1. Wheat
Wheat also called king cereal. locally known as ghundum. It is the world leading staple food. its grown
world wide as temperate rabbi crop. The world wheat production in 2000-2001 was 583mllion tones. In
Pakistan wheat is staple food cultivated in both irrigated and barani areas. The total area occupied by
wheat in 1999-2000 was 8.46 million ha.in Pakistan KPK is leading producers of wheat in barani areas
while on irrigated soil Punjab is on top. Besides grain straw also use for boosa as roughage to livestock.
Plant Characteristics:
It is self pollinated, mono cot with hallow cylindrical stem, called Culm. it consist of nodes and
internodes. The upper nodes are called peduncle, bears,ears, spike which consists of many spikelet with
seeds in them. The upper most leaf is flag leaf. the leaf consists of a sheath and narrow blade. It is self
pollinated crop.
Wheat is the main staple food item of the country’s population and largest grain crop of the country. It
contributes 13.1 percent to the value added in agriculture and 2.8 percent to GDP. The size of wheat crop
is provisionally estimated at 23.4 million tons, 11.7 percent more than last year crop.
Useful tips for wheat production
1. Moisture should be conserved during monsoon by using deep tillage technology.
2. Resistant improved wheat varieties should be planted.
3. Treat the seed with recommended fungicides to control seed borne diseases.
4. Irrigations at the time of tillering and grain formation are critical.
5. Planting must be finished before Nov. 30 to obtain maximum yield.

2. 6. Nitrogenous and Phosphatic fertilizers should be used in a ratio of 1:1 or 1: 1-1/2 .
7. Potassium fertilizer must be used if wheat is planted after rice or sugarcane and in sandy soils which
had continuously been irrigating by tube well water.
8. Weeds must be destroyed by using chemical weedicides.
9. Harvesting should be done few days earlier in case of semi dwarf improved varieties to avoid
shattering damages.
RECOMMENDED VARIETIES, PLANTING TIME AND SEED RATE FOR DIFFERENT PRODUCTION
ZONES.
The country has been divided into twelve different production zones. The zoning is mainly based on
disease prevalence, yield potential, cropping pattern and climatological factors (zones are shown on the
map).
It is very important that different varieties should be planted before the dates given in front of each variety.
In case planting is delayed, broadcast method of planting with 4-5 kgs more seed rate than normal seed
rate is recommended.
Certified seed should be used which can be obtained from Punjab Seed Corporation, Sindh Seed
Corporation, Agriculture Development Authority in KP. Agricultural Department in Balochistan, Agriculture
Development Corporation depots and other seed agencies. In other case, use only healthy seed which is
obtained from healthy crop. Detail of different zones, diseases, recommended varieties, planting time and
seed rate is shown in table-1:
Table-1: RECOMMENDED VARIETIES, PLANTING TIME AND SEED RATE

6. LAND PREPARATION
Deep ploughing should be used by sub soiler or mould board if sub soil is hard.
2-3 ploughings are recommended where chronic weeds are present. If possible Dab method should be
used.
Rotavator should be used in proper moisture if tractor facility is available. Soil should become well
pulverized and planker can be used for this purpose.
Moisture conservation by using mold board in rainfed areas has been very successful in obtaining good
yield.
In case of limited water in plains, field should be divided into sub-plots.
Field boundaries should be made strong. Rat holes should be closed and pruning of trees should be done
in the farm to avoid shade effects to the crop.
METHOD OF PLANTING
Barani Areas:
Drill or poring method is recommended for planting in barani areas. Planker should not be used if planting
is done by "Pora". All fertilizer should be applied before planting. Pre-soaking treatment to the seed
should be given for 8-12 hours if moisture is limited. Water used for this purpose should be free of salts
which otherwise can affect seed germination.
Irrigated Areas:
Seed should not be placed more than two inches when semidwarf improved varieties are planted. The
best results have been obtained in planting by drill because uniform and proper germination is obtained in
this method. Second method of planting in "Kera" should be used in proper moisture to obtain better
results. Good results could not be achieved through broad cast, but if there is no other solution except
this one then 4-5 kgs more seed rate is recommended in this method. Dry sowing can also be done if
planting is late and irrigation can be applied after planting. Dry sowing should only be done after
December, 15 where water availability is limited. Seed should not be put more deep in this case.
SEED TREATMENT
Seed can be treated with Benlate, Vitavax 200 or Topson-M at the rate of 2.5 gms/kg seed or Derosal at
the rate of 1.0 gms and/or Raxil 2DC at the rate of 1.50 gms/kg seed. Seed treatment can be done by
using Drum with cover or shaking in the plastic bag.
FERTILIZER APPLICATION
In general both nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers are of Primary importance to obtain good yields of
wheat crop. It has been found, through experimentation, that both N and P must be in a proper balance in
the ratio of 1:1 or at the most 1:1-1/2. Potassium sulphate should also be used at the rate of 12-15 kgs
potash/acre (1/2 bag of Potassium sulphate) when wheat is planted after rice and sugarcane. The use of
potash also becomes important in sandy weak soil which had been continuously irrigating with tube well
water.
The whole quantity of phosphatic and half of nitrogenous fertilizer should be applied at seeding time while
the remaining half of nitrogenous fertilizer be applied with first irrigation. In case phosphatic fertilizer is not
applied at the time of planting this can be applied with first irrigation.

7. The whole quantity of Nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers should be used at planting time in rainfed
areas. If somehow nitrogenous fertilizer was not applied at planting time, this can be applied at first rain.
PH value of the most of the soils in Punjab has increased from 8.2 which is affecting fertilizer uptake
efficiency of the soils. GYPSUM is recommended in such affected soils.
ORGANIC MATTER AND GREEN MANURING
In general our soils are deficient in organic matter and this situation is getting worst day by day. Therefore
it is very important that proper crop rotation and green manure/farm yard manure should be used in our
soils. This helps in the development of plant and increases water absorbing capacity of the soil. Root
development become more vigorous. Guara and Jantar are good crops for green manuring. Guara has
produced good results in irrigated areas whereas Jantar is recommended for saline soils and after rice.
Arhar can be used for green manuring in barani areas.
Crop rotation for baraniareas : Wheat-Fodder-Wheat
Wheat-Fodder-Millet
Crop rotation for plains : Wheat-Cotton-Sugarcane
Wheat-Berseem-Cotton.
Depending on soil conditions, 8-10 cart load of well rotten farm yard manure should be used.
IRRIGATION
Wheat plant has two critical stages for its water requirements. The first is at tillering stage which starts
about a week after emergence. The first irrigation should therefore, be applied not later than 12-18 days
after seeding. In rice growing areas the sub-soil is usually saturated with moisture as moisture retention
power of the soil is high. The first irrigation in these areas should be delayed as long as possible. In many
cases it may even be more than a month after emergence.
The second critical stage is between anthesis and grain formation when irrigation is necessary. The
remaining irrigations depending on rainfall should be well distributed between different growth stages.
Generally 4-6 irrigations are applied to the wheat crop. The irrigation requirements in case of semi dwarf
improved varieties is at the following growth stages.
1. At crown root initiation.
2. Tillering stage
3. Late jointing stage.
4. At flowering
5. Grain formation
6.Dough stage.
Among above mentioned stages, three stages are very critical.
1. Crown root initiation.
2. Boot stage.

8. 3. Milk and dough stages.
Depending upon the availability of water following irrigation schedule can be applied.
Four irrigations.
1. Crown root initiation.
2. Tiller completion.
3. Booting Stage.
4. Milk stage.
Five irrigations.
1. Crown root initiation.
2. Tiller completion.
3. Late jointing.
4. Flowering stage.
5. Milk stage.
Six Irrigations.
1. Crown root initiation.
2. Tiller completion.
3. Late jointing.
4. Flowering stage.
5. Milk stage.
6. Dough stage.
Limited irrigation.
One irrigation. 1. Crown root initiation.
Two irrigations
1. Crown root initiation.
2. Boot stage.
Three irrigation
1. Crown root initiation.
2. Boot stage.

9. 3. Milk stage.
WEED CONTROL
Weeds can significantly reduce wheat yield. Although crop rotation can reduce the population of weeds, a
large amount of weed seeds still remains in the fields. For better control, barharrow and weeding should
be done. Weeding become more easy if wheat is grown on seed beds 45 cm apart. The distance
between two lines on a seed should be 15 cm. This method of planting does not affect plant population
and wheat yield per acre. Other method of weed control is used of chemical weedicides. Weeds should
be removed from the fields within 4-6 weeks of seeding. Agriculture experts have recommended the
following weedicides mentioned in Table-4. Recommended dose should be applied with 120 liters of
water after first irrigation at proper moisture. If sprayer is not available at proper time then all the powdry
weedicides could be applied with sand at proper moisture after first irrigation or mixed with urea and then
irrigate.
HARVESTING/THRESHING AND STORAGE
1. Clean parts of field where crop is not lodged should be selected to keep as seed. Harvesting and
threshing of that field should be done separately to avoid any mixture.
2. Harvesting should be done 2-3 days earlier in case of semi dwarf improved varieties.
3. Harvesting should be done when grain moisture is around 16-17 percent.
4. Grain should be dried properly to bring down moisture at 9-10 percent before storage.
5. If possible use thresher or combine to be more efficient and avoid losses.
6. Seed should be stored in proper clean stores to avoid insect damage. Fumigation should be done in
the seed stores.
7. Use clean bags for storage.