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Modèles phylogénétiques de la diversification des langues Robin J. Ryder CEREMADE – Paris Dauphine / CREST - INSEE Travaux effectués avec Geoff K. Nicholls au Département de Statistiques, Université d'Oxford www.slideshare.net/robinryder/nice
Carles li reis, nostre emper[er]e magnes Set anz tuz pleins ad estet en Espaigne : Tresqu’en la mer cunquist la tere altaigne. N’i ad castel ki devant lui remaigne ; Mur ne citet n’i est remes a fraindre, Fors Sarraguce, ki est en une muntaigne. Chanson de Roland , 1r (XIème siècle)
La plus commune façon d'amollir les coeurs de ceux qu'on a offensez, lors qu'ayant la vengeance en main, ils nous tiennent à leur mercy, c'est de les esmouvoir par submission à commiseration et à pitié. Montaigne,  Essais , I, 1 (1580)
Tes yeux sont si profonds qu'en me penchant pour boire J'ai vu tous les soleils y venir se mirer S'y jeter à mourir tous les désespérés Tes yeux sont si profonds que j'y perds la mémoire Aragon,  Les Yeux d'Elsa  (1942)
Et la piaule swingue au son du ghetto, on tape à la porte Chill c'est trop fort ! baisse le son merde ! j'connais A chaque fois c'est pareil tant pis il faut qu'ça pète Et profite en traître des nouveaux albums qu'Rod m'achète Akhénaton,  Juste une pression  (2005)
Similarités entre langues
Langues Indo-Européennes
Diversification des langues ,[object Object]
Des similarités entre langues peuvent donner une indication qu'elles sont cousines
Modèle le plus commun : arbre
 
Questions à résoudre ,[object Object]
Âge des nœuds internes
Âge de la racine : 6000-6500 BP ou 8000-9500 BP ?
Vocabulaire de base ,[object Object]
Possibilité d'emprunt (l'évolution ne suit pas un arbre), mais :
"Facile" à détecter
Rare
Peu d'influence sur les résultats
Données binaires ,[object Object]
Allemand  :  See ,  Meer
Français :  mer
Italien :  mare
Grec :  thalasa Classes de cognats : 1. {sea, See} 2. {Meer, mer, mare} 3. {thalasa}
Contraintes ,[object Object]
30 contraintes sur l'âge de certains nœuds ou langues anciennes
Ces contraintes sont nécessaires pour évaluer les taux et permettre de dater la racine.
 
Description du modèle‏ ,[object Object]
Les traits disparaissent à un taux μ
λ et μ sont constants
Description du modèle (2)‏ ,[object Object]
Lors d'une catastrophe, chaque trait disparaît avec une probabilité κ et Poiss(ν) traits naissent.
λ/μ=ν/κ : le nombre de traits est constant en moyenne.
Description du modèle (3)‏ ,[object Object]
Certains traits ne sont pas observés et ne sont donc pas inclus dans les données
Processus d'observation
Processus d'observation
Processus d'observation
Processus d'observation
Inférence bayésienne ,[object Object]
La vraisemblance donne une distribution a posteriori.
Distribution a posteriori
Calcul de vraisemblance
Chaîne de Markov Monte Carlo ,[object Object]
On construit une chaîne de Markov dont la distribution à l'équilibre est la distribution cherchée.
Chaîne de Markov Monte Carlo
Test sur des données synthétiques Vrai arbre, ~40 mots/langue Arbre consensus
Test sur des données synthétiques (2)‏ Taux de disparition (μ)

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Modèles phylogénétiques de la diversification des langues