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Metadata 101
   Introduction
   What is metadata
   Types of metadata
   Examples of metadata usage
   Metadata for everyone!
   Questions and wrap-up




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
                                While programming languages are the
                                   engines which run the web and the software
                                   we use, metadata is akin to street signs or
                                   maps – communicating to people, software,
                                   and other computer languages.

                                This communication can be information about
                                   the content (descriptive), about its technical
                                   specifications or creation.

                                Metadata is truly everywhere – often
                                   hidden behind the tools and online products
                                   we use.


Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
APIs are programming
                                                                 interfaces which
                                                                 facilitate communication




                                         MARC can be exported as XML and Non MARC metadata is often
                                         written in XML, a flexible programming language.




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
  Types of metadata:
        Descriptive
        Structural
        Administrative


        Many forms of metadata include elements of each of
         these; however it is dependent upon the schema.
        A schema is a set of rules covering the elements and
         requirements for coding. Examples of schemas include
         Dublin Core, TEI, EAD, and others.


Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101                                                                  METS is a
                                                                                 standard which
                                                                                 includes
                                                                                 administrative,
                                                                                 descriptive &
                                                                                 structural
                                                                                 metadata.




                                                          Karen Coyle 2004,
                                                          http://www.kcoyle.net/meta_purpose.html
Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
    Descriptive metadata describes a resource for purposes such
     as discovery and identification.
    It can include elements such as title, abstract, author, and
     keywords. Keywords can include tags (generally uncontrolled
     vocabulary) and/or controlled vocabulary such as LC subject
     headings. Keywords is probably one of the most used terms
     on the web and its meaning is context based.




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
   Examples of descriptive metadata include
         MARC bibliographic records;
         Tags, titles, and notes in flickr , del.ici.ous, and other social
            networking sites;
           metadata embedded in the code of websites;
           and other tagging projects such as steve.museum, OCLC
            worldcat.org, LibraryThing, some digital library projects;
           … really any website where a user (or authorized user, such as a
            cataloger or member participant) can create or edit description,
            keywords/tags, title, creator information and more.
           Let’s look at just a few of these focusing on the descriptive
            metadata…


Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
       A few examples:
                                                          A MARC bib record from the
                                                          OPAC view of a GIL catalog.




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
       The metadata generated by catalogers within a
        MARC bibliographic record is considered descriptive
        metadata. It provides information about the item, from
        its title and creator to its format to appropriate LCSH
        or Sears subject headings (controlled vocabulary
        keywords) assigned by the cataloger.
       How that metadata is interpreted is dependent upon
        the software or programming language.




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
  Many digital projects from databases to websites allow
   (and even require) the cataloger to create or edit
   administrative or structural metadata. Archivists’ Toolkit is
   one software used by catalogers which creates all types
   of metadata.
  Metadata from these databases can often be cross-
   walked. An example of cross-walking is creating a MARC
   record from a non-MARC format and then importing the
   derived record into a MARC based library catalog, such
   as GIL.


Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
      Let's look at one simple example of cross-walking
      For the Electronic Theses & Dissertations at UGA, an
         appropriately coded metadata record from a MySQL
         database can be translated into a MARC record and
         loaded into a Voyager catalog, with the end result
         being an acceptable MARC bibliographic record.




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Note: The MARC
designated fields.

Cataloger’s workform
interface to the
MySQL db.
Note: The
indicators and
field tags are
populated.
The record
Metadata 101                                       imported into GIL.




      Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101,
      robinfay.net
Metadata 101
                                               Although catalogers create, edit and
                                                use metadata everyday, metadata
                                                goes far beyond the library catalog
                                                or even the library website.
                                               Metadata generation and editing
                                                beyond the library catalog is a
                                                common place activity for many
                                                internet users these days, including
                                                you! If you are not creating metadata
                                                on the Internet, you are using it to
                                                search google and other search
                                                engines.
Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Web designers also create
                                                          metadata to describe the website
   Metadata 101                                           and its content. LC Subject headings
                                                          can be coded into the meta tags.
                                                          Many websites now carry rights
                                                          metadata (administrative).




Metadata for a website is either created by the user when building the website or hand-
coded into the HTML. Some search engines use these keywords to varying degrees.

Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101

                                                          A steve museum record.
                                                          Steve.museum is open to
                                                          art educators and others;
                                                          membership is required
                                                          to tag. This is user
                                                          generated metadata.




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Worldcat.org offers both user
                                     contributed metadata (tags) and
                                     authority contributed controlled
                                     metadata (subject headings,
                                     authorized forms of names &
                                     entities, etc.)




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101,
robinfay.net
Library thing – user
                                             generated
                                             cataloging




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101,
robinfay.net
Metadata 101
                                                          Microsoft has been
                                                          adding metadata to the
                                                          its documents for years;
                                                          often based upon which
                                                          user created the
                                                          document. Newer
                                                          versions allow this
                                                          information to be
                                                          changed more easily.
                                                          PDF creators also allow
                                                          the creation and editing
                                                          of metadata.

Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
 Structural metadata defines the
  relationship between whole and
  parts.
 Structural metadata can also be
  used for navigational purposes.
  Structural metadata would include
  links to related files.




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Descriptive
                                                metadata




                                             Administrative &
                                                Structural




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101,
robinfay.net
Metadata 101
      Administrative metadata provides information to help
       manage a resource, such as when and how it was
       created, file type and other technical information, and
       who can access it.
      Subsets of administrative metadata exist but two
       commons ones are
             Rights management metadata, which deals with
              intellectual property rights,
             and preservation metadata, which contains information
              needed to archive and preserve a resource.


Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Descriptive
   metadata




Administrative
 metadata
Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Many different tools are
                                                           available for users to create
  Metadata 101                                            metadata – help for flickr users




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
                                                           Note: The
                                                           association
                                                           of tagging
                                                          as metadata




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
DC Metadata
                                                          generator -- help
                                                          for web editors &
                                                              designers


                                                          Other fields in the
                                                          generator include
                                                          Date of coverage,
                                                          copyright & format.




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
   We can rate, tag -- add keywords (even use
    controlled vocabulary in some cases), assign or flag for
    appropriate audience level, define genre, and more.
   User generated metadata is generally created
    through an interface on a website and primarily
    descriptive; however, many sites are beginning to
    allow and encourage rights statements (administrative)
    as well as other elements of administrative and
    structural metadata.



Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
 Concerns and thoughts
   Much of the current discussion about metadata
    (tagging/keywords, controlled headings vs. non-controlled
    headings, OCLC Community Expert Experiment, etc.) centers
    upon the potential differences in quality of user generated
    metadata.
   As with any user group, there are varying levels of
    expertise and understanding of the subject.
   Metadata can be good or bad.
   Keywords have been terribly misused in the SEO (Search
    Engine Optimization) community – leading not only to false
    results when searching but also spam and phishing attempts

   Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
      Many collaborative websites (social networking) such
       as Wikipedia rely on the collective expertise of the
       group -- the “true” or accurate information will rise to
       the top.
      Untrue or irrelevant information will either sink to the
       bottom (fewer hits, bad reviews, marked for review,
       etc.) or will be revised by more expert opinions. For
       the most part, this works fairly well; however, there
       are drawbacks and quality control is an ongoing issue.



Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101
 Taking the human element out (beyond the
  programmers who wrote the scripts for harvesting)
  machine derived metadata offers the opportunity to
  create large chunks of metadata with minimal human
  effort
 However, machine derived metadata may not be able
  to distinguish subtleties perceivable to the human eye
  and mind – at least, until AI is truly viable
 Duplicates and erroneous information may occur



              Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101,
              robinfay.net
Metadata 101
   Metadata to the world !
   All of the metadata we (the world) creates is mined in
    some form or another. Search engines, document
    processing software, library catalogs, websites, digital
    portals, even our desktop computer’s indexing is mining our
    information
   The Web provides almost endless possibilities to share
    resources and digital objects.
   Library catalogs mirror general practices on the web; as
    more sites not only allow users to create metadata, sites
    are beginning to create user created resources, too.


Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
Metadata 101: Wrap-up
 Types of metadata:
       Descriptive
       Structural
       Administrative


       Many forms of metadata include elements of each of
        these; however it is dependent upon the schema.
       A schema is a set of rules covering the elements and
        requirements for coding. DC (Dublin Core) is one example
        of a metadata schema.


Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
 All presentation materials will be available at
  http://robinfay.net/site/content/metadata-101-presentation
 Links @
  http://delicious.com/georgiawebgurl/metadata_presentation
 Questions?




Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net

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Metadata an overview

  • 1. Metadata 101  Introduction  What is metadata  Types of metadata  Examples of metadata usage  Metadata for everyone!  Questions and wrap-up Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 2. Metadata 101  While programming languages are the engines which run the web and the software we use, metadata is akin to street signs or maps – communicating to people, software, and other computer languages.  This communication can be information about the content (descriptive), about its technical specifications or creation.  Metadata is truly everywhere – often hidden behind the tools and online products we use. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 3. APIs are programming interfaces which facilitate communication MARC can be exported as XML and Non MARC metadata is often written in XML, a flexible programming language. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 4. Metadata 101  Types of metadata:  Descriptive  Structural  Administrative  Many forms of metadata include elements of each of these; however it is dependent upon the schema.  A schema is a set of rules covering the elements and requirements for coding. Examples of schemas include Dublin Core, TEI, EAD, and others. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 5. Metadata 101 METS is a standard which includes administrative, descriptive & structural metadata. Karen Coyle 2004, http://www.kcoyle.net/meta_purpose.html Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 6. Metadata 101  Descriptive metadata describes a resource for purposes such as discovery and identification.  It can include elements such as title, abstract, author, and keywords. Keywords can include tags (generally uncontrolled vocabulary) and/or controlled vocabulary such as LC subject headings. Keywords is probably one of the most used terms on the web and its meaning is context based. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 7. Metadata 101  Examples of descriptive metadata include  MARC bibliographic records;  Tags, titles, and notes in flickr , del.ici.ous, and other social networking sites;  metadata embedded in the code of websites;  and other tagging projects such as steve.museum, OCLC worldcat.org, LibraryThing, some digital library projects;  … really any website where a user (or authorized user, such as a cataloger or member participant) can create or edit description, keywords/tags, title, creator information and more.  Let’s look at just a few of these focusing on the descriptive metadata… Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 8. Metadata 101  A few examples: A MARC bib record from the OPAC view of a GIL catalog. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 9. Metadata 101  The metadata generated by catalogers within a MARC bibliographic record is considered descriptive metadata. It provides information about the item, from its title and creator to its format to appropriate LCSH or Sears subject headings (controlled vocabulary keywords) assigned by the cataloger.  How that metadata is interpreted is dependent upon the software or programming language. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 10. Metadata 101  Many digital projects from databases to websites allow (and even require) the cataloger to create or edit administrative or structural metadata. Archivists’ Toolkit is one software used by catalogers which creates all types of metadata.  Metadata from these databases can often be cross- walked. An example of cross-walking is creating a MARC record from a non-MARC format and then importing the derived record into a MARC based library catalog, such as GIL. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 11. Metadata 101  Let's look at one simple example of cross-walking  For the Electronic Theses & Dissertations at UGA, an appropriately coded metadata record from a MySQL database can be translated into a MARC record and loaded into a Voyager catalog, with the end result being an acceptable MARC bibliographic record. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 12. Note: The MARC designated fields. Cataloger’s workform interface to the MySQL db.
  • 13. Note: The indicators and field tags are populated.
  • 14. The record Metadata 101 imported into GIL. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 15. Metadata 101  Although catalogers create, edit and use metadata everyday, metadata goes far beyond the library catalog or even the library website.  Metadata generation and editing beyond the library catalog is a common place activity for many internet users these days, including you! If you are not creating metadata on the Internet, you are using it to search google and other search engines. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 16. Web designers also create metadata to describe the website Metadata 101 and its content. LC Subject headings can be coded into the meta tags. Many websites now carry rights metadata (administrative). Metadata for a website is either created by the user when building the website or hand- coded into the HTML. Some search engines use these keywords to varying degrees. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 17. Metadata 101 A steve museum record. Steve.museum is open to art educators and others; membership is required to tag. This is user generated metadata. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 18. Worldcat.org offers both user contributed metadata (tags) and authority contributed controlled metadata (subject headings, authorized forms of names & entities, etc.) Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 19. Library thing – user generated cataloging Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 20. Metadata 101 Microsoft has been adding metadata to the its documents for years; often based upon which user created the document. Newer versions allow this information to be changed more easily. PDF creators also allow the creation and editing of metadata. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 21. Metadata 101  Structural metadata defines the relationship between whole and parts.  Structural metadata can also be used for navigational purposes. Structural metadata would include links to related files. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 22. Descriptive metadata Administrative & Structural Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 23. Metadata 101  Administrative metadata provides information to help manage a resource, such as when and how it was created, file type and other technical information, and who can access it.  Subsets of administrative metadata exist but two commons ones are  Rights management metadata, which deals with intellectual property rights,  and preservation metadata, which contains information needed to archive and preserve a resource. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 24. Descriptive metadata Administrative metadata
  • 25. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 26. Many different tools are available for users to create Metadata 101 metadata – help for flickr users Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 27. Metadata 101 Note: The association of tagging as metadata Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 28. DC Metadata generator -- help for web editors & designers Other fields in the generator include Date of coverage, copyright & format. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 29. Metadata 101  We can rate, tag -- add keywords (even use controlled vocabulary in some cases), assign or flag for appropriate audience level, define genre, and more.  User generated metadata is generally created through an interface on a website and primarily descriptive; however, many sites are beginning to allow and encourage rights statements (administrative) as well as other elements of administrative and structural metadata. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 30. Metadata 101  Concerns and thoughts  Much of the current discussion about metadata (tagging/keywords, controlled headings vs. non-controlled headings, OCLC Community Expert Experiment, etc.) centers upon the potential differences in quality of user generated metadata.  As with any user group, there are varying levels of expertise and understanding of the subject.  Metadata can be good or bad.  Keywords have been terribly misused in the SEO (Search Engine Optimization) community – leading not only to false results when searching but also spam and phishing attempts Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 31. Metadata 101  Many collaborative websites (social networking) such as Wikipedia rely on the collective expertise of the group -- the “true” or accurate information will rise to the top.  Untrue or irrelevant information will either sink to the bottom (fewer hits, bad reviews, marked for review, etc.) or will be revised by more expert opinions. For the most part, this works fairly well; however, there are drawbacks and quality control is an ongoing issue. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 32. Metadata 101  Taking the human element out (beyond the programmers who wrote the scripts for harvesting) machine derived metadata offers the opportunity to create large chunks of metadata with minimal human effort  However, machine derived metadata may not be able to distinguish subtleties perceivable to the human eye and mind – at least, until AI is truly viable  Duplicates and erroneous information may occur Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 33. Metadata 101  Metadata to the world !  All of the metadata we (the world) creates is mined in some form or another. Search engines, document processing software, library catalogs, websites, digital portals, even our desktop computer’s indexing is mining our information  The Web provides almost endless possibilities to share resources and digital objects.  Library catalogs mirror general practices on the web; as more sites not only allow users to create metadata, sites are beginning to create user created resources, too. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 34. Metadata 101: Wrap-up  Types of metadata:  Descriptive  Structural  Administrative  Many forms of metadata include elements of each of these; however it is dependent upon the schema.  A schema is a set of rules covering the elements and requirements for coding. DC (Dublin Core) is one example of a metadata schema. Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net
  • 35.  All presentation materials will be available at http://robinfay.net/site/content/metadata-101-presentation  Links @ http://delicious.com/georgiawebgurl/metadata_presentation  Questions? Robin Fay, Univ. of Georgia, Metadata 101, robinfay.net