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What's governance and
what's it for?
Dealing with the knowledge turn in
public architecture and urban design
Challenge the future
SpatialPlanning
&Strategy
Prepared by Roberto Rocco
Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy. Dep. of Urbanism
TU Delft
What do theories of
knowledge , communication and
power tell us about activities
as designers of urban places?
Sir Peter Hall said:
It is easier to
send a man to
the moon than to
plan and design
a city
Urban planners and designers are
moving away from ideas about
superciliousness of the profession.
We don’t know it
all!
We are also moving away
from ideas like the ‘ideal city’
Fra Carnevale, Ideal City, ca. 1480-84
which have influenced urban design thought for so long
Le Corbusier, Ville Radieuse, 1931
Or are we?
The main task for urban planners and designers
is to act as articulators of spatial visions and
solutions for sustainable and fair futures
Foster + Partners, Duisburg City Masterplan, Duisburg, Germany, 2007.The new masterplan for the inner city of Duisburg builds on the success of Foster + Partners’ Inner Harbour
redevelopment and will strengthen Duisburg’s transformation into a vibrant, green and sustainable city.Available at: http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1443/Default.aspx
Spatial visions and plans that...
Deliver sustainable and
fair futures
Increase public goods
Redistribute gains
Increase life chances
and prosperity
Planners and designers do not “make”
cities. They are one of the agents that
act in order to steer the city
Video shot of SIMCITY Feb 29th 2012 11:14 AM by Jeroen Amin
Foucault Merleau-Ponty
Habermas
Cherry picking concepts?
Theories of Knowledge and Power
Necessary elements to understand
the discourse about governance and
what it is for
His theory of practical knowledge identifies
human interaction as ‘communicative action’ and
describes the political world as a basically
communicational world. Knowledge is eminently
inter-subjective and relational.
Habermas
Foucault
He describes the (largely
false) distinction between
competent and incompetent
agents.
Some agents are deemed
‘incompetent’ by the
established powers as a way
to legitimate power
structures.
We need therefore to explore
‘other’ knowledges.
Ponty’s phenomenology
describes our cognitive
limitations to form ideas,
which means that our ‘points
of view’ results in limited
capacity to apprehend all the
‘sides’ of a problem.
It is necessary therefore to
multiply the points of view to
have ‘true’ knowledge.
Merleau-Ponty
If we assume that...
Knowledge is INTER-
SUBJECTIVE, as it happens
between two or more
reasoning beings
I You
It is easy to assume that
Knowledge is communicative, that
is, only through communication
can we achieve knowledge that is
relevant or ‘usable’ or even TRUE
Knowledge needs to be
communicated and explained
in order to become tangible ,
transmissible and verifiable
Even EXPERIENTIAL
KNOWLEDGE (acquired by
experience or LEARNING BY
DOING) needs to materialise into
actions, things or words that then
need to be discussed and
measured against other
knowledge in order to become
operational in the physical world.
Otherwise
One can never
know whether what
one has is true
knowledge or just
pure fancy
Knowledge that exists only in
your mind is IRRELEVANT
Because it is not
operating in the world
It is more than validation
It is not only about validating knowledge.
Communicating knowledge will make it EXIST
in the world and BE USEFUL.
Communicating knowledge will also CHANGE
YOUR knowledge, YOU and the person you are
communicating with.
But what (the hell)
does this have to do
with spatial planning
and urban design?
If we acknowledge that urban
planners and designers are
part of complex systems of
governance
Like so
Private
Sector
Civil
Society
Public
Sector
Civil
Public
Sector
Coalitions
between sectors
and within sectors
Urban planners
&
Designers
And if we then assume that...
Urban planning and designing are
inter subjective activities, where it is
all about understanding the wishes
and aspirations of multiple stake
holders to help them achieve THEIR
objectives...
...while promoting prosperity,
public goods, equal distribution
of spatial opportunities and
avoiding negative externalities
Then we must conclude that any
project or spatial intervention
needs to have some degree of
participation of those stake holders
This means that group or
sectorial needs and wishes
must be articulated into
plans and designs that
maximize the common good
Why is this
problematic?
Photo by Sarah Cass at Flickr
There are no neutral or purely ‘technical’
parameters or agents in urban development.
All decisions in urban development are political
decisions, including yours
(although you will certainly guide them by
technical, ethical, aesthetic, economic and other
parameters)
Urban development lies
within the realm of
politics, interests and
negotiations. Knowledge
and power are side by
side, like in everything
else.
Photo by epsos.de at Flickr
The problem is
that not everyone has a
voice in urban development.
Some agents are more vocal
(powerful) than
others..
Not everybody
has access to relevant
knowledge
Photo by Sarah Cass at Flickr
Worse
still: the knowledge of
some groups is considered
irrelevant or is not
recognized as
knowledge
Photo by Sarah Cass at Flickr
Children
Young girl by CubaGallery at Flickr
Mothers
Pregnant woman by IzdelavaVabil at Flickr
©RonaldVogel
The elderly
The homeless
Homeless man in Tokyo by theeruditefrog at Flickr
Immigrants
Diversity in the workplace, available at http://www.siop2011.com/category/diversity/
White Heterosexual
Western Male
Technocrat
anything but... Robert Moses
Image source: http://www.newmuseum.org/blog/view/ideas-city-istanbul-or-how-to-obtain-a-building-permit-for-central-park
Governance
Governance (normative)
Private
Sector
Civil
Society
Public
Sector
Positive tension: checks and balances
Governance (descriptive)
Private
Sector
Civil
Society
Public
Sector
Civil
Public
Sector
Coalitions
between sectors
and within sectors
Urban planners
&
Designers
What does governance respond to?
Knowledge is eminently
inter-subjective and
relational.
We need
to explore ‘other’ kinds of
knowledge.
It is necessary to multiply the
points of view.
Governance entails
an
understanding of
how policy making and
implementation happens
in complex societies,
among a multitude of
agents with different
capacities, different
knowledges and
different
objectives
Changes in governing
(& planning and designing for cities)
Emergence of a particular style of
decision-making where there must
be sustained co-ordination and
coherence among a wide variety of
actors with different purposes and
views of society, different types of
knowledge and different objectives.
Adapted from Papadopoulos, 2007
Multilevel governance
‘Involves a large number
of decision-making
arenas, differentiated
along both functional and
territorial lines and
interlinked in a non-
hierarchical way’
Eberlein and Kerwer, 2004
Network governance
Policy-making and implementation is
‘shared’ by:
politicians, technocrats, experts,
dedicated agencies, authorities, semi
private and private companies, the
public, NGOs, etc
which constitute NETWORKS of policy
and decision making across levels,
territories, mandates
Governance (normative)
Private
Sector
Civil
Society
Public
Sector
Positive tension: checks and balances
Policy formulation and implementation
Networks involving:
• public actors (politicians and
administrators) in different decision levels
• technocrats
• economic agents
• interest representatives (civil + corporate)
• OTHER STAKEHOLDERS (CIVIL SOCIETY)
experts (e.g. planners)
New forms of steering complex governance
networks
Deliberation
Bargaining
Compromise-
seeking
How?
For inspiration: Candy Chang
http://candychang.com
Thanks for listening!
Questions?
References
ALBRECHTS, L., HEALEY, P. & KUNZMANN, K. R. 2003. Strategic Spatial Planning and Regional Governance in Europe.
Journal of the American Planning Association, 69, 113-129.
EBERLEIN, B. & KERWER, D. 2004. New Governance in the European Union: A Theoretical Perspective. Journal of Common
Market Studies, 42, 128.
FAINSTEIN, S. 2000. New Directions in Planning Theory. Urban Affairs Review, 35, 451-478.
FAINSTEIN, S. 2010. The Just City, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
FOUCAULT, M. 1984. The Foucault Reader, New York, Pantheon.
HABERMAS, J. 1976. Communication and the Evolution of Society, Boston, Beacon Press.
HABERMAS, J. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Boston, MIT Press.
HARVEY, D. 2008. The Right to the City. New Left Review. New Left Review.
HARVEY, D. 2009. Social Justice and the City, Athens (GA), The University of Georgia Press.
HEALEY, P. 1997. Collaborative Planning: Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies, Vancouver, UBC Press.
HEALEY, P. 2003. The communicative turn in planning theory and its implications for spatial strategy formation. In:
CAMPBELL, S. & FAINSTEIN, S. (eds.) Readings in Planning Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
HILLIER, J. & HEALEY, P. 2008. Contemporary Movements in Planning Theory, Aldershot, Ashgate.
LEFEBVRE, H. 1996. Writings on Cities, Oxford, Blackwell.
MERLEAU-PONTY, M. 2012. Phenomenology of Perception, New York Routledge.
MITCHELL, D. 2003. The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space, New York, Guilford.
PAPADOPOULOS, Y. 2007. Problems of Democratic Accountability in Network and Multilevel Governance. European Law
Journal, 13, 469-486.
RHODES, R. A. W. 1996. The New Governance: Governing without Government. Political Studies, XLIV, 652-667.
SEHESTED, K. 2009. Urban Planners as Network Managers and Metagovernors. Planning Theory and Practice, 10, 245-263.
SOJA, E. 2010. Seeking Spatial Justice, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
This presentation is available at
www.issuu.com/robertorocco
Prepared by Roberto Rocco
Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy,
TU Delft
for information, please contact r.c.rocco@tudelft.nl
What is governance and what's it for?
What is governance and what's it for?
What is governance and what's it for?
What is governance and what's it for?
What is governance and what's it for?
What is governance and what's it for?
What is governance and what's it for?
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What is governance and what's it for?
What is governance and what's it for?
What is governance and what's it for?

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What is governance and what's it for?

  • 1. What's governance and what's it for? Dealing with the knowledge turn in public architecture and urban design Challenge the future SpatialPlanning &Strategy Prepared by Roberto Rocco Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy. Dep. of Urbanism TU Delft
  • 2. What do theories of knowledge , communication and power tell us about activities as designers of urban places?
  • 3. Sir Peter Hall said: It is easier to send a man to the moon than to plan and design a city
  • 4. Urban planners and designers are moving away from ideas about superciliousness of the profession. We don’t know it all!
  • 5. We are also moving away from ideas like the ‘ideal city’ Fra Carnevale, Ideal City, ca. 1480-84
  • 6. which have influenced urban design thought for so long Le Corbusier, Ville Radieuse, 1931
  • 8. The main task for urban planners and designers is to act as articulators of spatial visions and solutions for sustainable and fair futures Foster + Partners, Duisburg City Masterplan, Duisburg, Germany, 2007.The new masterplan for the inner city of Duisburg builds on the success of Foster + Partners’ Inner Harbour redevelopment and will strengthen Duisburg’s transformation into a vibrant, green and sustainable city.Available at: http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1443/Default.aspx
  • 9. Spatial visions and plans that... Deliver sustainable and fair futures Increase public goods Redistribute gains Increase life chances and prosperity
  • 10. Planners and designers do not “make” cities. They are one of the agents that act in order to steer the city Video shot of SIMCITY Feb 29th 2012 11:14 AM by Jeroen Amin
  • 13. Theories of Knowledge and Power Necessary elements to understand the discourse about governance and what it is for
  • 14. His theory of practical knowledge identifies human interaction as ‘communicative action’ and describes the political world as a basically communicational world. Knowledge is eminently inter-subjective and relational. Habermas
  • 15. Foucault He describes the (largely false) distinction between competent and incompetent agents. Some agents are deemed ‘incompetent’ by the established powers as a way to legitimate power structures. We need therefore to explore ‘other’ knowledges.
  • 16. Ponty’s phenomenology describes our cognitive limitations to form ideas, which means that our ‘points of view’ results in limited capacity to apprehend all the ‘sides’ of a problem. It is necessary therefore to multiply the points of view to have ‘true’ knowledge. Merleau-Ponty
  • 17. If we assume that... Knowledge is INTER- SUBJECTIVE, as it happens between two or more reasoning beings I You
  • 18. It is easy to assume that Knowledge is communicative, that is, only through communication can we achieve knowledge that is relevant or ‘usable’ or even TRUE
  • 19. Knowledge needs to be communicated and explained in order to become tangible , transmissible and verifiable
  • 20. Even EXPERIENTIAL KNOWLEDGE (acquired by experience or LEARNING BY DOING) needs to materialise into actions, things or words that then need to be discussed and measured against other knowledge in order to become operational in the physical world.
  • 21. Otherwise One can never know whether what one has is true knowledge or just pure fancy
  • 22. Knowledge that exists only in your mind is IRRELEVANT Because it is not operating in the world
  • 23. It is more than validation It is not only about validating knowledge. Communicating knowledge will make it EXIST in the world and BE USEFUL. Communicating knowledge will also CHANGE YOUR knowledge, YOU and the person you are communicating with.
  • 24. But what (the hell) does this have to do with spatial planning and urban design?
  • 25. If we acknowledge that urban planners and designers are part of complex systems of governance
  • 27. And if we then assume that... Urban planning and designing are inter subjective activities, where it is all about understanding the wishes and aspirations of multiple stake holders to help them achieve THEIR objectives...
  • 28. ...while promoting prosperity, public goods, equal distribution of spatial opportunities and avoiding negative externalities
  • 29. Then we must conclude that any project or spatial intervention needs to have some degree of participation of those stake holders
  • 30. This means that group or sectorial needs and wishes must be articulated into plans and designs that maximize the common good
  • 31. Why is this problematic? Photo by Sarah Cass at Flickr
  • 32. There are no neutral or purely ‘technical’ parameters or agents in urban development. All decisions in urban development are political decisions, including yours (although you will certainly guide them by technical, ethical, aesthetic, economic and other parameters)
  • 33. Urban development lies within the realm of politics, interests and negotiations. Knowledge and power are side by side, like in everything else.
  • 34. Photo by epsos.de at Flickr The problem is that not everyone has a voice in urban development. Some agents are more vocal (powerful) than others..
  • 35. Not everybody has access to relevant knowledge Photo by Sarah Cass at Flickr
  • 36. Worse still: the knowledge of some groups is considered irrelevant or is not recognized as knowledge Photo by Sarah Cass at Flickr
  • 37. Children Young girl by CubaGallery at Flickr
  • 38. Mothers Pregnant woman by IzdelavaVabil at Flickr
  • 40. The homeless Homeless man in Tokyo by theeruditefrog at Flickr
  • 41. Immigrants Diversity in the workplace, available at http://www.siop2011.com/category/diversity/
  • 42. White Heterosexual Western Male Technocrat anything but... Robert Moses Image source: http://www.newmuseum.org/blog/view/ideas-city-istanbul-or-how-to-obtain-a-building-permit-for-central-park
  • 46. What does governance respond to? Knowledge is eminently inter-subjective and relational. We need to explore ‘other’ kinds of knowledge. It is necessary to multiply the points of view.
  • 47. Governance entails an understanding of how policy making and implementation happens in complex societies, among a multitude of agents with different capacities, different knowledges and different objectives
  • 48. Changes in governing (& planning and designing for cities) Emergence of a particular style of decision-making where there must be sustained co-ordination and coherence among a wide variety of actors with different purposes and views of society, different types of knowledge and different objectives. Adapted from Papadopoulos, 2007
  • 49. Multilevel governance ‘Involves a large number of decision-making arenas, differentiated along both functional and territorial lines and interlinked in a non- hierarchical way’ Eberlein and Kerwer, 2004
  • 50. Network governance Policy-making and implementation is ‘shared’ by: politicians, technocrats, experts, dedicated agencies, authorities, semi private and private companies, the public, NGOs, etc which constitute NETWORKS of policy and decision making across levels, territories, mandates
  • 52. Policy formulation and implementation Networks involving: • public actors (politicians and administrators) in different decision levels • technocrats • economic agents • interest representatives (civil + corporate) • OTHER STAKEHOLDERS (CIVIL SOCIETY) experts (e.g. planners)
  • 53. New forms of steering complex governance networks Deliberation Bargaining Compromise- seeking
  • 54. How?
  • 55. For inspiration: Candy Chang http://candychang.com
  • 57. References ALBRECHTS, L., HEALEY, P. & KUNZMANN, K. R. 2003. Strategic Spatial Planning and Regional Governance in Europe. Journal of the American Planning Association, 69, 113-129. EBERLEIN, B. & KERWER, D. 2004. New Governance in the European Union: A Theoretical Perspective. Journal of Common Market Studies, 42, 128. FAINSTEIN, S. 2000. New Directions in Planning Theory. Urban Affairs Review, 35, 451-478. FAINSTEIN, S. 2010. The Just City, Ithaca, Cornell University Press. FOUCAULT, M. 1984. The Foucault Reader, New York, Pantheon. HABERMAS, J. 1976. Communication and the Evolution of Society, Boston, Beacon Press. HABERMAS, J. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Boston, MIT Press. HARVEY, D. 2008. The Right to the City. New Left Review. New Left Review. HARVEY, D. 2009. Social Justice and the City, Athens (GA), The University of Georgia Press. HEALEY, P. 1997. Collaborative Planning: Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies, Vancouver, UBC Press. HEALEY, P. 2003. The communicative turn in planning theory and its implications for spatial strategy formation. In: CAMPBELL, S. & FAINSTEIN, S. (eds.) Readings in Planning Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. HILLIER, J. & HEALEY, P. 2008. Contemporary Movements in Planning Theory, Aldershot, Ashgate. LEFEBVRE, H. 1996. Writings on Cities, Oxford, Blackwell. MERLEAU-PONTY, M. 2012. Phenomenology of Perception, New York Routledge. MITCHELL, D. 2003. The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space, New York, Guilford. PAPADOPOULOS, Y. 2007. Problems of Democratic Accountability in Network and Multilevel Governance. European Law Journal, 13, 469-486. RHODES, R. A. W. 1996. The New Governance: Governing without Government. Political Studies, XLIV, 652-667. SEHESTED, K. 2009. Urban Planners as Network Managers and Metagovernors. Planning Theory and Practice, 10, 245-263. SOJA, E. 2010. Seeking Spatial Justice, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
  • 58. This presentation is available at www.issuu.com/robertorocco Prepared by Roberto Rocco Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy, TU Delft for information, please contact r.c.rocco@tudelft.nl