2. SETTLERS PUSH WESTWARD (1860’s & 1870’s) Different views Native Americans: land cannot be owned White settlers: owning land & a house, starting a business, etc… gave them status Reasons for push: 1) Manifest Destiny 2) Lure of Gold & Silver 3) Homestead Act (1862) Gave 160 acres of land free to anyone who would live on and cultivate it for five years (1862-1900, 600,000)
3. HOW THEY MOVED WEST Pacific Railroad Act (1862) Gave government loans and huge tracts of land to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads Both companies hired many immigrants (including Chinese)
4. CLASHES WITH NATIVE AMERICANS Sand Creek Massacre November, 1864 Sand Creek, Colorado John Chivington, militia colonel, attacked and killed around 200 Cheyenne Red River War (1874-1875) Kiowa & Comanche U. S. Army responded
5. CLASHES (contd) Little Bighorn (“Custer’s Last Stand”) Colonel George Armstrong Custer Seventh Cavalry Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse Sioux and Cheyenne combined force June 25, 1876 Montana Custer’s mistakes: 1) underestimated the enemy (2,000-3,000) 2) men were tired 3) split his regiment (attacked w/200 men)
6. CLASHES (contd) Battle of Wounded Knee December, 1890 After Sitting Bull’s death Seventh Cavalry Rounded up 350 Sioux & demanded that they give up their weapons One Sioux fired on the soldiers & the soldiers returned fire killing all Significance Ended Indian Wars
7. ASSIMILATION Assimilation a plan under which Native Americans would give up their beliefs and way of life to become part of white culture Dawes Act (1887) Meant to inspire Native Americans to own property Broke up reservations Distributed land to each head of family Result lost land Education Off-reservation boarding schools
8. CATTLE INDUSTRY Great Plains & The West Buffalo eliminated Cattle ranching introduced Spanish brought horses and cattle w/them to the New World Railroads & Demand After CW, a large market for beef skyrocketed, especially in the cities, and the railroads made it possible to transport it there Sedalia, MO 1866, provided route to Chicago Abilene, Kansas 1867, trails & rail lines converge Chisholm Trail major cattle route from San Antonio, TX through OK to KS
9. COWBOYS Btw 1866-1885, 55,000 cowboys Reality vs. Myth Reality Worked 10-14 hours per day (ranch), 18 hours (trail) Roundup (Spring), Long Drive (Summer) Most likely to die in a riding accident Two Legendary “Cowboys” James Butler “Wild Bill” Hickok CW scout & spy, marshal in Abilene, KS “Dead Man’s Hand” shot and killed while holding two pair (aces and eights) in a poker game Martha Jane Cannary (“Calamity Jane”) Markswoman, dressed like a man, may have been scout for Custer
10. End of the “Wide-open West” Series of hardships hurt the cattle industry 1883 drought January, 1887 worst blizzard in American history Ranchers turned to smaller herds of high-grade stock Care and feeding throughout the year Bought land for cattle to graze Barbed wire kept cattle from straying Joseph Glidden, 1874 “Wide-open” to “fenced-in”
11. TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD 1867 Central Pacific eastward from Sacramento Union Pacific westward from Omaha Both hired CW veterans, Irish and Chinese immigrants, African Americans, and Mexican Americans May, 1869 Both companies meet in Promontory, Utah East and West Coasts connected
12. GOVERNMENTAL ENCOURAGEMENT Examples of how the government encouraged settlement of the West & Great Plains? BOOMER SOONER KS Gov. John P. St. John 1889 less than 24 hours, 2 million acres were settled Much of the land that was settled was possessed before it was officially open settlers claimed it SOONER than they were supposed to OK = Sooner State Morrill Land Grant Acts (1862 & 1890) Government gave federal land to states to help finance agricultural colleges (30,000 acres for every member of Congress) OSU, 1870 Many of these colleges eventually developed other fields as well
13. FARMERS FACE PROBLEMS Deflation Less money in circulation Value of every dollar in circulation increases (Supply & Demand) Cost of goods & services (including crops) decreases Debt/Mortgages/Price Gouging Inflation More money in circulation Value of every dollar decreases (Supply & Demand) Cost of goods & services increased
14. FARMERS RESPOND Farmers’ Alliances 4 million men & women, mostly in the South & West Oliver Kelley & The Grange (1867) Organized isolated farm families Fought the railroads Southern Alliance (largest) Colored Farmers’ National Alliance 250,000 African Americans
31. ELECTION OF 1896 William McKinley, (OH) Republican Favored gold standard Democratic Party decided to adopt bimetallism as part of platform William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” speech @ Democratic convention wins him the nomination Populists nominate Bryan as well but different VP (Thomas E. Watson) Election of 1896 McKinley had high funding & campaigned from his porch in Canton Bryan tried to make up for it by campaigning vigorously McKinley won the election and Populism collapsed Populism’s legacy Downtrodden could organize & have a political impact Many of their reforms were enacted in the 20th century
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33. EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914) Reasons for industrial boom: 1) Wealth of Natural Resources 2) Explosion of Inventions 3) Growth of Urban Population
34. NATURAL RESOURCES Black Gold (1859) Edwin L. Drake Used steam engine to drill for oil in Pennsylvania Started oil boom Kerosene & Gasoline Coal & Iron Bessemer process (1850) Transformed iron into steel by injecting air into the iron to remove carbon (1886) replaced with open-hearth process Uses for Steel Railroads, barbed wire, & farm machines Brooklyn Bridge (1883) Skyscrapers
35. INVENTIONS Electricity Thomas Edison (1880) & George Westinghouse Edison power plants Westinghouse applications (1890) Streetcars, printing presses, home appliances More convenient for power plants Telephone Alexander Graham Bell & Thomas Watson (1876)
36. RAILROAD INDUSTRY May, 1869 Harsh conditions for workers (1888) 2,000 killed; 20,000 injured Railroad Time Professor C. F. Dowd’s proposition Earth (1884) 24 time zones U. S. (1883 & 1918) 4 time zones
37. EXPANSION New Towns & Markets Cities specialized in products Pullman, Illinois (1880) George M. Pullman Factory for manufacturing sleepers and railroad cars Provided for employees but also controlled them Strike (1894) Opportunists Credit Mobilier (1864) Construction company formed by stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad Donated shares to members of Congress in exchange for their blocking of legislation that would regulate the Union Pacific. VP Colfax, SOH Blaine, & Rep. James Garfield implicated Jim Crow 1881, Tennessee became the first southern state to expand Jim Crow laws to the railroad industry Segregated railroad coaches Will lead to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896
38. THE GRANGE & THE RAILROADS Granger Laws State & local candidates & pressed for regulatory laws (1871) Illinois set up a commission to prohibit discrimination Munn v. Illinois (1877) Railroads challenged constitutionality of regulatory laws Supreme Court upheld Granger laws States gained right to regulate railroads Federal government’s right to regulate private industry for public’s interest established Interstate problem (1886) Supreme Court ruled that a state could not set rates on interstate commerce Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities Set up ICC (finally gained power under TR, 1906) 1893 & The Dawn of Big Business 7 companies held sway over 2/3 of the nation’s railroads
39. AN AMERICAN STORY—ANDREW CARNEGIE “Rags to Riches” Scottish, came to America in 1848, at age 13 Worked 12 hours a day, six days a week Hired as private secretary to Thomas A. Scott, local superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad Scott offered Carnegie stock By 1865, he was able to leave the Pennsylvania Railroad 1873, entered the steel business By 1899, Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain
50. SOCIAL DARWINISM Application of Charles Darwin’s theory to society and business Origin of Species, 1859 Natural Selection only the strongest survive Application to business and the economy Laissez Faire (“allow to do”) Free competition in the marketplace, like natural selection in biology, would ensure survival of the fittest (like Carnegie) Social Beliefs Reinforced Protestant work ethic—hard work is rewarded (poor must be lazy) Horatio Alger, 135 novels, reinforced “rags to riches” & “pulling yourself up by your own bootstraps”
51. GROWTH & CONSOLIDATION Oligopoly only a few sellers provided a particular product Achieved through mergers Monopoly complete control over one’s industry Achieved through holding company A corporation that did nothing but buy out the stock of other companies J. P. Morgan & United States Steel Trust Like a merger, but the stock of a company was turned over to a group of people (trustees) who ran the separate companies as one large corporation John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil
52. ROCKEFELLER & ROBBER BARONS Rockefeller, Standard Oil, & Trusts Participants turned their stock over to trustees Trustees ran the separate companies as one large corporation Companies received certificates that entitled them to dividends on profits earned by the trust By 1880, Standard Oil controlled 90% of the refining business Price Wars Lower price until competition defeated and control of market gained, then raise prices to make up difference Robber Barons name given to industrialists due to their ruthless business tactics
53. CONGRESS RESPONDS Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 First law to restrict monopolistic trusts and business combinations (extended by the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914) Language was vague/hard to enforce Point/Counterpoint, p. 260
69. IMMIGRATION 1870-1920, 20 million Europeans Before 1890 1890’s European Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia Ellis Island, New York Asian China & Japan Angel Island Restrictions Nativism Melting pot mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Banned entry to all Chinese except for students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials Repealed in 1943 Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907-1908) Segregation in SF withdrawn in exchange for Japanese limits on emigration
80. GRAFT, KICKBACKS, & SCANDAL Election Fraud Fake names Philadelphia precinct 252 votes, 100 registered voters Graft & Kickbacks Grant favors to businesses in return for cash & bribes Grant a government contract to a business, instruct the business to overestimate the cost, and kickback the earnings to the machine Boss Tweed (William Marcy) & Tammany Hall New York City’s Democratic Political Machine Btw 1869-1871, $200 million NY County Courthouse cost taxpayers $11 million (actual cost $3 million) Thomas Nast cartoons turn public favor, indicted 1871 on 120 counts of fraud and extortion
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82. Civil Service Replaces Patronage Patronage giving government jobs to political supporters Where did this start? Reformers back merit based civil service Jobs in the govt. would go to the most qualified Presidents take the lead Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) Independents in his cabinet Investigated customhouses James Garfield (1881) Neither Stalwart nor reformer (Mugwump or Half-breed) Gave most jobs to reformers, assassinated Chester Arthur (1881-1885) Turned reformer after assuming the presidency PENDLETON ACT (1883) bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through merit system (1901, 40%; 2009, 90%)
83. THE PRESIDENCY & TARIFFS Grover Cleveland (1885-1889, 1893-1897) First Democrat to win White House in 28 years Tried to lower tariff rates Defeated in 1888, by Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) McKinley Tariff Act 1890 raised tariffs Cleveland’s second term Lowered McKinley Tariff Act (w/a bill passed without his signature) William McKinley (1897-1901) Raised tariffs S-A War, assassinated at Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt
