAR PLOTS
CONTROL BIOCHAR COMPOST
4 KGS 8 KGS 12 KGS

63. BIOCHAR
CONTROL
1.5 FEET 6 FEET

64. BIOCHAR
RESULTS
GSBC PROJECT, 2009 (DORUGHT
PREVAILED DURING THE GROWING
SEASON)

65. Methane Emissions from paddy fields

66. Biochar – livestock urine

67. References: http://...