33 part 1-earthsoft-water - critical resource-basic

Making earth little softer
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About us

• Earth as water planet
• The Hydrologic Cycle
• Water usage & its distribution
• Water & sanitation
• Data – Globally
• Water – an issue
• Global Scarcity & challenges
Index

Index

Earth as water planet
• Earth is often referred to as `the water planet'.
• Without water, life could not exist
• Earth is unique due to its abundant water - in
oceans, rivers, ponds, atmosphere, glaciers,
fresh water/ground water
• Ocean Water : Most of the water on Earth, 97%
to be exact, is salt water found in the oceans.
• Due to salt content, it can not be used. Process
of removal of salt is very expensive.
• Groundwater: Freshwater is stored in
underground aquifers. Water that enters an
aquifer remains for an average of 1,400 years!

What kinds are there?
Availability
Water is essential to life on earth
• 97% of the water is salt water, and
is found in the oceans of the world.
• 3% of the water is fresh water on
which we depend.

Significance of water
• Water is the main constituent of ecosystem & is
the basis of known life forms, including humans
• It was the basis of the origin of life on our planet
• Water is an integral part of life on this planet.
• It is an odorless, tasteless, substance
• It is essential to civil, agricultural & industrial use
• Thus it is main constituent of the universe

Three forms of Water
• Solids: When water becomes very cold and
freezes it changes from a liquid to a solid state.
It has a definite form and shape.
• Liquids: When water takes the shape of its
container it is in a liquid form.
• Gases: When water is seen in a vapor form and
has no definite size or shape it is in a gas form.
These 3 forms are interchangeable

Importance of water
• Organisms are composed 70%-95% of water
• Transport medium for food, oxygen, and other
things needed by cells
• Cellular medium within which biochemical
reactions can occur
• Supportive external environment for aquatic
organisms

A precious natural resource
• We use water for drinking, irrigation, industrial
purposes and energy production.
Water use
• Agriculture and energy production - 80%
• Industry and public use - 20%
Usage
• As a nourisher of plant, animal & human life
• A bearer of food & drinks
• A prime element of industrial processes
• A medium for transportation

Transports oxygen
& nutrients
Prevents clogging of
arteries & brain cells
Main lubricant in
the joint spaces
Reduces the
effects of aging
Prevents
memory loss
Regulates body
temperature
Human BodyHuman Body - -- - WaterWater75%

Human BodyHuman Body - -- - WaterWater75%
Muscles
75 % water
Muscles
75 % water
Brain Cells
85 % water
Brain Cells
85 % water
Bones
25 % water
Bones
25 % water
Blood
82 % water
Blood
82 % water

Daily use of water
Fresh water is used as

How much water do we use?
• The kitchen consumes 10% of total household
for cooking, cleaning, washing or drinking.
• 15-20% of all water consumed in laundry
• Nearly 50% in the bathroom, 20% of that water
is flushed down the toilet.
• A slowly dripping tap can waste 20,000 liters in
a year
• Evaporation is a major loss from swimming
pool.
• A lot of water is used in washing cars, bikes,
cycles and garages.
• 20% Grey water is typically water from baths,

Condensation
The Clouds form
Evaporation
vapor rises
Transpiration
The movement
through plants
Precipitation
The rain falls

• Saltwater evaporates from sun's energy
producing fresh water in clouds
• Water vapor cools and condenses to
precipitation over oceans and land.
• Runoff forms fresh water lakes, streams, ponds,
groundwater, and is held in soil & plants

• Surface water is water collected on the ground
or in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or ocean

• Two main processes: precipitation &
evaporation
• Powered by energy from the sun
• Hydrologic cycle purifies water

Ocean
Evaporation
Evapo-transpiration
runoff
Water
Supply
Discharge
treated water
Salt Water IntrusionAquifer
Infiltration
Recharge
Evaporation
Extraction
Precipitation
Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Surface Water
Groundwater
Soil moisture
Infiltration (Art)
Extraction Return flow
Treate water Aquifer intrusion
Soil moisture
Soil
moisture

The Hydrologic Cycle

Ground Water
• Ground water is located beneath the ground
surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures
of rock formations.
• A unit of rock is called an aquifer when it can
yield a usable quantity of water

Evaporation and transpiration
Evaporation
Stream
Infiltration
Water tableInfiltration
Unconfined aquifer
Confined aquifer
Lake
Well requiring a pump
Flowing
artesian well
Runoff
Precipitation
Confined
Recharge Area
Aquifer
Less permeable material
such as clay
Confirming permeable rock layer
Ground Water

Water world

•Two thirds of our planet is
covered by water.
•97.5% of the water is
saltwater.
•The majority of freshwater is
beyond our reach, locked into
polar snow and ice.
•Two thirds of our planet is
covered by water.
•97.5% of the water is
saltwater.
•The majority of freshwater is
beyond our reach, locked into
polar snow and ice.
Water world

Water world
• Less than 3% of the world’s
water is fresh – the rest is
seawater and undrinkable.
• Of this 3% over 2.5% is
frozen, locked up in
Antarctica, Arctic & glaciers,
and not available to man.
• Thus humanity must rely on
this 0.5% for all of man’s and
ecosystem’s fresh water
needs.

• Only about 2.5% of Earth's water is fresh.
• ~ 2% of the Earth's water is in solid form, found
in ice caps and glaciers.
• One percent of all the Earth's water in a form
useable to humans and land animals.
• This fresh water is found in lakes, rivers,
streams, ponds, in the ground & as vapor in the
atmosphere
• India has 16 % of the world’s population and 4%
of its fresh water resources.

The earth's water supply
• Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface.
• The amount of fresh water accounts for 2.6%,
which is vital for all forms of life.
• 97.2% of the Earth's water supply is salt water.
• Only 2.8% is fresh water!
• 97.200% salt water in the oceans
• 02.014% ice caps and glaciers
• 00.600% groundwater
• 00.009% surface water
• 00.005% soil moisture
• 00.001% atmospheric moisture

Salt & freshwater relationship

Distribution of global water

Oceans 97%
Atmosphere 0.01%
Rivers, Lakes, &
Inland Seas 0.141%
Soil Moisture
0.0012%
Ground Water
0.4 – 1.7%
Ice Caps and Glaciers 1.725%
Distribution-Water reservoirs

22%
8%
70%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Agriculture Domestic Industry
Water uses
%oftotalwaterused
World water usage

• 66% of the human body is
made up of water
• We should drink at least
1½ litres of water a day.
• At just 2% dehydration your
performance decreases by
around 20%
• 66% of the human body is
made up of water
• We should drink at least
1½ litres of water a day.
• At just 2% dehydration your
performance decreases by
around 20%
Human need

Water Resources - Rainfall
• Annual average rainfall : 105 cm
• Largest in the world for a country
• River area = 3288000 km2
• Surface flow : 1880 km3 /700 km3 for beneficial
use
• Ground water : 600 Km3/420 km3 usable

Water Bodies
• River & Canals : 7420 Km
• Reservoir : 0.52 Lakh hectares
• Tanks, Lakes & ponds : 6.91 Lakh hectares
• Brackish Water : 0.56 Lakh hectares

• India’s total annual replinishable underground
fresh water is 433 BCM (km^3)
• 344 BCM through natural from rainfall
• 89 BCM from canal irrigation system
• There are 12 major river basins, the largest is
Gangetic Plain Aquifer with replinishable ground
water at 206 BCM or 48%.
• India has been reasonably rich in Ground water
and is one of the main reason of sustenance its
variety of life species
• http://www.indiastat.com/meteorologicaldata/22/rainfall/238/stats.aspx

Ground water
• Total potential : 431 km3 per year
• Drinking & Industrial purposes (16% of total
potential)
• 68% is still remaining untapped

Water consumed In 1990
• Fresh water (rain & snow) - 4,000 BCM, Most of
which returns to the seas via rivers.
• Surface and ground water - 1,869 BCM. Of this,
40 % is not available.
Groundwater
Consumption
• 92% - Agricultural
• 5% - Industrial
• 3% - Domestic.
Groundwater
Consumption
• 5% - Industrial
• 3% - Domestic.
Surface water
Consumption
• 2% - Industrial
• 9% - Domestic.
Surface water
Consumption
• 2% - Industrial
• 9% - Domestic.

Water consumed In 1990
• 25 BCM of water for domestic
• 460 BCM of water for agricultural
• 40 BCM of water for industrial (10 BCM as
process water + 30 BCM as cooling water)
• Total 525 BCM (km3)

2010 2025 2050
WATER
(BCM) Low H Low H Low High
Irrigation 543 557 561 611 628 807
Domestic 42 43 55 62 90 111
Industries 37 37 67 67 81 81
Power 18 19 31 33 70 70
Inland
Navigation 7 7 10 10 15 15
Flood Control Not available
Afforestation Not available
Environment /
Ecology 5 5 10 10 20 20
Evaporation
Losses 42 42 50 50 76 76
Total (BCM) 694 710 784 843 980 1180
• Water Demand is
rising, to grow 34% in
next 25 years
• Domestic/Industry
mix demand growing
faster than Irrigation
• Ground water
represents about
46% in Agriculture
Supply and 80% of
Domestic Supply.
And its Growing

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1 2 3 4 5
Demand,BCM
Use
Water Demand for Different Uses
1990
2025
2050
Irrigation Domestic Industry Power Others
Water demand
BCM – Billion cubic meter

Use of Water Resources
 Humans use about 54% of reliable runoff
 Agriculture
 Industry
 Domestic
 Power plants
United States
Industry 11%
Public 10%
Power
cooling
38%
Agriculture
38%

Water Consumption
# Country Average Usage per
day
1 Kenya 10 litres (3 gallons)
2 Canadian 326 litres (86 gallons)
3 American person 500 litres (132 gallons)
4 India 53 litres (14 gallons)
5 Japan 292 litres (77 gallons)
6 Switzerland 405 litres (107 gallons)

Water Usage
# Task Av. use in gallon
1 To make four car tires 2072
2 1 pound of plastic 24
3 To refine 1barrel of crude oil 1851
4 To produce 1 pound of potato 60
5 To produce 1 pound of wheat 108
6 To produce 1 pound soybean 240
7 To produce 1 pound of beef 12009
8 To produce 1 kg Sugarcane 800
9 Cotton per kg of fabric 7672
10 To produce 1 kg of Rice 1325
1 Gallon = 3.78 Lit

Uses of water
Five Designated Best uses of water bodies
Class Designated Best Use
A Used for drinking without any treatment
but with disinfections
B Used for outdoor bathing
C Used for drinking with treatment
D Used for propagation of wild life and
fisheries
E Used for irrigation, Cooling and controlled
waste disposal

Water Usability
Class Designated best use pH DO
(mg/L)
BOD
(mg/L)
MPN/
100 ml
A Drinking without
treatment, but chlorination
6.5 –
8.5
6 or
more
2 or
less
50
B Outdoor Bathing 6.5 –
8.5
5 or
more
3 or
less
500
C Drinking with treatment 6.5 –
8.5
4 or
more
3 or
less
5000
D Propagation of wild life,
fisheries
6.5 –
8.5
4 or
more
NA NA
E Irrigation, Industrial
cooling & controlled waste
disposal
6.0 –
8.5
NA NA NA

Drinking Water Quality
Indian Standards for Drinking Water Quality
S No Characteristics Acceptable Cause for
Rejection
1 Turbidity (NTU) 1 10
2 TDS (mg/L) 500 2000
3 Nitrates (mg/L) 45 45
4 E Coli Must not be detectable
5 Chromium
(mg/L)
0.05 0.05

Drinking Water Quality
Industrialization
&
Technology
Industrialization
&
Technology
LeadLead
MercuryMercury
Agri-PollutionAgri-Pollution
Drugs
&
Shampoo
Drugs
&
Shampoo
ChlorineChlorine ArsenicArsenic
FluorideFluoride
AluminumAluminum
Tap Water
RustRust

Water for Food–1 liter/calorie
Description Liters of Water
Daily Drinking Water 2 – 5 Liters of Water
Daily Household Use 20 – 500 Liters of Water
1kg of Grain 500 to 2,000 Liters of
Evapotranspiration (ET)
Livestock products
(meat, milk)
5,000 to 15,000 Liters of
ET

Sectoral water consumption is increasing due to
increased demand
Demand will double in the next 40 years
Water consumption

Highest Rain fall
Mawsynram & Cherrapunji is credited as highest
& second wettest place on Earth

Highest Rain fall
Mawsynram & Cherrapunji is credited as highest
& second wettest place on Earth
Country India
State Meghalaya
District East Khasi Hills
Elevation 1,484 m (4,869 ft)
Population (2011)
• Total 14,816
• Density 397/km2
(1,030/sq mi
)
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Precipitation 11,777 millimetres
(463.7 in)

Water use in India

Chemical Formula
• What is the chemical formula of water?
• The density of water is 1000 kg per m3
• It is measured in cubic foot, gallon (3.7854 lit),
liter, quart (0.9463 lit), cup, etc
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Oxygen
H2O
Liquid measuring
device

Water pH
7.2 - death7.2 - death
7.4 – normal7.4 – normal
blood pHblood pH
pH
 potential of Hydrogen ions
 is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity
“Without enough water, body goes acidic, goes
into fat storing.”

Water pH
pH Color Chart
4.5 6.5 7.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
Neutral
For clean
water
ACIDIC ALKALINE
SicknessSickness HealthHealth
pH of better quality of
mineral water – 8.5 to 9.5

Water & Earth
• What % of the Earth is made up of water?
• What % of water is Salt, Fresh, and Frozen?
• The Earth is made up of
approximately 70% water.
• 97% of that water is salt
water. Very little is water that
we use to drink & cook
• 2% of water is frozen.
• 1% of water is fresh water

Water & Body
• What % of our body is made up of water?
• Human body is made
up of ~ 60-70% water
• Medical source
documents that men
have 60% and women
have 50% water.

Water & Blood
• What percentage of blood is water?
• 92% of 55% which is 50.6%
• It is composed of blood cells suspended in a
liquid called blood plasma. Plasma, which
constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water
(92% by volume

Function of Water in body
• Identify main functions of water in the body’s
metabolic process.
• It delivers oxygen and nutrients to different parts
• It removes toxins and waste from the body
• Water also has other functions:
• Regulates body temperature through
perspiration
• Reduces friction between joints and facilitates
movement
• Acts as a cushion between organs to protect
• Facilitates normal functions of body processes.

Water & Body
• In what way the body lose water & How much?
• A person can live without food for weeks but life
cannot last more than few days without water .
• Human body is 60-70 % water. We take water
with food and drink, and lose it in urine, in
sweat, and in our breath (as water vapor)
• A person loses 1.89-2.83 lit of water every day
as a result of their normal body functions
• This much loss means if a person doesn't get
any fluids for about three days, they will die.
• 6-9 quarts (5.678-8.517 l) of water loss would
cause death.

Water & Body
• Percentage of overall water loss occurs when:
• Thirst is perceived.
• Strength and endurance decrease.
• Delirium and blurred vision become a problem
and you can not move.
• A person dies.

Water & Body
• In one day the person loses between 2 to 3
quarts of water through their urine, sweat, and
normal breathing. If a person doesn't replace
that lost water, then dehydration begins to
occur.
• At 1-2% dehydration, thirst is perceived. (.6-.9
quarts)
• At 5% dehydration, a person becomes hot and
tired, and strength and endurance decrease.
(1.5-2.25 quarts)
• At 10% dehydration, delirium & blurred vision
become a problem, can not move. (3-4.5 quarts)

Other Water Facts
• 1.2 billion people lack access to safe water,
• ~one-sixth of the world's population lack access
to adequate sanitation services.
• 6,000 die every day from diseases associated
with unsafe water, poor sanitation & hygiene.
• Unsafe water & sanitation cause an estimated
80 % of all diseases in the developing world.
• Women and girls tend to suffer the most as a
result of the lack of sanitation facilities.
• One flush of a Western toilet uses as much
water as the person in the developing world
uses for washing, drinking, cleaning & cooking.

Water facts..Continued
• Water use has grown at twice the rate of
population during the past century.
• The Middle East, North Africa and South Asia
are chronically short of water.
• In developing countries, as much as 90 percent
of waste water is discharged without treatment.
• Over pumping groundwater for drinking water
and irrigation has caused water levels to decline
by tens of meters in many regions, forcing
people to use low-quality water for drinking.

Water facts..Continued
• Losses of water through leakage, illegal hook-
ups and waste amount to about 50 percent of
water for drinking and 60 percent of water for
irrigation in developing countries.
• Floods affected more than 75 percent of all
people impacted by natural disasters during the
1990s and caused over 33 percent of the total
estimated costs of natural disasters.

Problems using Groundwater
 Water table lowering
 Depletion
 Subsidence
 Saltwater intrusion
 Chemical contamination
 Reduced stream flows

Water and sanitation
• Investments in safe drinking water and
improved sanitation show an improvement in
human health and economic productivity.
• Each person needs 20 to 50 liters of water free
of harmful chemical and microbial contaminants
each day for drinking and hygiene.
• It’s a challenge to providing this basic service to
large segments of the human population.

Water - Globally

Learning Objectives
• To understand that water is a global issue and
not just within certain countries
• That lack of water is not the only issue in water
insecurity and stress
• Access to sanitation is linked to poverty
• Development can hinder water quality, access
and supply

Human water needs
• In the US usage in gallons/person/day
• A person needs about 1 gallon water/day for
hydration
• Personal use - 188
• Additional 657 used for irrigation, industrial use
• Total per capita use is about 2000
gal/person/day
• If world’s water supply were 100 liters, the
usable supply would be about 0.5 tsp
(teaspoon)
• US has highest per capita water withdrawal,
followed by Canada, Australia, Russia, Japan

Distribution

Global water situation
• Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people
lack safe drinking water
• At least 5 million deaths per year can be
attributed to waterborne diseases.
• With over 70 percent of the planet covered by
oceans, people have long acted as if these
water bodies could serve as a limitless dumping
ground for wastes.

A very personal look at water
• What happens to water before you drink it?
• What happens to water after you dispose of it?
• Approximately 57% of Canadians are served by
wastewater treatment plants, compared with
74% of Americans, 86.5% of Germans, and
99% of Swedes.
• Approximately 99% of Swedes are served by
wastewater treatment plants

• The number of people with access to clean
water has doubled in the last 20 years.
• 1.1 billion people in the world still do not have
access to safe water. This is nearly 20% of the
population.
• The number of people with access to clean
water has doubled in the last 20 years.
• 1.1 billion people in the world still do not have
access to safe water. This is nearly 20% of the
population.
Clean water

The UN estimates
that by 2025, 75% of
the world population
won’t have reliable,
clean water.
The UN estimates
that by 2025, 75% of
the world population
won’t have reliable,
clean water.
Water future

Water Resources
• Over the last century
• Human population has increased 3x
• Global water withdrawal has increased 7x
• Per capita water withdrawal has increased 4x
• About one-sixth of the world’s people don’t have
easy access to safe water
• Most water resources are owned & managed
by governments as publicly owned resources

Water issue
Characteristic of Water Issues
• Water is an issue of many sectors such as
industry, environment, agriculture, etc
• It is the fundamental issue related to the human
security and social and economic development
• The strong leadership and commitment of the
national leaders are essential.

Global Water Issue
2.6
billion
not have access to proper sanitation facilities
(JMP Report, UNICEF/WHO 2006)
1.1
billion
not have access to proper drinking water
facilities (JMP Report, UNICEF/WHO 2006)
3.8
million
People die each year of water related
diseases(UN World Water Dev, 2006)
7 billion People in 60 countries will be facing water
shortage by the middle of 21st
century (UN
World Water Development 2003)
2 billion will suffer from food damage stemming from
population increase & climate change by the
middle of the 21st
century (UNU-EHS 2004)

Water Issues in Asia-Pacific
Water Supply and Sanitation
660 million people live without access to
safe drinking water.
1.9 billion people live without access to
basic sanitation.
Water-related Disaster
The region accounted for 80% of the world’s
total deaths due to water-related disasters
(2001-2005).
Water and Food
80% of water used for agriculture in the
region.
60% of the world’s population lives in the
region.
1986-1990
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
8,153
43,167
39,689
62,273
3,363
2,946
13,808
13,432
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Numberofpeoplekilled
(5-yearaverage)
year
Number of people killed by water-related disaster
other regions
Asia-Pacific
60 ％
80 ％

Too Little Water
 Dry climate
 Drought
 Desiccation
 Water stress
Acute shortage
Adequate supply
Shortage
Metropolitan regions with
population greater than 1 million

Interesting fact

Water consumption/ countries

Water consumption/use

Global Water Crisis

source: Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target : the urban and rural challenge of the decade
http://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/2007ImprovedAccessWaterSanitation/en/index.html
Access to Safe drinking water

Improved Drinking
Water Sources
Unimproved Drinking
Water Sources
-Piped water into
dwelling, plot or yard
-Public tap/standpipe
-Tubewell/borehole
-Protected dug well
-Protected spring
-Rainwater collection
-Unprotected dug well
-Unprotected spring
-Cart with small
tank/drum
-Bottled water
-Tanker-truch
-Surface water (river,
dm, lake, etc)
Access to Safe drinking water

source: Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target : the urban and rural challenge of the
decade
http://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/2007ImprovedAccessWaterSanitation/en/index.html
Access to improved Sanitation

Improved Sanitation
Facilities
Unimproved Sanitation
Facilities
-Flush or pour-flush to
piped sewer system,
septic tank and pit
latrine
-Ventilated improved pit
latrine
-Pit latrine with slab
-Composting toilet
-Flush or pour-flush to
elsewhere
-Pit latrine without slab
or open pit
-Bucket
-Hanging toilet / latrine
-No facilities or bush or
field
Access to improved Sanitation

Scarcity
1/3 of the world’s population live in basins that have to deal with water scarcity
We already inhabit a water scarce world

Most hungry and poor people live where water
challenges pose a constraint to food production
Hunger Goal Indicator: Prevalence of undernourished in
developing countries, percentage 2001/2002 (UNstat, 2005)
The semi-arid and arid tropics: 840 million malnourished people remaining
Challenge

Water Insecurity
Where do you feel there are areas in the world
that have issues of water Insecurity

Water Security Crisis
• 2nd world water forum in 2000 deemed water a
key issue
• Health, welfare and livelihoods depend on
secure supplies
• Demand and misuse are high
• World water forum

Asia and Pacific
• 1/3 of pop’n lacks access to clean drinking
water
• 500,000 infant related deaths through diarrhoea
• Levels of bacteria from human sources is 10x
higher than recommended levels
• Agriculture accounts for 90% of freshwater
withdrawals in S. Asia
• Aquifer depletion in Asia has reduced water
availability per capita by over half
• Withdrawals in W. Africa far exceed natural
replacement levels

Africa
• 25 out of the 57 countries will face either water
stress or scarcity by 2025
• Over 300 million lack access to clean water
• Sub Saharan Africa this is much worse with over
51% without safe water and 41% without
adequate sanitation
• Agriculture accounts for 88% of all groundwater
removed and has no protection

Europe and Central Asia
• Lack of access to clean water in E. Europe and
Central Asia
• Over half of all European cities over-exploit their
groundwater reserves
• Declining water quality in countries with
groundwater pollution (Aral Sea) – the Med and
Scandinavian Lakes

Latin America & Caribbean
• Groundwater contamination and depletion from
industrial, agriculture and mining waste
• Poor sanitation on 2% of sewage is treated in
Latin America
• Economic Scarcity with conflict over access and
use

North America
• Aquifer depletion in increasing due to urban
pop’n growth, develp’t of industry and
agriculture (Cotton in Texas)
• Water pollution from agricultural runoff has
contaminated some surface waters. (Salton
Sea)

Is that the whole world??

What can be done about this?

Emerging pattern
• The balance between human demand and
availability is precarious
• Access to clean water is not always guaranteed
when it should be a fundamental right
• Pop’n growth especially in the third world mean
prospects are not good.
• UN's world water development report

Millennium Development Goals
• In 2000 had a target to halve by 2015 the
proportion of people without access to
sustainable water supplies
• By 2005 only 12% of developing countries had
managed to do this
• In some LEDC’s fresh and waste water aren’t
even separated. (Cholera and dysentery)

How water is used
• In the western US, irrigation makes up 85% of
all water use
• 50% to grow food for livestock
• 35% to grow crops
• Not sustainable…cost of water is heavily
subsidized by the federal government

Key Areas-Direct Operations
• Virtually all business organizations utilize water
in the production of their goods & services, the
extent of use varies
• For instance, water-infrastructure companies
play a direct role in working with governments
and municipalities to manage water and
wastewater systems.
• In other cases, water is a primary ingredient in
an organization’s final product. Water is also
crucial in the manufacturing or development
process of many companies. In still others,
water is a primary resource in the supply chain.

• In areas of water stress, rapid industrialization
place significant demands on water resources.
• Therefore, we pledge to undertake the following
actions as appropriate & during the period
1.Conduct a comprehensive water-use
assessment (audits) to understand the extent to
which the company uses water in the direct
production of goods and services.
2.Set targets for operations related to water
conservation and waste-water treatment,
framed in a corporate cleaner production and
consumption strategy.

3. Seek to invest in and use new technologies to
achieve these goals.
4. Raise awareness of water sustainability within
corporate culture.
5. Include water sustainability considerations in
business decision-making – e.g., facility-siting,
due diligence, and production processes.

Benefit of saving
• Everyone will also get enough water to use
• Save water, reduce electricity & water bills, also
reduce maintenance efforts, time & cost
• Water harvesting
• Utilise Grey water
• Water efficient garden
• Using water efficient products
• No waiting or running behind tankers
• Save water and protect our environment

Benefit of saving
• Covering the swimming pool
• Lowers the pool temperature
• Decreases evaporation
• Prevents debris falling on the pool surface
• Reduce sunlight penetration, reduce amount
of chemicals needed to keep the pool clean.
• By covering your vehicles when not in use, use
less water & efforts for washing
• Water efficient gardens use plants that attract
native birds, makes it more enjoyable
• A water efficient garden directs water to where it
is needed, so no problem with runoff or erosion.

Benefit of saving
• Conserving water saves money allowing
marketing edge in a very competitive industry.
• Protecting valuable water resources maintains
competitive advantage.
• Enhance relationships with staff, customers and
the local community
• Enhance organization’s reputation as an
environmentally responsible employer
• Save on energy bills by reducing hot water
usage

Benefit of saving
• More water available for local streams,
wetlands, and their natural inhabitants
• Reducing impact on local water supplies and
systems
• Reduced pumping need reduces energy costs
• Decreased infrastructure requirements such as
maintenance and upgrades of equipment
• Reduced environmental risks associated with
wastewater
• Preparation of company for future water
restriction and increased water prices

Benefit of saving
• Water recycling and runoff management allows
further use of water for free
• Increase productivity- efficient water use leads
to greater returns per hectare.
• Improve whole farm efficiency and sustainability.
• Prevent deep drainage from over-watering.
• Saving money through reduced water costs and
more effective use of fertilizers
• Lower energy requirements for pumping less
water reduces costs.
• Decreases demand on local water supply.
• Allow farmers to maximize irrigated area

Benefit of saving
• Increased savings through reduced water and
pumping costs
• Reduced fertilizer application
• Lower energy requirements for pumping
• Reduced amount of drainage water and surface
runoff
• Additional water for expansion or trading
• Less impact on environment

What have we learnt
• There is no life without water
• Extremely small % of fresh & usable water is
available for human being out of total stock
• That water is a global issue and not just within
certain countries
• That lack of water is not the only issue, but also
water insecurity and water stress
• Access to sanitation is linked to poverty
• Development can hinder water quality, access
and supply
• Using water carefully could minimize the
scarcity

References
• www.wikipedia.org; www.google.com, www.slideshare.net
• Gannon; Osmond, , Humenik, Gale, Spooner, Agricultural Water Quality Water resource
• U.S.A. Environmental protection agency, washington, dc (usa)
• MacKenzie, SH The Ecosystem ISLAND PRESS, CA (USA), 1996, 240
• Water pollution and society ByDavid Krantz and Brad Kifferstein
• Water pollution, By Mahesh & Ram, By Shohail Motahir Choudhury, Prasen Raptan,Executive
Director,Jankalyana
• Living in the Environment, By G. Tyler Miller’s
• Authors Arnone Matteo,Belingheri Omar,Fasce Federico,Migliorino Lorenzo,Ernest Kyć,
• Michał Stolarski,Adam Chłąd,Kamil Tratkiewicz
• Water Pollution by Dr. B. Victor
• Refresher course on sewage treatment plant design by PAUL
• Trends and Scenarios in Agricultural Development by COLIN CHARTRES; International Water Management
Institute
• Diamond Energy Water. The close relationship between Water & Our Body. 19 April 2008
• <http://www.be-with-you.com/dew/WaterAndOurBody.html>.
• We Rise. Water Facts. Allabout_facts. 15 May 2008 <www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html>
• “Olympic Science: The Hydration Rate.” Popular Mechanics. August 2008. 68.
• Water Security: Leadership and Commitment by Shuichi Hirayama
• Environmental Pollutants By Dr.Rathnakar U.P.MD.DIH.PGDHM (K.M.C. Mangalore)
• Water Pollution By DiGiT
• Water Pollution & Cleanup By Andrew J Penniman
• Water Pollution by Home
• Air, Water and Soil pollution - By B.Tungalagtuya
• John Rodgers - Lecture 8: Water Pollution
• pppst.com
• kangenforall.com

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