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Purification of Substances Highlight!! Sneak preview of our first session included!!
Have you wonder……. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Miscible mixtures
[object Object],[object Object],Today’s lesson Objectives: Know their principles, procedures and application
Chromatography ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Paper Chromatography Aim:  To separate and identify mixtures of dyes.
Examples: dyes , food  colorings, forensics, Urine analysis etc. Paper Chromatography Solvent Solvent front Paper  Lid Resolved spots
Paper Chromatography – PROCEDURE 1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Paper Chromatography – PROCEDURE 1
Paper Chromatography – PROCEDURE 1 At the Start At the End Chromatogram
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Paper Chromatography – PROCEDURE 1
Chromatography ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Paper chromatography
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Paper chromatography
Paper Chromatography – PRINCIPLE 1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Solubility in solvent
Chromatography ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Paper Chromatography – PRINCIPLE 1
Paper Chromatography – PRINCIPLE 2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mixed swarm of bees and hornets enter flower bed … Bees visit flowers; hornets don’t … Hornets leave the bed first …
THREE KINDS OF CHROMATOGRAMS THAT CAN BE DEVELOPED
Descending method  is better because ,[object Object],[object Object],Two types of Paper Chromatography
Paper Chromatography – Chromatogram ,[object Object],Orange Green Blue Red Black Unknown Known In the experiment, the  solvent  travels up the paper. The dyes on the pencil line  dissolve  in the solvent. The  more   soluble the dyes are in the solvent, the  faster  they move up the paper. So the dyes move up the paper at  different  speeds. Hence the dyes are separated. Colored Spot
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Paper Chromatography – Chromatogram
Which of the soft drinks contain a harmful dye? A)  P  and  Q     B)  R  and  S C)  Q  and  S   D)  P  and  R   P   Q   R   S   X   Y soft drinks  dyes Interpreting Chromatograms
What can be done if the substance is colourless ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chromatography
chromatography What happen if there are  more than 20  suspected substances in the sample? It would not be practical to put all the  suspected substances on the chromatogram. We can make use of the R f  values.
Paper Chromatography ,[object Object],It is easier and more sensible to  - measure the R f  value of each component  and then identify them by looking at known R f   in reference book. R f  value =   Distance travelled by the substance Distance travelled by the solvent
Chromatography A B B A Solvent used : alcohol
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chromatography
Applications: Chromatography Detection of  - drugs in athletes - pesticides sprayed on vegetables - illegal dyes in food
Paper Chromatography – APPLICATION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
                                                                             Drugs have provided the world of athletics with a fierce opponent ever since the emergence of systematic forms of doping in eastern Europe.  But the most famous case in history is that involving a westerner - Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson. He won the 100 metres at the 1988 Seoul Olympics in a world record time but was later stripped of his gold medal and banned for two years after testing positive for an anabolic steroid.   Since then he has made an unsuccessful attempt to get back into the Canadian team for the 2000 Olympics.  There have also been some bizarre stunts such as a race with two horses and car for charity. The animals beat him although the car was stalled by wheelspin.  Johnson has recently worked as personal fitness trainer for footballer Said Gaddafi, son of Libyan president Colonel Muamar Gadaffi.  Meanwhile an incident in which a mugger took his wallet and outran him showed that the 38-year-old does not have the speed he once possessed.   Drugs in world athletics BBC Sport website (Mon 31 July 2000) Tainted win: Johnson (second left) wins in Seoul  A life ban from the track followed in March 1993 when he gave another positive test.
 
The Straits Times, 7 December 1988
 
Paper Chromatography – ADVANTAGES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],What is a pure substance?
Effect of Impurities in mixtures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
TESTING THE PURITY OF SUBSTANCES ,[object Object],[object Object],2. Boiling Point (Presence of impurities will  raise  the boiling point) 3. Chromatography (If impurities are present, there will be more    than one spots on the chromatogram) ,[object Object]
Chromatography ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Paper chromatography 1 pencil line
[object Object],Paper chromatography 2 black red blue green orange drops of ink on the pencil line
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Paper chromatography 3 cover
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Paper chromatography How many components does black ink has? 4 chromatogram of dyes in different coloured inks black red blue green orange

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Purification Of Substances 2

  • 1. Purification of Substances Highlight!! Sneak preview of our first session included!!
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Examples: dyes , food colorings, forensics, Urine analysis etc. Paper Chromatography Solvent Solvent front Paper Lid Resolved spots
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9. Paper Chromatography – PROCEDURE 1 At the Start At the End Chromatogram
  • 10.
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  • 18. THREE KINDS OF CHROMATOGRAMS THAT CAN BE DEVELOPED
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  • 22. Which of the soft drinks contain a harmful dye? A) P and Q B) R and S C) Q and S D) P and R P Q R S X Y soft drinks dyes Interpreting Chromatograms
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  • 24. chromatography What happen if there are more than 20 suspected substances in the sample? It would not be practical to put all the suspected substances on the chromatogram. We can make use of the R f values.
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  • 26. Chromatography A B B A Solvent used : alcohol
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  • 28. Applications: Chromatography Detection of - drugs in athletes - pesticides sprayed on vegetables - illegal dyes in food
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  • 30.                                                                             Drugs have provided the world of athletics with a fierce opponent ever since the emergence of systematic forms of doping in eastern Europe. But the most famous case in history is that involving a westerner - Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson. He won the 100 metres at the 1988 Seoul Olympics in a world record time but was later stripped of his gold medal and banned for two years after testing positive for an anabolic steroid. Since then he has made an unsuccessful attempt to get back into the Canadian team for the 2000 Olympics. There have also been some bizarre stunts such as a race with two horses and car for charity. The animals beat him although the car was stalled by wheelspin. Johnson has recently worked as personal fitness trainer for footballer Said Gaddafi, son of Libyan president Colonel Muamar Gadaffi. Meanwhile an incident in which a mugger took his wallet and outran him showed that the 38-year-old does not have the speed he once possessed. Drugs in world athletics BBC Sport website (Mon 31 July 2000) Tainted win: Johnson (second left) wins in Seoul A life ban from the track followed in March 1993 when he gave another positive test.
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  • 32. The Straits Times, 7 December 1988
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