1. Industrial Policy: IP is rules regulations principles policies and procedures laid down by government for regulating developing and controlling industrial undertaking in the country. Also indicates large medium and small scale sectors.

9. Schedule C: All the remaining industries and their future development would in general be left to the initiative and enterprise of the private sector. Other features of the resolution are: Fair and non-discriminatory treatment for private sector. Encouragement to village and small enterprises. Removing regional disparity. Development of ancillary industries in areas where large industries were to be set up.

10. Industrial policy Statement 1977: Due to some disparities there were certain problems like: Unemployment was increasing rural urban disparity widened and real investment stagnated. The growth rate of industrial segment was not more than 3-4% per annum. The incidence of industrial sickness also became widespread. The concept of District Industrial Centers was introduced for the first time. Each district would have such a district centre which would extent all support and services required by small entrepreneurs.

11. Within the SSI sector , a new concept of the tiny sector was introduced. TINY SECTOR : Industrial unit with investment in machinery and equipment of up to rs. One lakh and situated in a town with population less than 50,000. this concept was given by Karve Committee in 1967 with 47 products .

12. Industrial policy 1980: Focused on the need for promoting competition in the domestic market, technological upgradation and modernization . Laid the foundation for increasingly competitive export base and for encouraging foreign-investment in high- tech areas. The policy suggested following measures: Effective operational management of public sector. Integrating industrial development in the private sector. Regularization of unauthorized excess capacity installed in the private sector. Encouragement of Merger and Acquisition of sick units. Drawback : it underplayed the employment objective as was technology centric.

13. Industrial Policy 1991(july): Announced at the time of Mr. P.V. Narsimha Rao . The reforms in 1991 did make significant changes in industrial , trade and public sector policies. Significant changes are: Abolished licensing for all projects except in 18 industries . MRTP act amended to eliminate prior approval to large companies for capacity expansion. The requirement of Phased Manufacturing Programs discontinued for all new projects. Schedule A of industries reserved exclusively for state enterprises cut down from 17 to 8 . Schedule B of industries , where state enterprises were to acquire a dominant positions, abolished. Small scale enterprise allowed to offer up to 24% of share holdings of large enterprises.

14. Major issues covered by Industrial policy 1991 are: Foreign Direct Investment: Limit on foreign equity holdings raised from 40% to 51% in a wide range of industry. Foreign equity proposals need not be accompanied by foreign technology transfer agreement. Technology imports liberalized by increasing royalty limits. Public Sector Policy: Disinvestment in selected public sector enterprises to raise finances for development , bring in greater accountability and help create a new culture in their working for improved efficiency. Government equity ranging from 5% to 20% in 31 PSEs with ‘good track record’ disinvested to public sector mutual funds and financial institutions.

15. Trade policy: Administered licensing of imports replaced by import entitlements linked to export earnings. These entitlements called exim scrips made freely tradable. permission to import capital goods without ‘indigenous clearance’ provided import covered by foreign equity . Scope of canalization narrowed. A process which exists for some categories - which means these can be imported only by designated agencies. Current update: A number of items like urea are canalized. This means they can be imported only by designated agencies like MMTC and STC , the government's trading arms. An item like gold, in bulk, can be imported only by specified banks like SBI and some foreign banks or designated agencies.

16. Environmental issues: Government came up with environmental policy . The policies are implemented through various acts such as Wildlife protection act 1972. water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 .

19. To protect small scale industries against undue competition from large scale industries. To foster technology and economic improvements in industries by ensuring units of economic size and adopting. To encourage new entrepreneurs to start industrial units.

20. Industrial Licensing Policy: Industries (Development and Regulation) Act 1951: provisions of the Act were: No new industrial units could be established or substantial extension to existing plants be made without a license from central government. Government could take under its own management undertaking which failed to carry out its instructions in management and policies . This act also empowered the government to prescribe prices, methods and volume of production and channels of distribution . The act empowered the government to set up Development council for groups of industries.

21. New Industrial Policy and Procedure, 1970: In February 1970 government announced its new industrial licensing policy which consisted of list of core industries in the economy ( instructed by Industrial Licensing Policy Inquiry Committee). The industries were. Agriculture input Non-ferrous metal petroleum Iron and Steel coal heavy industrial machinery ship building news print and electronics.

23. Failing of PSU: In spite of monopoly in certain areas PSUs are never profitable. F acts and figures: 1997-98: Public Manufacturing Enterprises showed profitability of minus (-) 3.9%. Reasons for failure of PSUs are Low rate of return on investment , poor capacity utilization , declining contribution to national savings , red tapism .

25. Disinvestment Procedure: 1. Proposal for disinvestment in any PSU are placed for consideration of Cabinet Committee on Disinvestment (CCD). 2. An Advisor is appointed to invite Expression of Interest (EOI) from parties . 3. The prospective bidders undertake due diligence of the PSU. 4. Concurrently the task of valuation of the PSU is undertaken.

26. 5 . Calculation of reserve price of PSU is done using any of the 3 methods. Discounted cash flow method. Asset valuation method, Balance sheet method. 6.Share purchase agreement is sent to prospective bidders for inviting the final binding bids. 7 .The bids received are placed before the CCD for final approval. CCD then approves the final buyer. After the transaction is complete the papers are forwarded to the Controller and Auditor General of India (CAG) for undertaking the evaluation of disinvestment, He place it in the parliament and release it for public.

28. Disinvestment would expose privatized companies to market disciplines and help them to become self reliant. Wider distribution of wealth by offering shares of privatized companies to small investors and employees. Beneficial for capital market. Increase in floating stock would give market more liquidity, give investors early exit options which will help raising of funds by privatized companies for their projects .

31. VSNL: Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited: Govt. sold 25% of equity share holdings out of its total holdings of 52.97% in VSNL in 2002 . The total paid-up capital was rs. 285 crore ,the govt. holding being Rs. 151crs. Rs. 71.25 crs was sold to M/s Panatone (TATA group) at a price of Rs. 1439 crs. The govt. received approx Rs. 3689crs. Thus govt. sold its shares at a price of Rs. 202 per share .

35. In the budget 2000-01 , the main elements of the disinvestment policy were enunciated , which are as follows: Restructure and Revive potentially viable PSEs. Closedown PSE’s which cannot be reviewed. Bring down government equity in all non-strategic PSE’s to 26% or lower if necessary. Fully protect the interest of workers. Use the entire receipt from disinvestment and privatization for meeting expenditure in social sector . Setting up Ministry of Disinvestment (Department of Disinvestment was set up in December 1999 and is made a full fledged Ministry under Government of India) by: Megha Mathur

36. International Trade Theories Absolute Advantage Theory: (Adam Smith) It is always advantageous for a country to specialize in production of commodities in which it can produce efficiently A country tends to specialize in production of commodities in which it has absolute advantage.

37. Adam Smith said - each nation should specialize in producing things it has an "absolute advantage" . The theory of "Absolute Advantage" seems to make sense in situations where the circumstances of the geographic and economic environment are relatively simple and straight forward - example: - Switzerland and watches , Canada and cereal grain.

40. Comparative Advantage Given by Mr. Ricardo. Suggests the possibility of gainful trade between 2 countries even if one has absolute advantage in the production of both the commodities. So long the countries have comparative advantage in the production of commodities, specialization & trade between them would always be possible & advantageous to all of them.

41. In 1817, David Ricardo looked at Adam Smith's theory and suggested that "there may still be global efficiency gains from trade if a country specializes in those products that it can produce more efficiently than other products - regardless of whether other countries can produce those same products even more efficiently"

42. Example: Country Rice Jute India 30 60 Bangladesh 50 80 India can produce both the goods more efficiently i.e. at a lower cost compared to Bangladesh . But her own relative efficiency is evidently greater in rice production because of her cost of production is just half her cost of jute. India has competitive advantage in rice production because she needs only 60%(30/50) of her rice production in Bangladesh.

44. In Bangladesh: 1 qtl of Rice: 50/80 = .625 qutl of jute 1 qtl of jute: 80/50 = 1.6 qutl of rice internal exchange rate: INDIA Rice = Jute 1 = .5 2 = 1.0 BANGLADESH Rice = Jute 1 = .625 1.6 = 1.0

45. Let us know suppose that India specializes in Rice production & Bangladesh in Jute production & they trade their surplus trade produce to one another. Which country will gain would depend on the comparison of Internal & External exchange rates. External rate is greater than Internal rate the countries will gain. Distribution of gains: the gainful exchange rate for India ranges between 500 kgs to 625 kgs of jute for 1 quintal of rice. the gainful exchange rate for Bangladesh ranges between 1.6 to 2 quintals of rice for 1 quintal of jute.

47. Factor Endowment Theory: This theory explains how a country has a competitive advantage . A country should export products that use extensively its relatively abundant factors, & import products that use intensively its scares factors.

48. The Theory of Factor Endowments suggested you should trade in the products which you can make from the production factors and resources you naturally possess . So for Canada this means we should trade in lumber and minerals and grain since we naturally possess these resources in large quantities. Following this theory it would then make sense for Canada to import citrus fruits since our climate does not naturally give us weather to allow this food to grow without expensive greenhouses. This theory was espoused by Heckscher and Ohlin.

49. Heckscher and Ohlin Theorems: Theorem I: A country tends to specialize in the export of a commodity whose production requires intensive use of its abundant resources and imports a commodity whose production requires intensive use of its scares resources. Theorem II: (Factor-pricing Equalization Theorem): The international trade equalizes the factor prices between the trading nations. In the absence of foreign trade it is quite likely that factor prices are different in different countries.

50. The Heckscher and Ohlin theory assumes a model of two countries (A & B) two commodities (X & Y) and two factors labour (L) & capital (K) with following assumptions: There is perfect competition in both product and factor markets in both the countries. Factors labour and capital are fully mobile between the industries X and Y in the country but completely immobile between the countries. Factors Labour and Capital in both the countries A & B are homogenous. Factor supply is given & factors are fully employed. Production technology for commodity X is labour-intensive and for Y it is capital-intensive. The demand conditions for goods X and Y are identical in countries A & B. There is no transportation cost, nor is there any trade barriers.

54. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible .

56. LOGO of WTO

57. Trade Negotiations Committee Essentially, the WTO is a place where member governments go, to try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations.

58. But the WTO is not just about liberalizing trade, and in some circumstances its rules support maintaining trade barriers — for example to protect consumers, prevent the spread of disease or protect the environment. WTO agreement consists of 29 legal texts –covering everything from agriculture to textiles & clothing , from services to government procurement.

60. As per its article 1: the famous “Most Favored nation” MFN clause, members are bound to grant to the products of other members treatment no less favourable than any other country. A second form of non-discrimination known as ‘national treatment’ , requires that once goods have entered a market, they must be treated no less favourable than the equivalent domestically produced goods. Apart from the revised GATT (known as GATT 1994) several other WTO agreements contain important provisions relating to MFN & national treatment. The GATS (General Agreement on Trade & Services) requires members to offer MFN treatment to services & service suppliers of other members.

61. ‘ Comparative Advantage’ – all countries which they can employ to produce goods & services for their domestic markets or to compete overseas. WTO, Is not a free-trade institution . It permits tariffs & other forms of protection but only in limited circumstances.

64. What does the International Monetary Fund do?

65. The IMF is the world's central organization for international monetary cooperation. It is an organization in which almost all countries in the world work together to promote the common good. The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to buy goods and services from each other. This is essential for sustainable economic growth and rising living standards.

66. To maintain stability and prevent crises in the international monetary system, the IMF reviews national, regional, and global economic and financial developments. It provides advice to its 184 member countries, encouraging them to adopt policies that foster economic stability, reduce their vulnerability to economic and financial crises, and raise living standards, and serves as a forum where they can discuss the national, regional, and global consequences of their policies . The IMF also makes financing temporarily available to member countries to help them address balance of payments problems—that is, when they find themselves short of foreign exchange because their payments to other countries exceed their foreign exchange earnings. And it provides technical assistance and training to help countries build the expertise and institutions they need for economic stability and growth .

67. Member countries of IMF

68. Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Ceylon, Chad, Chile, China, Colom bia, Congo, Congo (Brazzaville), Costa Rica, Cyprus, Dahomey, Den mark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, West Ger many, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ire land, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Malagasy Republic, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama ,

69. Portugal, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somali Republic, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab Republic, United Kingdom, United States, Upper Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela, South Viet Nam, Yugoslavia, Zambia.

71. LOGO OF IMF

73. Staff of international civil servants: Consists of 24 IMF governors, ministers of other comparable rank. Normally meets twice a year in April or may. Responsible to guide the executive Board & to advice & report to the board on he issues related to the management of international monetary & financial system. The development committee: Consists of 24 members of the comparable rank of finance ministers or other officials. Meets at the same time as international monetary & reports to the Board of governors of the world bank IMF on development issues.

75. Special lending facility: Supplemental reserve facility: to help member countries experiencing exceptional BoP problem created by long & short term financing need resulting from sudden & disruptive loss of market confidence . Contingent credit Lines: Intended to be a preventive measure . solely for members concerned about their potential vulnerability but facing crisis at the time of commitment . Compensatory financing facility :

78. Organisation: Board of Governors. Board of executive directors-21. The Bank’s five directors are appointed by the five members having largest number of shares , rest are elected by Governors representing other member countries .

81. Special Action Programme: 1. The bank should properly assess the repayment prospects of the loans. For the purpose, it should consider the availability of natural resources & existing productivity plant capacity to exploit the resources , & open to the plant & the country’s post-debt record.

82. 2.The bank should lend only for specific projects which are economically & tecnhnically sound & of a high –priority nature. 3.The bank lends only to enable a country to meet the foreign exchange context of any project cost . It normally expects the borrowing country to mobilize in domestic resources .

83. 4. The bank does not accept the borrowing countries to spend the loan in a particular country. In fact it encourages the borrowers to procure machinery & goods for the bank’s financial projects in the cheapest possible market consistent with satisfactory performance. 5. The bank indirectly attaches special importance to the promotion of local private enterprise.

84. 6.It is the bank’s policy to maintain continuing relations with borrowers with a view to check the progress of projects & keep in touch with the financial & economic development in borrowing countries . This also helps in the solution of any problem , which might arise in the technical & administrative fields.

87. Implications for India It appears that India does not stand to gain much by shouting for agriculture reforms in developed countries because the overall tariff is lower in those countries. India will have to tart major reforms in agriculture sector in India to make Agriculture globally competitive. Same way it is questionable if India will be major beneficiary in dismantling of quotas, which were available under MFA for market access in US and some EU countries. It is likely that China, Germany, North African countries, Mexico and such others may reap benefit in textiles and Clothing areas unless India embarks upon major reforms in modernization and up gradation of textile sector including apparels. Some of Singapore issues are also important like Government procure, Trade and Investment, Trade facilitation and market access mechanism. In Pharma-sector there is need for major investments in R &D and mergers and restructuring of companies to make them world class to take advantage. India has already amended patent Act and both product and Process are now patented in India. However, the large number of patents going off in USA recently, gives the Indian Drug companies windfall opportunities, if tapped intelligently. Some companies in India have organized themselves for this .

89. If food prices rise further and oil prices stay the same, some governments will no longer be able to feed their people and at the same time maintain stability in their economies. The fact that it had a near doubling of oil prices over a period of year is going to impact the current account, the official said. The impact of rising prices is most acute for import-dependent poor and middle-income countries confronted by balance of payments problems, higher inflation, and worsening poverty, the IMF study warned.

90. From April through July, the first four months of the current fiscal year, merchandise exports grew 21 percent from a year ago. In addition, India's outsourcing revenue is growing at about 30 percent as western firms continue to shift more back-office operations and software development work to tap India's low-cost labor.

92. Foreign direct investment may be classified as Inward or Outward. Foreign direct investment, which is inward, is a typical form of what is termed as 'inward investment'. Here, investment of foreign capital occurs in local resources. Foreign direct investment, which is outward, is also referred to as “direct investment abroad”. In this case it is the local capital, which is being invested in some foreign resource. Outward FDI may also find use in the import and export dealings with a foreign country. Outward FDI flourishes under government backed insurance at risk coverage.

95. It has often been observed that the economically developing as well as underdeveloped countries are dependent on the economically developed countries for financial assistance that would help them to achieve some amount of economical stability. The economically developed countries, on their part, can help these countries financially by investing in these countries . This financial assistance can be channelized into various sectors of the economy. The channelization is normally done on the basis of the requirements of particular sectors.

96. It has been observed that the foreign direct investment has been able to improve the infrastructural condition of a country . There is ample scope of technological development of a country as well. The standard of living of the general public of the host country could be improved as a result of the foreign direct investment made in a country. The health sector of many a recipient country has been benefited by the foreign direct investment. Thus it may be said that foreign direct investment plays an important role in the overall economic and social development of a country.

97. It has been observed that the private sector companies are not always interested in undertaking activities that help in improving the infrastructure of the country. This is because the gains form these infrastructural activities are made only in the long term; there are no short term benefits as such. This is where the foreign direct investment can come in handy. It can also assist in helping economically underdeveloped countries build their own research and development bases that can contribute to the technological development of the country. This is a very crucial contribution as most of these countries are not able to perform these functions on their own. These assistances come in handy, especially in the context of the manufacturing and services sector of the particular country, that are able to enhance their productivity and ultimately advance from an economic point of view.

98. At times foreign direct investment could be provided in form of technology. Else, the money that comes in a country through the foreign direct investment can be utilized to buy or import technology from other countries. This is an indirect way in which foreign direct investment plays an important part in the context of economic development. Foreign direct investment can also be helpful in assisting the host countries to set up mass educational programs that help them to educate the disadvantaged sections of the society. Such assistance is often provided by the non-governmental organizations in the form of subsidies. The developing countries can also tackle a number of healthcare issues with the help of the foreign direct investment.

101. Almost a third share of the investment in India is by NRI. * According to the latest Reserve Bank of India figures, outflows through various NRI deposits schemes amounted to $903 million since May 2004, as against net inflows of $1.2 billion in the corresponding period last year .

104. Presented by: Ms. Megha Mathur