The main Native American tribes involved in the Civil War were the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Sioux. While the Confederates tried to gain their support, most tribes remained neutral. Some Native Americans served as scouts for the Confederates. The Cherokee split into a minority faction that supported the Confederates led by Stand Watie and a majority faction that supported the North. After the war, treaties Native Americans had with the federal government were nullified, and conflicts over land continued.

1. Native American Involvement Romana Brennan

2. Who was mainly involved? The Indian tribes that were the most actively involved in the civil war were… Cherokee Creek Choctaw Chickasaw Seminole Sioux

3. Confeds. tried to win Indians (Cherokee and Creek) over, but they decided to remain neutral (As did most other Indian tribes) Many Native Americans ended up serving as scouts for Confeds.

4. Statistics Just under 3,600 Native Americans served in Union Army during war Nearly 90 engagements fought by US troops in West during war (most involved Native American tribes)

5. Cherokee Oct. 7, 1861: Albert Pike negotiated treaty w/ John Ross Treaty provided more generous terms than the other treaties w/ the US Gen. Chief Stand Watie: one of signers of treaty that agreed to removal of Cherokee from Oklahoma Territory This split the Cherokee into 2 minority: Confed. majority: North Watie: leader of minority party Watie: organized company, which then became a regiment: First Cherokee Mounted Rifles (fought @ Wilson’s Creek, …)

6. The Santee Sioux Led by Little Crow Summer of 1862: got into fight with settlers but lost Tried and found guilty 303 sentenced to death 16 sentenced to long terms in prison The rest of the Santee Sioux were arrested (1,700 people!)

7. Sioux cont… 1863: Santee Sioux were transported to a reservation in the Dakota Territory Same year Little Crow was killed (July 1863)

8. Battle of Pea Ridge Albert Pike started training 3 Confed. regiments of Native Americans March 1862: fought @ Battle of Pea Ridge but were scared off by Union counterattack After, Indian troop service was restricted to fights only in the Indian Territory http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTjsJb9E7MkcNFAx7pGL6WY6xSdKr9j0u92PONCI6ethK0VSWU-0g

9. Navajo & Mescalero Apache Oct. 1862: Gen. James H. Carleton ordered Col. Christopher Carson & 5 companies in the Dept. of New Mexico to begin operations against the Apache and Navajo (in the District of Arizona) Natives were captured & kept in the Bosque Redondo Reservation (in New Mexico Territory) If you resisted  killed Some Apaches escaped to Mexico Navajos showed more resistance

10. Apaches cont… Jan. to May, 1863: almost continuous fights in the New Mexico Territory (plan to control/contain Apaches)

11. Navajos cont… While that went on with the Apaches… Navajos tried to organize a peace agreement Agreement was rejected  struggle for their land started Federal troops: “scorched-earth policy”: destroyed farmland and forced Navajo to the point of starvation Surrendered one by one, some fled to the Canyon de Chelly …

12. Sand Creek Massacre Nov. 29, 1863: Colorado settlers asked Col. J. M. Chivington to punish raiders b/c settlers were frightened by the raids by the warriors in the area around Denver (raids b/c of reduced military presence in West) Chivington went w/ 900 volunteer militiamen & attacked village of ≈ 500+ Arapaho and Cheyenne natives http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSN__Lf-bdPW22BhGubjFWwSIeP9TdtBu5VPp02ySZqz4im9a9O1A

13. “The Long Walk” Traveled in 1864 11,468 Navajos held @ Ft. Canby & marched to Bosque Redondo Reservation (425 miles away) Said to have caused the death of about 3,000 Navajos Within 2 years of being at the reservation, another 2,000 Navajos died http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ7gCnjPOanqNtA3Rj1amaN3AWRKU4u9vv_dDPqKU5DZgSKeMXn

14. After the Civil War White #s in West rose to new levels A lot of financial crises depressions hit the East Men who couldn’t find work in the cities joined the army Native Americans continued to get into smaller fights (defending land, etc.) After war, treaties Native Americans had w/ fed. gov’t were nullified